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Background The importance of all movement behaviours (i.e., sleep, sedentary behaviour, and physical activity) for children's health has led to the creation of national and international 24-h movement behaviour guidelines for children. Few studies have examined the associations between guideline adherence and a broad array of health indicators in early childhood, and no study has done so with composite development scores for overall development. The objective of the present study was to examine associations for 24-h movement guideline adherence with physical, cognitive, social-emotional, and overall development indicators in a sample of 3–5-year-olds. Methods Children (n = 95) were recruited for this cross-sectional study in Edmonton, Canada. Sleep, light-intensity physical activity, and moderate- to vigorous-intensity physical activity were measured with ActiGraph wGT3X-BT accelerometers. Screen time was measured via parental-report. Guideline recommendation adherence was categorized using the Canadian 24-h Movement Guidelines. Composite z-scores were created for physical (i.e., adiposity, growth, motor skills), cognitive (i.e., vocabulary, executive functions), social-emotional (i.e., self-regulation, social-emotional behaviours), and overall development. Linear regression models were conducted to examine associations between meeting different recommendation combinations (e.g., physical activity alone, combination of physical activity and sleep), and number of recommendations met (e.g., meeting only one of any of the recommendations) with each composite development outcome variable adjusted for relevant covariates. Results Most children were 3–4 years old (77%) and males (69%). The physical activity guideline recommendation was the most frequently met single recommendation (94%), while the physical activity and sleep recommendations (80%) were the most frequently met combination of two recommendations. Further, 43% of children met all three recommendations. Meeting the sleep recommendation was positively associated with overall development (B: 0.29; 95% CI: 0.08–0.50), while meeting both the sleep and physical activity recommendations was positively associated with overall (B: 0.28; 95% CI: 0.10–0.46) and physical (B: 0.27; 95% CI: 0.03–0.51) development. Conclusions Meeting sleep recommendations alone, as well as the combination of sleep and physical activity recommendations were associated with better physical and overall development in this sample. Future research should continue to examine a broad array of development outcomes using longitudinal study designs across early childhood.

Although inclusion is a fundamental tenet of physical literacy (PL), its applicability and inclusivity related to individuals experiencing disability has been assumed but is not well understood. The purpose of this article is to gain a better understanding of the literature pertaining to the inclusiveness of PL for individuals experiencing disability. Following the analysis of 24 pieces of literature published between January 2001 and May 2019, the main findings include: Overall, PL for individuals experiencing disability has been primarily discussed through a lens of ableism, using a narrow perspective, and at a superficial level, though recent discussions have become increasingly representative of contemporary perspectives on disability. Although encouraging, the collective findings reveal an ongoing need to address current assumptions surrounding disability in order to establish meaningful physical activity experiences that are of value to individuals with diverse capabilities, and to create inclusive PL programming that is welcoming and affirming for all.

In this study, a preliminary food quality and safety assessment was performed on organic and cage-free egg samples marketed in the state of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, that were analyzed concerning veterinary drug and pesticide residues using high performance and ultra performance liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry. The polyether ionophore salinomycin was detected in two organic egg samples (25% of the organic samples), one with an estimated concentration even higher than the maximum permissible amount of 3 µg kg(−1) established for conventional eggs by the European Commission. The other sample presented a concentration higher than the limit of detection of 0.3 µg kg(−1), but lower than the lowest calibration level of 1.5 µg kg(−1). Regarding pesticide residues, spiroxamine, pirimiphos, mephosfolan and pyraclostrobin were identified at residual levels below the lowest calibration level of 4.5 µg kg(−1), except for one organic egg sample, presenting 8.3 µg kg(−1) of spiroxamine. Spiroxamine was identified in 62% of the assessed samples. These findings indicate that non-conformities were found even with a limited number of samples, impacting the confidence in the quality of organic and cage-free alternative systems in egg production. The hazard index (HI) approach demonstrated that chemical food safety might be at risk, since a mixture of the detected analytes may pose a risk for children up to 27 kg, through egg consumption. ELECTRONIC SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL: The online version of this article (10.1007/s13197-019-04205-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Gerade bei einer langeren Lagerung von Keimgewebe mussen einige Details beachtet werden, um die Gefahr fur das Gewebe so gering wie moglich zu halten. Hierbei hilft es, einheitliche Vorgehensweisen zu definieren und etablieren, etwa was die Beschriftung der Proben angeht.

