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Introduction: Differentiation of vascular endothelial cells (ECs) in clinically relevant numbers for injection into ischaemic areas could offer therapeutic potential in the treatment of cardiovascular conditions, including myocardial infarction, peripheral vascular disease and stroke. While we and others have demonstrated successful generation of functional endothelial-like cells from human embryonic stem cells (hESCs), little is understood regarding the complex transcriptional and epigenetic changes that occur during differentiation, in particular during early commitment to a mesodermal lineage.\ud Methods: We performed the first gene expression microarray study of hESCs undergoing directed differentiation to ECs using a monolayer-based, feeder-free and serum-free protocol. Microarray results were confirmed by quantitative RT-PCR and immunocytochemistry, and chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP)-PCR analysis was utilised to determine the bivalent status of differentially expressed genes.\ud \ud Results: We identified 22 transcription factors specific to early mesoderm commitment. