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Systematic review.We aimed to provide a comprehensive overview of the English and Chinese literature reporting epidemiological data on spinal cord injury (SCI) in China.3 English and 3 Chinese language electronic databases were searched from the earliest record to 15 March 2020. Sociodemographic characteristics, incidence rates, etiology and lesion characteristics, in-hospital mortality, and secondary health conditions and complications were extracted from included reports.A total of 51 studies were included, 32 in the Chinese language. Forty-seven studies were based on hospital records. Mean age of incident cases ranged from 34 to 55 years and male-to-female ratios ranged from 0.35:1 to 15.3:1. SCI incidence varied from 14.6 to 60.6 per million. Thirty-five studies reported only on traumatic SCI with traffic accidents, high falls, low falls and being hit by objects being the most common causes. Specific causes for non-traumatic SCI were poorly reported. Proportions with tetraplegia and complete injury ranged from 37.4% to 82.0% and 14.1% to 73.9%, respectively. Reported in-hospital mortality attributed to SCI varied from 1.1% to 18.4%. Leading cause of in-hospital mortality for acute SCI was respiratory problems; respiratory problems, urinary tract infections and pressure sores were the most common complications.Epidemiological data on SCI in China are only available for a limited number of provinces and mostly outdated. Updated data on incidence with accurate geographical information and etiology across all Chinese provinces are needed for targeted implementation of preventive strategies. Research on community outcomes needs to be developed in China.

Detecting significant signaling pathways in disease progression highlights the dysfunctions and pathogenic mechanisms of complex disease development. Since tensor decomposition has been proven effective for multi-dimensional data representation and reconstruction, differences between original and tensor-processed data are expected to extract crucial information and differential indication. This paper provides a tensor-based gene set enrichment analysis, called tensorGSEA, based on a data reconstruction method to identify relevant significant pathways during disease development. As a proof-of-concept study, we identify the differential pathways of diabetes in rats. Specifically, we first arrange gene expression profiles of each documented pathway as tensors with three dimensions: genes, samples, and periods. Then we compress tensors into core tensors with lower ranks. The pathways with lower reconstruction rates are obtained after reconstructing gene expression profiles in another state via these cores. Thus, differences underlying pathways are extracted by cross-state data reconstruction between controls and diseases. The experiments reveal several critical pathways with diabetes-specific functions which otherwise cannot be identified by alternative methods. Our proposed tensorGSEA is efficient in evaluating pathways by achieving their empirical statistical significance, respectively. The classification experiments demonstrate that the selected pathways can be implemented as biomarkers to identify the diabetic state. The code of tensorGSEA is available at https://github.com/zhxr37/tensorGSEA .

In China, agroforestry is a traditional practice that diversifies agricultural production and enhances natural resource utilization; however, it create competition for light between trees and understory crops due to heterogeneous spatio-temporal light patterns, and can lead to systemic reductions in grain yield as shade increases. The present study simulated reductions in light intensity caused by walnut trees (Juglans regia L.) before budburst, between budburst to tree foliage expansion, and after foliage expansion, to examine the effects on wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) yield and quality in an agroforestry system. We designed artificial shading systems using black polyethylene screen of varying density (21 %, 44 and 74%reductions in light intensity) at the jointing (approximately 70 d of shading), booting (approximately 55 d of shading), and anthesis (approximately 40 d of shading) stages, with full solar radiation (S0) as a control. Reduced light intensity significantly decreased the number of fertile florets per spike, resulting in a marked decline in grains per spike. Decreased light intensity also significantly decreased photosynthetic rates, grain yield and associated components (spike number, grains per spike, and thousand-grain weight), Furthermore, when applied at the anthesis stage, shading had the strongest negative impact on wheat productivity via decreases in thousand-grain weight. Decreased light intensity substantially enhanced grain and stalk nitrogen concentrations, as well as protein and wet gluten contents. However, the increase in grain quality did not compensate for the decreased final grain yield. Our evaluation of the effect of heterogeneous spatio-temporal light patterns on wheat yield and quality via an artificial shade system may help plantation managers to optimize agroforestry practices in Southern Xinjiang, Northwest China.