Fur die Kryokonservierung von Keimzellen und Keimgewebe sowie deren Lagerung und Transport stehen verschiedene Verfahren zur Verfugung. Manche Schritte sind nicht einheitlich geregelt, zum Teil aufgrund spezifischer Anforderungen der Methoden. Einige Fallstricke, die das Gewebe gefahrden, gilt es zu vermeiden.

This paper presents the design and analysis of fractional-slot concentrated-windings for use with direct liquid cooling. To achieve considerably higher torque density than state of the art of electrical machines, recently patented cast coils that allow slot fill factors up to 90% are considered as basis for further enhancement. The sensitivity of large conductors to high losses due to current displacement as well as the implementation of direct liquid cooling of every single conductor is discussed. Two innovative coil designs are developed and compared, in consideration of current displacement using finite element methods, with basic trapezoidal cast coils. The heat dissipation capacities of the new coil designs are tested analytically as well as by measurement. Additionally, different cooling mediums are compared for their suitability for direct liquid cooling of coils. The proposed coil designs lead to possible current densities of $$100 \frac{\mathrm {A}}{\mathrm {mm}^2}$$ and to a reduction of the additional losses to about $$50 \%$$ .

International audience; AbstractRABORAL V-RG® is an oral rabies vaccine bait that contains an attenuated (“modified-live”) recombinant vaccinia virus vector vaccine expressing the rabies virus glycoprotein gene (V-RG). Approximately 250 million doses have been distributed globally since 1987 without any reports of adverse reactions in wildlife or domestic animals since the first licensed recombinant oral rabies vaccine (ORV) was released into the environment to immunize wildlife populations against rabies. V-RG is genetically stable, is not detected in the oral cavity beyond 48 h after ingestion, is not shed by vaccinates into the environment, and has been tested for thermostability under a range of laboratory and field conditions. Safety of V-RG has been evaluated in over 50 vertebrate species, including non-human primates, with no adverse effects observed regardless of route or dose. Immunogenicity and efficacy have been demonstrated under laboratory and field conditions in multiple target species (including fox, raccoon, coyote, skunk, raccoon dog, and jackal). The liquid vaccine is packaged inside edible baits (i.e., RABORAL V-RG, the vaccine-bait product) which are distributed into wildlife habitats for consumption by target species. Field application of RABORAL V-RG has contributed to the elimination of wildlife rabies from three European countries (Belgium, France and Luxembourg) and of the dog/coyote rabies virus variant from the United States of America (USA). An oral rabies vaccination program in west-central Texas has essentially eliminated the gray fox rabies virus variant from Texas with the last case reported in a cow during 2009. A long-term ORV barrier program in the USA using RABORAL V-RG is preventing substantial geographic expansion of the raccoon rabies virus variant. RABORAL V-RG has also been used to control wildlife rabies in Israel for more than a decade. This paper: (1) reviews the development and historical use of RABORAL V-RG; (2) highlights wildlife rabies control programs using the vaccine in multiple species and countries; and (3) discusses current and future challenges faced by programs seeking to control or eliminate wildlife rabies.

Cylinders of synthetic periclase single crystals were annealed at 0.15–0.5 GPa and 900–1200 °C under water-saturated conditions for 45 min to 72 h. Infrared spectra measured on the quenched products show bands at 3,297 and 3,312 cm−1 indicating VOH− centers (OH-defect stretching vibrations in a half-compensated cation vacancy) in the MgO structure as a result of proton diffusion into the crystal. For completely equilibrated specimens, the OH-defect concentration, expressed as H2O equivalent, was calculated to 3.5 wt ppm H2O at 1,200 °C and 0.5 GPa based on the calibration method of Libowitzky and Rossmann (Am Min 82:1111–1115, 1997). This value was confirmed via Raman spectroscopy, which shows OH-defect-related bands at identical wavenumbers and yields an H2O equivalent concentration of about 9 wt ppm using the quantification scheme of Thomas et al. (Am Min 93:1550–1557, 2008), revised by Mrosko et al. (Am Mineral 96:1748–1759, 2011). Results of both independent methods give an overall OH-defect concentration range of 3.5–9 (+4.5/−2.6) ppm H2O. Proton diffusion follows an Arrhenius law with an activation energy Ea = 280 ± 64 kJ mol−1 and the logarithm of the pre-exponential factor logDo (m2 s−1) = −2.4 ± 1.9. IR spectra taken close to the rims of MgO crystals that were exposed to water-saturated conditions at 1,200 °C and 0.5 GPa for 24 h show an additional band at 3,697 cm−1, which is related to brucite precipitates. This may be explained by diffusion of molecular water into the periclase, and its reaction with the host crystal during quenching. Diffusion of molecular water may be described by logDH2O (m2 s−1) = −14.1 ± 0.4 (2σ) at 1,200 °C and 0.5 GPa, which is ~ 2 orders of magnitude slower than proton diffusion at identical P-T conditions.

