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RNA-sequencing (RNA-seq) is a powerful technique to investigate the complexity of gene expression in the human brain. We used RNA-seq to survey the brain transcriptome in high-quality postmortem dorsolateral prefrontal cortex from 11 individuals diagnosed with bipolar disorder (BD) and from 11 age- and gender-matched controls. Deep sequencing was performed, with over 350 million reads per specimen. At a false discovery rate of

A general theorem for the Stokes flow over a plane boundary with mixed stick-slip boundary conditions is established. This is done by using a representation for the velocity and pressure fields in the three-dimensional Stokes flow in terms of a biharmonic function and a harmonic function. The earlier theorem for the Stokes flow due to fundamental singularities before a no-slip plane boundary is shown to be a special case of the present theorem. Furthermore, in terms of the Stokes stream function, a corollary of the theorem is also derived, providing a solution to the problem of the axisymmetric Stokes flow along a rigid plane with stick-slip boundary conditions. The formulae for the drag and torque exerted by the fluid on the boundary are established. An illustrative example is given.

Streptomyces venezuelae P(10) could produce extracellular chitinase in a medium containing 0.6% colloidal chitin that was fermented for 96 hours at 30 degrees C. The enzyme was purified to apparent homogeneity with 80% saturation of ammonium sulfate as shown by chitin affinity chromatography and DEAE-cellulose anion-exchange chromatography. Sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) of the enzyme showed a molecular weight of 66 kDa. The chitinase was characterized, and antifungal activity was observed against phytopathogens. Also, the first 15 N-terminal amino-acid residues of the chitinase were determined. The chitin hydrolysed products were N-acetylglucosamine and N, N'-diacetylchitobiose.

A representation for the velocity and pressure fields in three-dimensional Stokes flow was presented in terms of a biharmonic function A and a harmonic function B. This representation was used to establish a general theorem for the calculation of Stokes flow due to fundamental singularities in a region bounded by a stationary no-slip plane boundary. Collins's theorem for axisymmetric Stokes flow before a rigid plane follows as a special case of the theorem. A few illustrative examples are given to show its usefulness.

Machine components normally experience fatigue cycling during operation. Failure of these components is mostly due to fatigue. So, it is important to know the fatigue damage behavior and fatigue life of the material before selecting these steels for making different machine components. The En-8-grade (equivalent to SAE/AISI 1040) steel is generally used as a machine component in the annealed or hardened-and-tempered condition. The fatigue life (fatigue/endurance limit) is also dependent upon the tensile properties of any material. By suitable heat treatment, one can manipulate the tensile properties of any steel. The present work reports the effect of fatigue damage in En-8-grade heattreated steel (annealed and hardened and tempered), under different cyclic loading conditions at room temperature (25 °C), on the impact and dynamic fracture-toughness properties. The results indicate higher fracture toughness and impact toughness in hardened-and-tempered steel than in annealed steel. Cyclic hardening and softening occurs in both the hardened-and-tempered as well as the annealed steel. With the increase of peak stress and number of fatigue cycles, the KID and CVN values decrease in hardened-and-tempered steels. The results are discussed in terms of dislocations, slip bands, and their density, microstructure, and fracture morphology.

The granulites and granitoids around Rayagada in the north central part of the Eastern Ghats belt display structural and petrological differences when compared to similar rocks from Chilka and Jenapore in the northern Eastern Ghats. The impress of F1 deformation is almost erased while that ofF 3 is muted. The metapelites have a restricted chemical range and are non-migmatitic. There are two varieties of leptynitic granitoids, one of which is interlayered with yet another S-type granite containing cordierite. The maximum recorded temperature from geothermometers is 780‡C, but the magnitude of pressure is comparatively low, the highest value being 6.3 kbar. Another distinctive feature of the pressuretemperature record is the absence of evidence of decompression in the lower realms of pressure and temperature. Metamorphic reactions that could be identified indicate cooling, a noteworthy reaction being the sillimanite to andalusite transformation. Integration of data from pressure-temperature sensors suggest cooling at two pressures, 6 and 5 kbar. The generation of two types of granitoids from metapelites is interpreted to be due to intersection with solidus curves for pelitic and graywacke-like compositions, constrained by recent experiments, at 6 and 5 kbar. The first melting occurred on a prograde path while the second one was due to increase in temperature during exhumation at tectonic rates.

