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Objective To compare the risk of preeclampsia among spontaneously conceived pregnancies to those after hyperestrogenic ovarian stimulation (hyperestrogenic OS) with and without assisted reproductive technology (ART), and stimulation with non-hyperestrogenic aromatase inhibitor stimulation (non-hyperestrogenic OS). Methods Live-born singleton deliveries among women 20-49 years were identified in the 2004-2012 Truven Health MarketScan Commercial Claims and Encounters Databases using ICD-9 and CPT codes. Maternal characteristics were compared using Chi squared and Fisher exact tests. We performed multilevel multivariable logistic regression, controlling for maternal age, parity, comorbid conditions, and region of delivery, and calculated adjusted odds ratios (aOR) and 95 % confidence intervals for mild and severe preeclampsia. Results 1,014,526 spontaneously conceived, 6881 hyperestrogenic OS with ART, 27,516 hyperestrogenic OS without ART, and 2117 non-hyperestrogenic OS pregnancies were identified. The adjusted odds of developing preeclampsia were increased for deliveries after hyperestrogenic OS with ART (mild preeclampsia aOR 1.42, 1.24-1.62; severe preeclampsia aOR 1.83, 1.59-2.11) and without ART (mild preeclampsia aOR 1.32, 1.24-1.42; severe preeclampsia aOR 1.53, 1.41-1.66). Adjusted odds of preeclampsia were similar between spontaneously conceived and non-hyperestrogenic OS pregnancies. Conclusions for Practice Risk of preeclampsia after ART may in part be related to supraphysiologic estrogen associated with hyperestrogenic OS.

This study was part of an ongoing investigation into four of the potential challenges confronting women and men in cross-sex fiendships (O’Meara, 1989). Unlike previous research, which explored the perspective of only one member of each cross-sex fnendship, this study examined the perspectives of both individuals in cross-sex fienhhips. The levels of actual and perceived agreement and understanding were investigated through utilization of a variation of Heiderian Balance Theory and Laing’s Interpersonal Perception Method. Seventy three pairs of cross-sex fiends completed a survey examining direct perspectives, metaperspectives, and meta-metaperspectives, on the four challenges. Over 92% of the participants were heterosexual, 68% were Caucasian, 10% were Afican American, 10% were Hispanic, 3% were Asian, 4% were Native American, and 5% indicated “other.” Results indicate that cross-sex fiends generally agree that O’Meara’s four challenges present only minimal problems in their individual relationships, and that balance theory provides a viable explanation of how perceived agreement and understanding concerning challenges are arrived at within cross-sex fnendships. Additionally, results illustrating disagreements and misunderstandings within cross-sex friendships highlight the importance of looking at the perspectives of both individuals within a dyad.

This research was an investigation into four challenges purported to confront cross-sex friends. One hundred and thirty eight individuals (females = 86, males = 52) completed two surveys designed to explore the extent to which the “sexual,” “emotional bond,” “audience,” and “equality” challenges were present in their cross-sex friendships. Over 98% of the participants were heterosexual, 99% were Caucasian, and approximately 5% were Hispanic. Data gathered from the first survey were analyzed using a three-way analysis of variance, with gender, type of friendship, and romantic status as the independent variables, and three of the four challenges as the dependent variables. The first survey also included open-ended questions designed to explore the nature and existence of the challenges. The second survey was in a diary format. Respondents kept a frequency count for three weeks of discussions they had with their cross-sex friend concerning the challenges, and thoughts that they had as individuals concerning those challenges. Results from both surveys indicate that though the challenges exist and have powerful effects on a small percentage of individuals in cross-sex friendships, for the majority of participants the challenges are not perceived as salient.