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This review focuses on comparative data in nonhuman primates and humans in relation to signaling secondary sex characteristics (SSC), sexual behavior, and neurophysiology of sexuality during the female cycle. In monkeys and apes no clear distinction can be drawn between sex as a reproductive, social, or a pleasurable activity. Although female sexual behavior is not limited to a specific phase of the menstrual cycle, changes in body morphology and in behavior and psychology (for example, in feeding, risk taking, and mood) can occur across the cycle. In human and nonhuman primates, homologous biological mechanisms including specific areas of the brain, sex steroids, and receptors are involved in regulating female sexuality. Important aspects of this regulation include the interaction between the subcortical reward system and the social brain network and its projection to the prefrontal cortex. In humans, females advertise SSC permanently after the onset of puberty, but without significant changes across the cycle, whereas in other primate species, female sexual signaling can vary significantly across cycle stages and in fertile and non-fertile phases of the life cycle. A great deal is now known about the regulation of female sexuality in primates and the use of sexual signals in terms of their variable expression and their information content for males. Human research has also elucidated the cultural mechanisms through which women communicate about their sexuality, including clothes and make-up. A full understanding of female sexuality in humans, therefore, requires knowledge of culture-biology interactions.

Demographic studies on translocated primate groups provide a unique opportunity to study population dynamics, social strategies, and reproductive parameters of a species adapting to new environments. In 1996, 38 Japanese macaques (Macaca fuscata) of the Minoo-H group (Osaka Prefecture, Japan) were translocated to Affenberg Landskron, a four-hectare naturally forested park in southern Austria. By January 2020, the population had increased to 160 individuals, and a total of 223 births were recorded. Births peaked in late April to late May, and the timing was influenced by neither offspring sex nor parity status of the mother. Infant mortality was low (8.97%), mostly involving primiparous females, and the average interbirth intervals were shorter following the death of an infant (1.10 years) than a surviving infant (1.77 years). Females rarely had offspring with the same males repeatedly, and the reproductive success among males declined with increasing years of presence in the group. The main aspects of reproduction, mortality, and mate choice are consistent with published data on natural and provisioned populations in Japan and those translocated to other countries. The life expectancy for females, however, was relatively high (11.72% chance of reaching the age of 20), whereas birth control prevented them from using their lifetime reproductive potential. By January 2020, the number of old individuals (> 18 years; 17.5%) was close to that of juveniles (

Bisherige Untersuchungen an verschiedenen Zellinien zeigen eine biologische Aquivalenz von kontinuierlicher Low-dose-rate-Brachytherapie (LDR-BT) und Bestrahlungen im Pulsed-dose-rate-Verfahren (PDR-BT) bei Verwendung kleiner Pulsdosen. Ziel dieser Untersuchung war es, unter praxisnahen Bedingungen in einem In-vitro-Modell die biologischen Effekte von unterschiedlichen Pulsdosen und „Pulsdosisleistungen” bei der PDR-BT zu untersuchen. Verwendung fanden Zellen der Linie Hy B14 FAF 28. peritoneale Fibroblasten des chinesischen Hamsters (B14-Zellen) mit einer Verdopplungszeit von 12 bis 14 h. Diese wurden in einem Abstand von 9 mm zur Strahlenquelle im PDR-Verfahren bestrahlt. Die Pulsdosen betrugen 1 Gy, 2,5 Gy und 5 Gy, die Gesamtdosis 5 Gy/5 h, 10 Gy/10 h, 20 Gy/20 h und 30 Gy/30 h bei einer Dosisleistung wahrend des Pulses von 200 bis 300 cGy/h. Der Dosisleistungseffekt wurde bei 1 Gy/Puls und einer Gesamtdosis von 20 Gy durchgefuhrt, die in einer Behandlungszeit von 20 h eingestrahlt wurden. Die Pulsdauern betrugen 20 min, 30 min oder 52 min entsprechend einer Pulsdosisleistung von 300 cGy/h, 200 cGy/h oder 115 cGy/h. Erfast wurde das Zelluberleben im Vitalfarbetest sowie im Koloniebildungstest. Im Bereich von 200 bis 300 cGy/h war die biologische Wirkung der Pulsdosis 5 Gy groser als nach 1 Gy bzw. 2.5 Gy/Puls. Die Veranderung der Pulsdosisleistung von 300 cGy/h auf 200 cGy/h oder 115 cGy/h lies bei 20 Pulsen von ie 1 Gy keine Unterschiede in der biologischen Wirkung erkennen. Die radiobiologischen Effekte bei der Brachytherapie im PDR-Verfahren sind abhangig von der Dosis pro Puls. Die Unterschiede konnten bei dem hier verwendeten Versuchsaufbau erst bei einer Pulsdosis von mehr als 2,5 Gy nachgewiesen werden.