A comparative analysis of data, obtained during four indoor-mesocosm experiments with natural spring plankton communities from the Baltic Sea, was conducted to investigate whether biogeochemical cycling is affected by an increase in water temperature of up to 6 °C above present-day conditions. In all experiments, warming stimulated in particular heterotrophic bacterial processes and had an accelerating effect on the temporal development of phytoplankton blooms. This was also mirrored in the build-up and partitioning of organic matter between particulate and dissolved phases. Thus, warming increased both the magnitude and rate of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) build-up, whereas the accumulation of particulate organic carbon (POC) and phosphorus (POP) decreased with rising temperature. In concert, the observed temperature-mediated changes in biogeochemical components suggest strong shifts in the functioning of marine pelagic food webs and the ocean’s biological carbon pump, hence providing potential feedback mechanisms to Earth’s climate system.

Die Schlichtungsstellen fur Arzthaftpflichtfragen der deutschen Arztekammern bemuhen sich, bei Streitigkeiten zwischen Patienten und behandelndem Arzt wegen vermeintlicher Behandlungsfehler zu schlichten und Verfahren vor Gericht zu vermeiden. Zahlreiche Untersuchungen der Schlichtungsstellen sowie des internationalen Schrifttums haben gezeigt, dass die Haufigkeit von Behandlungsfehlern mit zunehmendem Alter der Patienten ansteigt. Dabei fallen im Krankenhaus erlittene Schaden haufig nicht in das Fachgebiet des betreuenden Arztes. Deshalb muss der Geriater seinen diagnostischen Blick auch uber die Grenzen seines Fachgebietes hinaus werfen, um mogliche Schaden bei ihm anvertrauten Patienten zu erkennen. In diesem Bericht werden einige Kasuistiken vorgestellt, bei denen der Geriater/Internist beschuldigt wurde, weil er Schaden im Zusammenhang mit Sturzen nicht zeitnah erkannt hatte bzw. nicht indizierte operative Verfahren durchgefuhrt wurden. Dabei wird besonders auf die Notwendigkeit belastungsstabiler Osteosynthesen nach Huftfrakturen eingegangen. Fehlbehandlungen sind bei alten Menschen haufiger als in jungeren Lebensjahren, auf die Grunde wird eingegangen. Komplikationen werden sich nie restlos vermeiden lassen. Unser Bericht soll aber dem Geriater helfen, Schaden bei seinen Patienten zeitgerecht zu erkennen und fur eine angemessene Therapie zu sorgen, um die Schadenshaufigkeit zu reduzieren.

Pesticides presently being discharged into the aquatic environment are not only toxic but also only partially biodegradable, they are not easily removed by conventional water treatment plants. Air ionization devices using an atmospheric pressure corona discharge process show great promise in improving degradation of chemical and biological contaminants in water purification plants. In order to assess the effectiveness of this air ionization apparatus, laboratory scale degradation experiments were carried out systematically in a bubble column reactor containing a variety of pesticides such as triazines, carbamates, phenyl urea derivates and chlorophenols relative to the addition of humic acid and inorganic chemicals as well as to pH variation. Chemical oxygen demand (COD) decreased with air ionization treatment and the rate of the biological oxygen demand related to this (BOD/COD) showed improved pesticide biodegradability. Changes in water toxicity were monitored by Daphnia- and Luminescence Bacteria tests. This novel water treatment process is shown to be a potent oxidation technique for persistent organic pollutants such as pesticides.

We have previously demonstrated that both n-3 and n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA)-rich diets decrease the acute inflammatory response partially explained by the high corticosterone basal levels. The present study aimed to determine the effect of hyperlipidic diets (PUFA n-3 or n-6) on phagocytosis, hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2)) and nitric oxide (NO) release by macrophages, bradykinin (BK) and NO release in the paw inflammatory perfusate and Kallikrein (KK), corticosterone and leptin blood levels. Hyperlipidic diets decreased H(2)O(2) release from macrophages stimulated by carrageenan or phorbol-miristate-acetate (PMA), NO release from macrophage stimulated by carrageenan, BK and NO release in the edema perfusate, KK plasma levels and the increase of serum leptin after carrageenan stimulus. These data show that both fish and soybean oil-rich diets promote similar alterations on inflammatory mediators of carrageenan edema and a causal association with the anti-inflammatory effect of these diets.