A field experiment was conducted to study the effect of arbuscular mycorrhizal association in mulberry saplings var. S1, together with two levels of phosphate, on growth characters, leaf yield and phosphorus uptake. The experiment was conducted in the period 1995 to 1997 at the Technical Service Centre, Kashipur, Purulia (West Bengal) under rainfed, lateritic soil conditions. Pooled data analysis revealed that there was no significant variation among the treatments in most of the characters except height of plant and leaf moisture percentage. Plant height in both treatments with Glomus mosseae was significantly less than in the others, while there was significant reduction in moisture percentage in G. fasciculatum with 25 kg of phosphate and G. mosseae with 10 kg of phosphate ha–1 year–1 than in other treatments. There was no significant season–treatment effect on any of the parameters. Considering all the quantitative and qualitative characters, G. fasciculatum together with the most economic dose of phosphate showed more promising performance than G. etunicatum and G. mosseae with different doses of phosphate fertilizer. At 80% of the recommended dose of inorganic phosphate fertilizer, Rs 534.0 were earned as net profit.

Elevated plasma Homocysteine level is an independent risk factor for age related (senile) cataract. Certain nutritional deficiencies, in particular Folate, Vitamin B(12), Vitamin B(6) relate inversely with Homocysteine level. This study was undertaken to evaluate the plasma level of Vitamin B(12), Folate, and Homocysteine of cataract patients and to study the interplay between them. Serum Homocysteine level is significantly increased in cataract patients when compared with control (p0.001). There was a significant decrease in the level of Folate as compared with control (p0.001). There was a negative correlation between Homocysteine vs. Vitamin B(12) (p0.01) and Folate (p0.01) in the Cataract patients. Our findings suggest that increased plasma Homocysteine level is associated with decreased plasma levels of Folate and VitaminB(12) in Cataract patients, which might have a possible role in the root cause of cataract pathogenesis.

For the first time in India, quenched-and-tempered (Q and T) plates of copper-bearing high-strength low-alloy (HSLA) steel have been commercially developed for naval structural applications. A 50 ton production heat was made through electric arc furnace (EAF)-vacuum are degassing (VAD) route and continuously cast into 170 mm thick slabs. These slabs were conditioned, reheated in walking-beam furnace and hot rolled in plate mill into plates of 10 to 16 mm thickness. The as-rolled plates were hardened through oil quenching and subsequently tempered (aged) at 630 C to achieve the combination of high-strength and good low-temperature impact toughness. The microstructures of heat treated plates showed fine acicular ferrite with grain sizes ranging between ASTM No. 9 and 10. From the standpoint of tensile properties, Q and T plates of all thicknesses exhibited significantly higher yield strengths than the minimum stipulated value of 552 MPa for HY-80/HSLA-80 steels. The elongation (22.20 to 26.00%) and reduction in area (62.12 to 67.62%) values achieved also exceeded the respective minimum requirements of 20 and 50% stipulated for such steels. The trend in variation of Charpy V-notch (CVN) impact energies at room temperature, {minus}18, and {minus}62 C not only showed significantly higher values than that stipulatedmore » for HY-80 and HSLA-100 steels at {minus}18 C, but also indicated that the CVN impact energies achieved (105.15 to 144.25 J) at {minus}62 C were higher than the estimated value of 90 J for HSLA-80/HSLA-100 steels at this temperature.« less

Generally, the failure of major machinery parts is due to fatigue damage. Because of the structural inhomogeneity of metals, fatigue damage may sometimes occur significantly below the yield strength of the material due to microplastic deformation at low stress levels. Commercial En-8 grade steel (widely used for making secondary metalworking products) was used to estimate the fatigue damage response during cyclic loading nearer to the fatigue endurance limit. Estimation of fatigue damage was carried out with the aid of a nondestructive testing (NDT) method, that is, Elastosonic measurement of fatigue damping coefficient and slope of fatigue damping curves. Results indicate that fatigue damage increases in annealed En-8 steel with an increase in peak stress and with an increase in the number of cycles. However, for hardened and tempered En-8 steel, experimental results may not provide a true indication of fatigue damage during fatigue loading nearer to the endurance limit, most likely due to the more homogeneous structure. Generally, fatigue failure occurs in this grade of steel due to microcrack generation in the cementite of the pearlite phase of annealed steel.

