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At low-energy nuclear physics facilities, the in-flight fragmentation method is often employed to produce radioactive ion beams. This technique often involves a stable ion beam at high intensity and a gas cell target. Since the parameters for the production reaction are usually chosen to take advantage of a large cross section of the resonance reaction, a slight change in the center-of-mass energy due to the reduced target density may significantly affect the rare isotope production rate. Therefore, to estimate the heating effect due to beam particles on the target thickness, a new and more comprehensive semi-empirical model is developed by employing a heating factor function. The estimated heating factors were consistent with experimental data, which were obtained from various reaction measurements at wide ranges of heat densities.

In four well-deformed heavy odd nuclei, the energies of low-lying rotational band heads have been determined microscopically within a self-consistent Hartree-Fock-plus-BCS approach with blocking. A Skyrme nucleon-nucleon effective interaction has been used together with a seniority force to describe pairing correlations. Only such states which are phenomenologically deemed to be related to single-particle excitations have been considered. The polarization effects, including those associated with the genuine time-reversal symmetry breaking have been fully taken into account within our model assumptions. The calculated spectra are in reasonably good qualitative agreement with available data for the considered odd-neutron nuclei. This is not so much the case for the odd-proton nuclei. A potential explanation for such a difference in behavior is proposed.