Trotz weiter gestiegener Ölpreise expandiert die Weltwirtschaft kräftig. Davon profitiert auch die deutsche Wirtschaft; sie befindet sich in einem Aufschwung, zu dem mehr und mehr die Binnennachfrage beiträgt. Allerdings haben die Zinsen weltweit merklich angezogen, und angesichts zunehmender inflationärer Risiken ist eine weitere Straffung der geldpolitischen Zügel sicher. Wie stark wird die wirtschaftliche Entwicklung dadurch gedämpft? Wie verkraftet die deutsche Wirtschaft überdies die deutliche Anhebung der Mehrwertsteuer im nächsten Jahr?

We have previously shown that both n-3 (fish oil) and n-6 (soybean oil) PUFA-rich diets reduce carrageenan-induced paw edema in rats. The present study evaluated the role of corticosteroids, and the effect of indomethacin on this response. Basal (pre-carrageenan) levels of corticosterone were elevated in both lipid diets compared to the chow diet. During inflammation, corticosterone levels increased to a similar extent in the chow and lipid diets. With 2.0 mg/kg indomethacin, edema was reduced in the chow diet and the n-3 diet, while it was not changed in the n-6 diet. In contrast, the 16.6 mg/kg dose of indomethacin induced a mild increase in edema in the chow diet but a pronounced edema increase in the lipid diets. The increase in corticosterone levels induced by carrageenan was either reduced (chow) or completely abolished (lipids) by the treatment with the higher dose of indomethacin, compared to both the control (untreated) group, and the lower dose of indomethacin. These data indicate that both acute inflammation and the response to an antiinflammatory drug were attenuated by n-3 or n-6 PUFA-rich diets. They also showed that indomethacin can have anti- or proinflammatory properties reflecting the extent of the corticosterone inhibition by indomethacin.

A strong economic upturn has developed in Germany. But are there disparities between eastern and western Germany? What developments have there been in foreign trade and monetary policy? Are stimuli from fiscal policy to be expected? How good are the prospects for the year ahead?

The German economy is beginning to show signs of a steady recovery which is increasingly being reflected on the labour market. How do trends in the western and eastern parts of Germany differ? What are the effects of the Asian crisis? What is the outlook for the coming year?

The economic recovery in Germany is still narrowly based. The main problem continues to be the unsatisfactory situation in the labour market. What is the outlook for next year? What problems may arise in the run-up to EMU?

The investigation of structural and electronic properties of the novel family of fullerenes depends on the existence of pure reference materials. Sublimation of the van-der Waals solids is a suitable purification method. Little attention has been paid to the question about the air stability of such sublimed samples in form of crystals or thin films. A combination of thermal desorption spectroscopy, thermal analysis and diffuse reflectance FT-IR spectroscopy is used to show the extent to which oxygen from dry air is intercalated into fullerenes and which detrimental reactivity occurs from attempts to thermally remove („nneal”) air-exposed samples. The conclusion is that any fullerene sample exposed to air will be transformed in part into a polymeric non-fullerene carbon upon thermal treatment to above 400 K irrespective of its initial purity.

The influence of fullerenes and related support materials on the structural and catalytic properties of ruthenium was investigated. Catalysts based on C60, raw fullerene black, extracted fullerene black, cathode deposit and graphite were prepared by an impregnation/activation procedure with Ru3CO12. The local co-ordination sphere of the resulting highly dispersed X-ray amorphous ruthenium was investigated by means of EXAFS. The dominating role of the presence of non-six-membered carbon rings on the structure and the stability of the Ru particles will be illustrated.

The influence of fullerenes and related support materials on the catalytic properties of ruthenium was investigated. The catalytic behaviour of catalysts based on C60, raw fullerene black, extracted fullerene black, cathode deposit, and graphite was examined using low-temperature CO hydrogenation and liquid-phase hydrogenation of 2-cyclohexenone at atmospheric pressure. The relevance of non-six-membered carbon rings (NSMCR) in support materials on the stability and catalytic performance of the Ru particles will be illustrated.