Garnet-sillimanite gneisses, locally known as khondalites, occur abundantly in the Chilka Lake granulite terrane belonging to the Eastern Ghats Proterozoic belt of India. Though their chemistry has been modified by partial melting, it is evident that the majority of these rocks are metapelitic, with some tending to be metapsammitic. Five petrographically distinct groups are present within the khondalites of which the most abundant group is characteristically low in Mg:Fe ratios — the main chemical discriminant separating the five groups. The variations in Mg:Fe ratios of the garnets, biotites, cordierites, orthopyroxenes and spinels from the metapelites are compatible with those in the bulk rocks. A suite of granitoids containing garnet, K-feldspar, plagioclase and quartz, commonly referred to as leptynites in Indian granulite terranes, are interlayered with khondalites on the scale of exposures; in a few spots, the intercalated layers are thin. The peraluminous character of the leptynites and presence of sillimanite trails within garnets in some of them suggest derivation of leptynites by partial melting of khondalites. Here we examine this connection in the light of results derived from dehydration melting experiments of micas in pelitic and psammitic rocks. The plots of leptynites of different chemical compositions in a (MgO + FeO)-Na2O-K2O projection match the composition of liquids derived by biotite and muscovite dehydration melting, when corrected for co-products of melting reactions constrained by mass balance and modal considerations. The melt components of the leptynites describe four clusters in the M-N-K diagram. One of them matches melts produced dominantly by muscovite dehydration melting, while three clusters correspond to melting of biotite. The relative disposition of the clusters suggests two trends, which can be correlated with different paths that pelitic and psammitic protoliths are expected to generate during dehydration melting. Thus the leptynites evidently represent granitoids which were produced by dehydration melting in metapelites of different compositions. The contents of Ti, Y, Nb, Zr and Th in several leptynites indicate departures from equilibrium melt compositions, and entrainment of restites is considered to be the main causative factor. Disequilibrium in terms of major elements is illustrated by leucosomes within migmatites developed in a group of metapelites. But the discrete leptynites that have been compared with experimental melts approach equilibrium melt compositions closely.

Localized swelling has been observed in 24Cr-24Ni-Nb steel transportation rollers used in the normalizing furnace of a plate mill after prolonged service at high temperature. Due to high localized thermal and mechanical stresses, the chromia layer formed on the roller surface ruptures, exposing the roller substrate to furnace oxygen. Oxidation of second-phase carbides results in the formation of carbon monoxide at very high partial pressure. This leads to formation of voids, leading in turn to localized swelling of the roller material.

Actual nitrogen fixation of root nodules of differentAlbizia-rhizobium symbioses, was compared with the potential nitrogen fixation of isolated bacteroids. The potential nitrogen fixation exceeded actual nitrogen fixation in all symbionts. After addition of nitrate the actual nitrogen fixation decreased more than did potential nitrogen fixation in effective symbiosis, whereas in a less effective symbiosis, the actual and potential nitrogen fixation increased as a result of better photosynthate supply to the roots and nodules. As confirmed by correlation analysis, the nitrogen fixation and photosynthetic yield of suboptimum symbioses were relatively enhanced by dressing with inorganic nitrogen fertilizer.

An extensive investigation has been carried out to study structure-property characteristics and corrosion behavior in three varieties of thermomechanically treated (TMT) reinforcement bars (rebars) produced in an integrated steel plant under the Steel Authority of India Limited. Three experimental steel heats–one of plain-carbon and two of low-alloy chemistry-were chosen for the study. Of the two lowalloy heats, one was copper-bearing and the other contained both copper and chromium for improved corrosion resistance. Hot-rolled bars for each specific chemistry were subjected to in-line thermomechanical treatment, where quenching parameters were altered to achieve different yield strength levels.

The agar gel double diffusion test was evaluated for detection of nuclear polyhedrosis virus infecting the silkworm, Bombyx mori L. (BmNPV). The test was successful using alkali-dissolved BmNPV as antigen. The antiserum raised against dissolved BmNPV gave positive results with a wider range of antigenic concentrations compared to antiserum raised against undissolved BmNPV. Gel plates prepared using phosphate buffered-saline as dissolving medium for agarose gave sharper and clearer precipitation bands compared to those made with sodium carbonate-saline as diluent. Sharp bands were obtained when the experiment was carried out at 25°C, whereas at higher temperature (35°C), the bands were diffused. The test was able to detect antigen concentration as low as 2 × 106 OBs/ml (18.9 μg/ml of antigen protein).

An attempt to transfer genes from droughttolerant Diplotaxis harra, a wild relative of Brassica species, to an elite oil-yielding cultivar, B-85, of mustard (Brassica juncea) was made through protoplast fusion, as the two plant systems are sexually incompatible. By following the standard protocol for PEG-mediated protoplast fusion followed by high pH, high Ca(++), DMSO treatment and appropriate cell-culture technique, 16 presumptive somatic hybrid plants could be regenerated. Chromosomal analysis of four such somatic hybrids revealed that three of them were asymmetric. Analysis of morphological characters, meiotic chromosomes, and esterase isoenzyme pattern revealed that all the somatic hybrids were different from each other. Furthermore four chromosomes of each genome could undergo homoeologous pairing at meiosis indicating the possibilities for genetic recombination and chromosomal rearrangements. Irregular distribution of chromosomes at anaphase-II at meiosis has been a consistent feature of these plants. Eventually, pollen of all the somatic hybrids showed complete infertility preventing the recovery of any selfed seed. Nevertheless, ovule fertility of one somatic hybrid was not totally impaired as it had set some seeds upon backcrossing with the B. juncea parent. The esterase isoenzyme banding pattern of 24 individual progeny plants of this backcross provided evidence for their recombinant nature. It was thus confirmed that a transfer of genetic traits from Diplotaxis harra to B. juncea had indeed taken place. Furthermore, it was conceptualised that a transfer of alien genes through the protoplast-fusion technique is primarily possible in situations where meiotic pairing of the chromosomes of the two participating genomes generates recombinant gametocytes which can pass through subsequent filial generations.

The existing experimental data [Ferry and Spear 1978; Perchuk and Lavrent'eva 1983] on Mg−Fe partitioning between garnet and biotite are disparate. The underlying assumption of ideal Mg−Fe exchange between the minerals has been examined on the basis of recently available thermochemical data. Using the updated mixing parameters for the pyrope-almandine asymmetric regular solution as inputs [Ganguly and Saxena 1984; Hackler and Wood 1984], thermodynamic analysis points to non-ideal mixing in the phlogopite-annite binary in the temperature range of 550°C–950°C. The non-ideality can be approximated by a temperature-independent, one constant Margules parameter. The retrieved values for enthalpy of mixing for Mg−Fe biotites and the standard state enthalpy and entropy changes of the exchange reaction were combined with existing thermochemical data on grossular-pyrope and grossular-almandine binaries to obtain geothermometric expressions for Mg−Fe fractionation between biotite and garnet. [T in K] $$\begin{gathered} {\text{T(HW) = [20286 + 0}}{\text{.0193P - \{ 2080(X}}_{{\text{Mg}}}^{{\text{Gt}}} {\text{)}}^{\text{2}} {\text{ - 6350(X}}_{{\text{Fe}}}^{{\text{Gt}}} {\text{)}}^{\text{2}} \hfill \\ {\text{ - 13807(X}}_{{\text{Ca}}}^{{\text{Gt}}} {\text{)(1 - X}}_{{\text{Mn}}}^{{\text{Gt}}} {\text{) + 8540(X}}_{{\text{Fe}}}^{{\text{Gt}}} {\text{)(X}}_{{\text{Mg}}}^{{\text{Gt}}} {\text{)(1 - X}}_{{\text{Mn}}}^{{\text{Gt}}} {\text{)}} \hfill \\ {\text{ + 4215(X}}_{{\text{Ca}}}^{{\text{Gt}}} {\text{)(X}}_{{\text{Mg}}}^{{\text{Gt}}} {\text{ - X}}_{{\text{Fe}}}^{{\text{Gt}}} {\text{)\} + 4441}}{{{\text{(2X}}_{{\text{Mg}}}^{{\text{Bt}}} {\text{ - 1)]}}} \mathord{\left/ {\vphantom {{{\text{(2X}}_{{\text{Mg}}}^{{\text{Bt}}} {\text{ - 1)]}}} {{\text{[13}}{\text{.138}}}}} \right. \kern-\nulldelimiterspace} {{\text{[13}}{\text{.138}}}} \hfill \\ {\text{ + 8}}{\text{.3143 InK}}_{\text{D}} {\text{ + 6}}{\text{.276(X}}_{{\text{Ca}}}^{{\text{Gt}}} ){\text{(1 - X}}_{{\text{Mn}}}^{{\text{Gt}}} )] \hfill \\ {\text{T(GS) = [13538 + 0}}{\text{.0193P - \{ 837(X}}_{{\text{Mg}}}^{{\text{Gt}}} )^{\text{2}} {\text{ - 10460(X}}_{{\text{Fe}}}^{{\text{Gt}}} )^2 \hfill \\ {\text{ - 13807(X}}_{{\text{Ca}}}^{{\text{Gt}}} )(1{\text{ - X}}_{{\text{Mn}}}^{{\text{Gt}}} {\text{) + 19246(X}}_{{\text{Fe}}}^{{\text{Gt}}} ){\text{(X}}_{{\text{Mg}}}^{{\text{Gt}}} ){\text{(1 - X}}_{{\text{Mn}}}^{{\text{Gt}}} ) \hfill \\ {\text{ }}{{{\text{ + 5649(X}}_{{\text{Ca}}}^{{\text{Gt}}} ){\text{(X}}_{{\text{Mg}}}^{{\text{Gt}}} {\text{ - X}}_{{\text{Fe}}}^{{\text{Gt}}} ){\text{\} + 7972(2X}}_{{\text{Mg}}}^{{\text{Bt}}} {\text{ - 1)]}}} \mathord{\left/ {\vphantom {{{\text{ + 5649(X}}_{{\text{Ca}}}^{{\text{Gt}}} ){\text{(X}}_{{\text{Mg}}}^{{\text{Gt}}} {\text{ - X}}_{{\text{Fe}}}^{{\text{Gt}}} ){\text{\} + 7972(2X}}_{{\text{Mg}}}^{{\text{Bt}}} {\text{ - 1)]}}} {{\text{[6}}{\text{.778}}}}} \right. \kern-\nulldelimiterspace} {{\text{[6}}{\text{.778}}}} \hfill \\ {\text{ + 8}}{\text{.3143InK}}_{\text{D}} {\text{ + 6}}{\text{.276(X}}_{{\text{Ca}}}^{{\text{Gt}}} )(1{\text{ - X}}_{{\text{Mn}}}^{{\text{Gt}}} )] \hfill \\ \end{gathered} $$ The reformulated geothermometer is an improvement over existing biotite-garnet geothermometers because it reconciles the experimental data sets on Fe−Mg partitioning between the two phases and is based on updated activity-composition relationship in Fe−Mg−Ca garnet solid solutions.

Mesophyll protoplasts from leaves of aseptically grown shoot tips of Diplotaxis muralis were isolated (6.2-7.1×10(5) protoplasts/g fresh weight of tissue) using one step enzyme digestion. The protoplasts (71% viability) underwent divisions (4.2+0.1%) on plating in M8PS2 medium and ultimately formed calli with 0.45+0.03% plating efficiency. Plant regeneration could be achieved both through embryogenesis and organogenesis. The efficiency of plant regeneration through organogenesis was 9 times higher than embryogenesis. Forty eight out of 52 plants regenerated so far from 3 independent experiments were normal with respect to fertility and meiotic chromosomal behavior.

—Silkworm larvae infected transovarially with Nosema bombycis were fed with an aqueous suspension of Bavistin (50% carbendazim w/w) at 2 and 3% concentrations. The treatments increased the survival of worms and reduced the pebrine infection in the lot significantly, although complete elimination of infection was not observed. Significant beneficial effects of the treatments at 2 and 3% were also observed with respect to larval, cocoon and cocoon shell weights and cocoon to shell ratio. However, treatments with Bavistin at 4% concentration produced an adverse effect on cocoon characters.

Two circle theorems for two-dimensional steady Stokes flow are presented. The first theorem gives an expression for the stream function for a Stokes flow past a circular cylinder in terms of the stream function for a slow and steady irrotational flow in an unbounded incompressible viscous fluid. The second theorem gives a more general expression for the stream function for another Stokes flow past the circular cylinder in terms of the stream function for a slow and steady rotational flow in the same fluid.

DNAs have been isolated from various Oryza species and studied using physical techniques. The percent of guanine plus cytosine has been determined by thermal denaturation. While the base composition varied between the species, no heterogeneity in the base pair distribution was observed. Renaturation kinetics data of DNAs from different species show that the proportion of repeated DNA sequences vary considerably depending on the DNA content per cell, whereas the nonrepetitive DNA component remains relatively constant. These results suggest that in addition to a small range of DNA variation between the species, changes in the base composition and proportion of repeated sequences have accompanied divergence of the species within the genus.

The Gibbs free energy and volume changes attendant upon hydration of cordierites in the system magnesian cordierite-water have been extracted from the published high pressure experimental data at \(P_{{\text{H}}_{\text{2}} {\text{O}}} \)=Ptotal, assuming an ideal one site model for H2O in cordierite. Incorporating the dependence of ΔG and ΔV on temperature, which was found to be linear within the experimental conditions of 500°–1,000°C and 1–10,000 bars, the relation between the water content of cordierite and P, T and \(f_{{\text{H}}_{\text{2}} {\text{O}}} \) has been formulated as $$\begin{gathered} X_{{\text{H}}_{\text{2}} {\text{O}}}^{{\text{crd}}} = \hfill \\ \frac{{f_{{\text{H}}_{\text{2}} {\text{O}}}^{{\text{P, T}}} }}{{\left[ {{\text{exp}}\frac{1}{{RT}}\left\{ {64,775 - 32.26T + G_{{\text{H}}_{\text{2}} {\text{O}}}^{{\text{1, }}T} - P\left( {9 \times 10^{ - 4} T - 0.5142} \right)} \right\}} \right] + f_{{\text{H}}_{\text{2}} {\text{O}}}^{{\text{P, T}}} }} \hfill \\ \end{gathered} $$ The equation can be used to compute H2O in cordierites at \(P_{{\text{H}}_{\text{2}} {\text{O}}} \)

Garnetiferous basic granulites occur, as parts of hornblende-pyroxene- and pyroxene granulites, in a Precambrian terrain around Saltora. The chemistry of the garnetiferous basic granulites is broadly similar to that of the hornblende-pyroxene granulites, their immediate precursors, but in detail they have distinctly higher Fe/Mg ratios. The compositions of the major mafic silicates of the garnetiferous varieties do not reflect higher pressures of formation: the Jd/Ts ratios in calcic pyroxenes are similar to those from the non-garnetiferous varieties, and the pyrope contents of garnets are low.

Twenty-three newly synthesized mixed-ligand complexes of oxo-vanadium(IV) and oxo-vanadium(V) were studied for antimicrobial activity. Eight of these complexes were found to have microbicidal properties. The complexes [NH4][VO(gl)2]H2O (gl-H2 = glycolic acid) and [VO(ACOAP)(acac-H)]H20 (ACOAP-H2=Schiff base of acetylacetone and orthoaminophenol, acac-H=acetyl-acetone) show broad bactericidal spectra, while the complexes [VO(ACSAM)2]OH (ACSAM-H = Schiff base of acetylacetone and sulphanilamide) and [VO(CSSAM-H)2]H2O (CSSAM-H =Schiff base of 3-carboxy salicylaldehyde and sulphanilamide) possess pronounced antidermatophytic properties. The latter is inhibitory to plant pathogenic fungi as well. Plant tumour producing Agrobacterium tumefaciens is effectively inhibited in vitro by the complex [VO(ACTSC-Na)(acac)]H2O (ACTSC-H2 = condensation product of acetylacetone and thiosemicarbazide). Minimum inhibitory concentrations of all the active complexes are within the values of 0.125-2.00 mg/ml. Out of the 7 active complexes tested for 50% inhibition of conidial germination of Helminthosporium oryzae, a rice plant pathogen, only 1 complex, viz. [VO(acac) (ACACAACD)] (ACACAACD(H)NH4 equal Schiff base of acetylacetone and ammonium 2-amino-1-cyclopentene-1-dithiocarboxylate) shows a positive result. The effective concentration is 0.55 mg/ml. Three vanadium complexes were tested for insect sterilant and ovicidal properties on the red cotton bug, Dysdercus koenigi. The complex [VO(HASA-Na) (acac)]H2O (HASA-H2 = Schiff base of orthohydroxyacetophenone and anthr anilic acid) was found to be a suitable male sterilant.

The need to transfer genetic traits from Diplotaxis muralis (2n=42) to Brassica juncea (2n=36), a major oil seed crop of the tropical world, was realised. Since the two plant types are sexually incompatible, attempts were made to evolve parasexual hybrids as the result of protoplast fusion. Protoplasts of hypocotyl-derived calli of two cultivars of B. juncea were fused with normal and γ-irradiated mesophyll protoplasts of Diplotaxis muralis. Regeneration of 110 plants from the fused products was successfully achieved. Upon analysis of some of them, we realised that true somatic hybrids and partial somatic hybrids had been generated. Thus the primary goal of evolving intergeneric hybridisation products between these two plant types was fulfilled.

Callus growth and its subsequent regeneration into complete plantlets was achieved from in vitro cultured anthers ofBrassica nigra (L.)Koch. Callus was induced on a modified N6 medium containing trace elements, organics of B5 medium and 2 mg/l 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D). Morphogenesis of callus in the form of shoots on MS medium containing indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) and N6-benzyladenine (BA) 0.5 mg/l each and embryoids on MS medium containing 0.5–1.0 mg/l IAA and 3.0–5.0 mg/l BA could be accomplished. Chromosomal analysis revealed presence of 41% haploids (n=8) amongst the regenerated plants.

In vitro culture ofBrassica alba anthers on a growth medium containing inorganics of KB5 and organics, iron, sucrose and hormones of B5 resulted in a very high response of anthers (93.75%) towards callus induction. All the calli transferred to regeneration media responded favourably even after six months of callus induction. Numerous torpedo-shaped embryoids developed in clusters at many sites from each callus mass. Secondary embryogenesis and multiple shoot formation was also observed in many cases. The number of embryoids and plantlets produced by one embryogenic anther were as high as 169.8 and 17 respectively. 87% of the regenerated plants were haploids.