Porous liquids with chemical separation properties are quite well-studied in general, but there is only a handful of reports in the context of identification and separation of non-gaseous molecules. Herein, we report a Type II porous ionic liquid composed of coordination cages that exhibits exceptional selectivity towards l-tryptophan (l-Trp) over other aromatic amino acids. A previously known class of anionic organic–inorganic hybrid doughnut-like cage (HD) is dissolved in trihexyltetradecylphosphonium chloride (THTP_Cl). The resulting liquid, HD/THTP_Cl, is thereby composed of common components, facile to prepare, and exhibit room temperature fluidity. The permanent porosity is manifested by the high-pressure isotherm for CH4 and modeling studies. With evidence from time-dependent amino acid uptake, competitive extraction studies and molecular dynamic simulations, HD/THTP_Cl exhibit better selectivity towards l-Trp than other solid state sorbents, and we attribute it to not only the intrinsic porosity of HD but also the host-guest interactions between HD and l-Trp. Specifically, each HD unit is filled with nearly 5 l-Trp molecules, which is higher than the l-Trp occupation in the structure unit of other benchmark metal-organic frameworks.

Anthocyanins are a type of natural pigment that have high potential for development and utilization in regions like food, pharmaceutical, and cosmetic industries, with nitrogen and phosphorus starvation possibly promoting their accumulation in grapes. However, it remains unclear whether such starvation impacts the grape callus, or how the co-starvation of nitrogen and phosphorus affects the biosynthesis of anthocyanins. Here, we investigated how nitrogen starvation, phosphorus starvation, and the co-starvation of these two elements affects the synthesis of anthocyanins in the callus of grape skin. Results showed that separate starvation of nitrogen and phosphorus, as well as nitrogen and phosphorus co-starvation, inhibited callus growth, while significantly promoting the accumulation of anthocyanins. However, co-starvation did not facilitate anthocyanin biosynthesis during the later stages of callus growth. qRT-PCR analysis showed that the expression of VvUFGT and VvMYBA1 was closely related to anthocyanin accumulation in the callus under nitrogen and phosphorus starvation. Besides, we also confirmed that the abscisic acid signaling pathway was involved in anthocyanin accumulation as well as callus resistance under adverse conditions. This study provides a basis for investigating the regulatory mechanisms of anthocyanin synthesis in grapes, as well as theoretical support for the production of anthocyanins by callus culture. Even though nitrogen and phosphorus deficiencies have been reported to promote anthocyanin biosynthesis in grapevine berries, whether the same deficiencies also induce anthocyanin accumulation in grape callus and whether nitrogen and phosphorus co-deficiency enhances this induction have yet to be reported. Therefore, the present study to investigate the effects of nitrogen starvation, phosphorus starvation, and nitrogen and phosphorus co-starvation on anthocyanin accumulation and ABA signaling in grape callus.

An amorphous ZrO2 mesoporous material was prepared by propylene oxide (PO)-assisted sol-gel process and was first evaluated in CH4 oxychlorination. Various characterizations were conducted including XRD, N2 adsorption–desorption, NH3-TPD, CO2-TPD, SEM, and TEM. Results showed the amorphous ZrO2 with mesoporosity and large SSA exhibited abundant surface acid and base sites. As a non-redox catalyst, the amorphous ZrO2 unexpectedly delivered much higher activity and better stability in CH4 oxychlorination than conventional ZrO2. The CH4 conversion was 18.6% and the selectivity of CH3Cl and CO reached 47.6% and 30.2% at 490 °C, respectively. The amorphous ZrO2 could stably operate at 470 °C for 50 h without significant deactivation. Kinetic studies revealed that the CH4 activation on the surface of the amorphous ZrO2 was the rate-determining step.

Agroforestry is a common traditional practice in China, especially in Southern Xinjiang, Northwest China. However, the productivity of many agroforestry systems has been lower than expected in recent years. We chose an apricot (Prunus armeniaca L.)/wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) intercropping system to investigate the influence of apricot tree shade intensity on the grain yield and quality of intercropping wheat in Southern Xinjiang Province. We found that the mean daily light intensity in the east-row, inter-row, and west-row positions (apricot trees were planted in north–south orientation) in the intercropping systems decreased by 61.5%, 42.2%, and 63.6%, respectively, compared to the monoculture wheat. Correspondingly, the mean daily photosynthesis rate decreased by 52.0%, 28.4%, and 38.8%, respectively. The total florets, fertile florets, total spikelets, fertile spikelets, and grain yield and its components (including spike number, grains per spike, and thousand grain weight), and the total N and P contents of intercropping wheat in apricot-based intercropping systems were all significantly decreased compared to monoculture wheat. However, the protein content and wet gluten content of intercropped wheat were significantly increased compared to monoculture wheat. We did not find significant differences in any parameters among east-row, inter-row, and west-row positions in intercropping systems.

Necroptosis, a newly discovered form of programmed cell death that combines the features of apoptosis and necrosis, is important in various physiological and pathological disorders. However, the role of necroptosis on intestinal injury during sepsis has been rarely evaluated. This study aimed to investigate the presence of necroptosis in intestinal injury, and its contribution to intestinal injury in a piglet model challenged with Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Firstly, a typical cell necrotic phenomenon was observed in jejunum of LPS-challenged pigs by transmission electron microscope. Protein expression of necroptosis signals including receptor-interacting protein kinase (RIP) 1, RIP3, and phosphorylated mixed-lineage kinase domain-like protein (MLKL), mitochondrial proteins including phosphoglycerate mutase family member 5 (PGAM5) and dynamin-related protein 1 (DRP1), and cytoplasmic high-mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) were time-independently increased in jejunum of LPS-challenged piglets, which was accompanied by the impairment of jejunal morphology, and digestive and barrier function indicated by lower activities of jejunal disaccharidases and protein expression of jejunal tight junction proteins claudin-1 and occludin. Pro-inflammatory cytokines including tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin (IL)-1β, and IL-6 were also dynamically induced in serum and jejunum of piglets after LPS challenge. Moreover, pretreatment with necrostatin-1 (Nec-1), an specific inhibitor of necroptosis, inhibited necroptosis indicated by decreased necrotic ultrastructural changes and decreased protein expression of RIP1, RIP3, and phosphorylated MLKL as well as PGAM5, DRP1, and cytoplasmic HMGB1. Nec-1 pretreatment reduced jejunal morphological injury, and improved digestive and barrier function. Nec-1 pretreatment also decreased the levels of serum and jejunal pro-inflammatory cytokines and the numbers of jejunal macrophages and monocytes. These findings indicate for the first time that necroptosis is present and contributes to LPS-induced intestinal injury. Nec-1 may have a preventive effect on intestinal injury during sepsis.

Iron-doped mesoporous silica, Fe-MCM-41, with different concentrations of Lewis acidity have been prepared by the hydrothermal method. Physicochemical properties of all Fe-MCM-41 samples were obtained via HRTEM, PXRD and N2 sorption characterization. The surface acidities were tested by NH3-TPD. The catalytic activity of all Fe-MCM-41 materials were evaluated in the acidolysis reaction of benzyl chloride with various fatty acids. The corresponding benzaldehyde and acyl chloride product were synthesized in good conversion and high atom efficiency over the catalyst with the highest Fe content.

Orthodontic tooth movement (OTM) is a periodontal tissue remodeling and regeneration process that is caused by bio-mechanical stimulation. This mechanical-chemical transduction process involves a variety of biological factors and signaling pathways. It has been shown that the Hippo-YAP/TAZ signaling pathway plays a pivotal role in the mechanical-chemical signal transduction process. Moreover, YAP and TAZ proteins interact with RUNX family proteins via different mechanisms. To explore the regulation of the Hippo signaling pathway during periodontal tissue remodeling, we examined the upper first molar OTM model in rats. We examined YAP, TAZ and RUNX2 expression at 12 hours, 24 hours, 2 days (2d), 4 days, 7 days (7d) and 14 days (14d) after force application. Haemotoxylin and eosin staining, immunohistochemical staining and western blot analysis were used to examine the expression level and localization of these proteins. We found that YAP, TAZ and RUNX2 expression started increasing at 2d, YAP and TAZ expression was proportional to the orthodontic force applied until peaking at 7d, and at 14d the expression started to decrease. YAP and TAZ were observed in osteocytes, bone matrix and periodontal ligament cells during OTM. Furthermore, using double labeling immunofluorescence staining, we found that the increase in TAZ expression was associated with RUNX2 expression, however, YAP and RUNX2 showed different expression patterns. These results suggest that the Hippo-YAP/TAZ signaling pathway participates in periodontal tissue remodeling through various mechanisms; TAZ may adjust bone tissue remodeling through RUNX2 during OTM, while YAP may regulate periodontal cell proliferation and differentiation.

We report the catalytic property of sulfonated reduced graphene oxide (SO3H-rGO) in the context of the additive esterification between carboxylic acids and olefins. The acid concentration in SO3H-rGO can be modified during preparation, the SO3H-rGO-5 at the optimal concentration of 2.66 mmol/g exhibits the highest catalytic activity in the additive reaction between acetic acid and isobutylene. The SO3H-rGO can exhibit better catalytic activity than two benchmark porous catalysts such as sulfonated activated carbons (SO3H-AC) and sulfonated SBA-15 (SO3H-SBA). Specifically, the superior performance of SO3H-SrGO observed for substrates with large steric hindrance (camphene and acrylic acid) suggests that its 2D sheet-like nanostructure can circumvent the mass transfer issue presented in conventional porous heterogeneous catalysts.

Intercropping often produces more biomass than the average of the corresponding monocultures, particularly in sustainable, low-input agriculture. Characterizing plant-plant interactions is fundamental for a better understanding of the ecological functioning of intercropping. However, there is little information on whether mycorrhizal networks exhibit different effects upon intra- and interspecific plant interactions in intercropping systems. Microcosms with one inner and three outer compartments were used. The inner compartment was separated from the outer compartments by a 30-μm nylon mesh or a solid barrier or remained open to allow full interactions between plants grown in the different compartments, creating three treatments, namely −Roots−CMNs (solid barrier), −Roots+CMNs (mesh), and +Roots+CMNs (no barrier). Either faba bean (Vicia faba) or maize (Zea mays) was grown as the donor plant in the inner compartment. Maize was combined with maize, wheat (Triticum aestivum) or the weed species foxtail (Setaria viridis) as the neighboring plant species. Faba bean was combined with faba bean, maize, or foxtail. The low-P soil was inoculated with the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus (AMF) Funneliformis mosseae or remained uninoculated. In the absence of AMF, plant growth was restricted by P deficiency and root interactions did not significantly affect plant-plant interactions. The presence of AMF enhanced plant biomass (maize by 104.5 %, faba bean by 61.6 %) and nutrient (N and P) uptake. Significant overyielding occurred in treatments where roots and hyphal networks of all plant species intermingled. The weed (foxtail) was suppressed by interspecific interactions while maize and faba bean benefitted from a mycorrhizal network and the presence of intermingling roots. In low-P soils, mycorrhizal networks contribute to overyielding in intercropping by enhancing the biomass and nutrient uptake of the mycorrhiza-dependent plant species. The biomass depression of weed species by AMF and/or root interactions may have ecological implications in weed control in intercropping systems.

The dual-modified SBA-15 materials (A–S–Si) with Al ions inserting in the framework and −SO3H groups grafting on the pore wall were prepared via a co-condensation method and characterized by a series of techniques. The characterization results implied that the A–S–Si samples have typically mesoporous structure and different acid properties. The catalytic performance of A–S–Si catalysts in the additive reaction of acetic acid with isobutene was studied. The results showed that the conversion of acetic acid strongly depended on the Bronsted acidity, while the selectivity of tert-butyl acetate (TBAC) was linear correlated with the ratio of Bronsted and Lewis acid amounts. The conversion of acetic acid could reach 72 % with the selectivity of TBAC as high as 97 % over A5–S10–Si with balanced Bronsted and Lewis acid under the optimal conditions. An additional advantage was that the dual-modified catalyst can be recycled and regenerate with good stability.

Dominant mutations in glycyl-tRNA synthetase (GlyRS) cause a subtype of Charcot-Marie-Tooth neuropathy (CMT2D). Although previous studies have shown that GlyRS mutants aberrantly interact with Nrp1, giving insight into the disease’s specific effects on motor neurons, these cannot explain length-dependent axonal degeneration. Here, we report that GlyRS mutants interact aberrantly with HDAC6 and stimulate its deacetylase activity on α-tubulin. A decrease in α-tubulin acetylation and deficits in axonal transport are observed in mice peripheral nerves prior to disease onset. An HDAC6 inhibitor used to restore α-tubulin acetylation rescues axonal transport deficits and improves motor functions of CMT2D mice. These results link the aberrant GlyRS-HDAC6 interaction to CMT2D pathology and suggest HDAC6 as an effective therapeutic target. Moreover, the HDAC6 interaction differs from Nrp1 interaction among GlyRS mutants and correlates with divergent clinical presentations, indicating the existence of multiple and different mechanisms in CMT2D., Mutations in glycyl-tRNA synthetase (GlyRS) cause Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease, a neuromuscular disorder characterized by axonal degeneration. Here the authors show that mutant GlyRS interacts with histone deacetylase 6, resulting in increased deacetylation of α-tubulin and axonal transport deficits.

A novel strategy of carbonization and subsequent carboxylation in the confined mesopores of SBA-15 was implemented to synthesize meso-structured carbon/silica(C/Si) composites with enhanced acidity. The XRD and N2 sorption measurements suggested the preservation of ordered mesoporous structure; FTIR characterization indicated that the C/Sis were successfully modified with –COOH and the acidity of COOH–C/Si material was significantly enhanced. COOH–30C/Si(A) with high COOH density of 2.61 mmol/g and retained mesoporous structure exhibited superior activity for dichlorohydrin production. Through the optimization of reaction variables, as high as 65.7 %, the yield of DCH, can be achieved over COOH–30C/Si(A) after 12 h reaction under 130 °C. Meanwhile, it was 100 % that the conversion of the glycerol can be reached. A significant issue, good durability, especially for practical application, was verified through five consecutive cycles with the optimal reaction variables.