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Polyacrylamide hydrogel (PAAG) has been used globally for breast augmentation, leading to long-term clinical complications. However, whether the infiltrated fibrotic capsule should be removed with PAAG to alleviate the complications remains unclear. This study aimed to ascertain different causes of complications and proper management strategies for PAAG removal in augmented breasts.From July 2015 to December 2019, patients who underwent breast augmentation with PAAG and in whom surgical intervention was undertaken for PAAG-associated adverse events at Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital were retrospectively reviewed. Patients were categorized into two groups according to whether the fibrotic capsule was removed (RFC) or not (NRFC). Aesthetic outcomes, PAAG residues, and adverse events were evaluated post-operatively to assess whether important issues pertaining to these arose following fibrotic capsule removal. Tissue histology and PAAG degradation analysis were implemented to investigate immune response, degradability, and toxicity of PAAG.Altogether, 257 patients (88 RFC and 169 NRFC patients) were enrolled. 73.4% and 79.5% of the RFC and NRFC groups showed fairly good outcomes, with no significant difference, respectively. (XBoth treatment strategies showed good results in our study. Removal of the fibrotic capsule from infiltration of PAAG largely depends on the individual psychological condition, aesthetic expectations, complications, and magnetic resonance imaging results. While PAAG does not degrade in the host's body over time, it may elicit immune reactions and chronic inflammation in the long term.This journal requires that authors assign a level of evidence to each article. For a full description of these Evidence-Based Medicine Ratings, please refer to Table of Contents or online Instructions to Authors www.springer.com/00266.

The use of alkali-activated slag (AAS), an eco-friendly cementitious material, to replace ordinary Portland cement in construction can reduce the energy consumption, CO2 emissions, and solid dust pollution and promote the recycling of ground granulated blast furnace slag, which represents an industrial solid waste. However, the creep of AAS concrete is a critical long-term property that has rarely been investigated. Creep is related to the structural safety, including that of large pre-stressed concrete structures. AAS concrete exhibits a higher creep and lower elasticity modulus compared to OPC concrete, and the addition of fibres is an effective solution to this problem. In this study, the effects of fibre dosage and stress-strength ratio on the creep properties of polypropylene (PP) fibre-reinforced AAS (FRAAS) concrete were investigated. Thirty-two creep samples with four fibre dosages and four stress–strength ratios were subjected to tests for approximately 350 d. The PP FRAAS concrete did not exhibit any significant linear creep behaviour. With the increase of fibre dosage, the inhibition effect of fibres first became stronger and then became weaker. The inhibition effect of the fibres was gradually intensified with the increasing stress–strength ratio. As the fibre dosage increased from 0 to 0.9%, the creep coefficient gradually decreased. Based on the experimental results, a method of predicting the creep of PP FRAAS concrete was developed.

Temporary ectopic implantation has been performed in clinical practice to salvage devascularized amputated tissues for delayed replantation purpose. In this study, we established a series of segmental forelimb ectopic implantation models in rats, including forelimb, forearm, forepaw, digit, and double forelimbs, to mimic the clinical context. Time of amputated limbs harvesting in donors and ectopic implantation process in recipients were recorded. Survival time and mortalities of recipients were also recorded. Sixty days after ectopic implantation, a full-field laser perfusion imager (FLPI) was used to detect the blood flow of amputated limbs and micro-CT imaging was used to examine bone morphological changes. Histological sections of amputated limbs were stained with hematoxylin and eosin to evaluate pathological changes. Implanted amputated limbs in all models achieved long term survival and there were no obvious morphological and histological changes were found according to results of micro-CT and histology study. Thus, a series of rat segmental forelimb temporary ectopic implantation models have been well established. To our knowledge, this is the first rodent animal model related to forelimb temporary ectopic implantation. These models might facilitate further research related to salvage, reconstruction and better aesthetic and functional outcome of upper extremity/digit in temporary ectopic implantation scenario.