A mineralogic geobarometer based on the reaction garnet+clinopyroxene+quartz=2 orthopyroxene+anorthite is proposed. The geobarometric formulations for the Fe- and Mg- end member equilibria are $$\begin{gathered} P_{({\text{Fe}})} {\text{ }}({\text{bars}}){\text{ = 32}}{\text{.097 }}T{\text{ }} - {\text{ 26385 }} - {\text{ 22}}{\text{.79 (}}T - 848 - T1{\text{n(}}T/848{\text{))}} \hfill \\ {\text{ }} - (3.655 + 0.0138T){\text{ }}\left( {\frac{{{\text{(}}T - 848{\text{)}}^{\text{2}} }}{T}} \right) \hfill \\ {\text{ }} - {\text{(3}}{\text{.123) }}T1{\text{n }}\frac{{(a_{a{\text{n}}}^{{\text{Plag}}} )(a_{{\text{fs}}}^{{\text{P}}\ddot u{\text{x}}} )^2 }}{{(a_{{\text{alm}}}^{{\text{Gt}}} )(a_{{\text{hed}}}^{{\text{Opx}}} )}} \hfill \\ P_{({\text{Mg}})} {\text{ (bars) = 9}}{\text{.270 }}T + 4006 - 0.9305{\text{ }}(T - 848 - T1{\text{n (}}T/848{\text{)}}) \hfill \\ {\text{ }} - (1.1963{\text{ }} - {\text{ }}6.0128{\text{ x 10}}^{ - {\text{3}}} T)\left( {\frac{{(T - 848)^2 }}{T}} \right) \hfill \\ {\text{ }} - 3.489{\text{ }}T1{\text{n }}\frac{{(a_{an}^{{\text{Plag}}} ){\text{ }}(a_{{\text{ens}}}^{{\text{Opx}}} )}}{{{\text{(}}a_{{\text{pyr}}}^{{\text{Gt}}} {\text{) (}}a_{{\text{diop}}}^{{\text{Cpx}}} {\text{)}}}}. \hfill \\ \end{gathered}$$ The end member thermodynamic data have been taken from the data base of Helgeson et al. (1978) and Saxena and Erikson (1983). The activities of pyroxene components and anorthite in plagioclase have been modelled after Wood and Banno (1973) and Newton (1983) respectively. The activities of pyrope and almandine are calculated from the binary interaction parameters for garnet solid solutions proposed by Saxena and Erikson (1983).

Some theoretical connections with Bradford's law of scattering of articles in journals have been note to substantiate the completely empirical linear formula,R(r)=a.r−b wherer is the rank of a class of journals in increasing productivity,R is a typical function, called “mean relative scatter” (MRS), of the class rankr, a andb are arbitrary constants. It is also shown that an exponential formula can be transformed to the linear one, thereby explicating certain constants and co-efficients of Bradford's formula and the proposed one.

Protoplasts from mesophyll cells and callus cells of rice (Oryza sativa L.) have been isolated by enzyme treatment involving 2% pectinase followed by 3% cellulase at pH 5.4 in 0.45 M mannitol (“viable” protoplasts from mesophyll cells in 50–60% yield, 60–70% yield of “viable” protoplasts from callus cells through treatment with the mixture of the above mentioned enzymes at the same concentration). Our completely defined medium is the combination of three established media (Table 1). Culture conditions are: soft agar in petri dishes at 26° C, where they regenerated cell walls after 24 h. The first cell division was observed after 4 days in culture for callus protoplasts and after 5 days in culture for mesophyll protoplasts. Cell division continues thereafter, and after 4 weeks of culture small white calli were visible in the petri dishes. The type of plant material (whitish leaf sheaths) and cell density are important factors for the efficiency of colony formation (30% plating efficiency). Healthy root formation through transfer to suitable medium is up to now the morphogenetic reaction of the calli.

Regeneration of rice plantlets (Oryza sativa L.) from calli originated from leaf sheath cells was made possible. This was possible in tissues initially grown in media containing 2.4-D (2.4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid) at low temperature and illumination. The slow growing tissues were subsequently subjected to growth conditions at an elevated temperature and higher illumination with addition of kinetin and IAA and without 2.4-D. The suitability of leaf sheath cells for protoplast technology is indicated by this success.

Three hundred cases were analysed to find out value of direct smear examination, pus cell count and their correlation with culture method for diagnosis of urinary tract infection in children. Of 132 specimens with significant pyuria in uncentrifuged urine, and 102 specimens with significant pyuria in centrifuged urine, 54(40.9%) and 42(41%) cases respectively showed absence of bacteriuria. There was no satisfactory correlation between pyuria and bacterial colony count. Gram stain smear examination of the centrifuged urine showed high correlation with bacterial count in urine cultures. This is a good method in the absence of microbiology laboratory for the diagnosis of urinary tract infection.

The results of treatment of meiotic cells of Lilium longiflorum by cycloheximide at the time of chiasma initiation and formation suggest that in the sequential phases of nuclear development, complete chiasma suppression resulting in achiasmate cells is attained prior to a quantitative reduction of chiasma frequency. Reduction of chiasma frequency and complete suppression are believed to be based on two different mechanisms.

The rate of pollen tube growth per hour ofSesbania aculeata Pers. under the infra-red rays was slower than the rate of pollen tube growth per hour under day light. When the infra-red rays were offered in combination with normal light or vice versa, in no case the rate of pollen tube growth per hour surpassed the normal rate of pollen tube growth per hour, under day light during the 4 hours' phase of growth.

In Corchorus sidoidesF. Muell ♀ x C. siliquosus L. ♂, the pod set was 19.05 per cent. and the percentage of pod harvested (out of set pods) was 100 per cent.. All seeds of the cross pods were non-viable.

Hornblende-orthopyroxene-calcic pyroxene-plagioclase (andesine-labradorite) — magnetite-ilmenite±quartz assemblages are evidently the most common granulite facies representatives of basic rocks throughout the world, and they must represent a variance of more than one. Ramberg (1948) invoked an additional degree of freedom arising out of unequal fractionation of Mg and Fe in the ferromagnesian silicates in such rocks. This is examined in detail on the basis of chemical data on twentytwo hornblende-orthopyroxenecalcic pyroxene triads, half of them from the type charnockite area near Madras.

InSesbania aculeata Pers. ♀ ×Sesbania speciosa Taub. ex Engler ♂, pod set was 8.2 per cent and the percentage of pod harvested (out of set pods) was 75. All seeds out of those harvested corss pods were nonviable.

The absoluteK-conversion coefficients of the 496 keV-124 keV cascadeγ-rays in131Cs have been determined from angular correlation experiments using a new approach. The value ofαK=0.0100±0.0007 obtained for the 496 keV transition is in excellent agreement with the theory whereas a strong case is presented for the existence of an anomalous nuclear-structure-dependent conversion coefficient for the 124 keV transition. TheK-conversion coefficient for this transition has been measured to be 0.742±0.077 giving a value of 1.25±0.13 for the ratioαK(expet)/αK(theory). The result is interpreted as being due to the presence of electric monopole,E0, electron transition. A value of 0.26±0.14 has been obtained for theE0/E2 electron conversion ratio and the absolute value of the electric monopole matrix element has been determined to be 0.07±0.02.

A1 and A2 cells of the median neurosecretory group are filled with PF stained neurosecretory material between the first 24 to 48 h of the earlier moult in each instar followed by immediate release before the next moult at 72 h, while loaded posterior and lateral neurosecretory cells also appear from the 3rd and 5th instars onwards. Corpora cardiaca, corpora allata and prothoracic glands increase in size in each instar.

Isolated mesophyll protoplasts of Brassica juncea (L.) Czern., cv. RLM 514 upon culture in suitable growth medium, regenerated cell wall, underwent cell division and formed cellular colonies. Subsequent induction of embryoid (embryogenesis) and shoot bud (organogenesis) formations in such cell masses resulted in regeneration of 186 and 42 plantlets respectively.

Different enzymes were tested for isolation of intact protoplasts from pollen tetrads. About 80% isolation was achieved from pollen tetrads of Cajanus cajan and Zea mays and about 60% from Luffa cylindrica and Lycopersicon esculentum after 4 h of treatment with 5% cellulase. When these mononucleate protoplasts were incubated in presence of 0.05 M CaCl2 in 0.3 M glucose at pH 10.5, 70-80% fusion was achieved. Fusion was rare in sodium nitrate solutions.

Various alterations in Giemsa banding technique have been introduced to observe their influence on band formations in M-chromosome of Vicia faba root tip dividing cells. With the introduction of some minor alterations in the technique, revelation of a large number of classes of constitutive heterochromatin has been made possible. Apparently such Giemsa banding pattern is comparable to the ones observed in a routine way amongst mammalian chromosomes.

In females homozygous for the meiotic mutant c(3)G, a reasonable amount of intergenic recombination was found to occur, while no intragenic recombination could be detected at the white locus. On the other hand, a significant increase in both inter-and intragenic recombination was observed in females heterozygous for the same mutation. These results are discussed in the context of the synaptonemal complex formation during chromosome pairing in the mutant.

THE mouth-parts hitherto recognised in ticks comprise a hypostome and a pair of chelicerae, the three together forming what is believed to be the piercing and sucking organ. The actual mouth-opening, however, has never been observed.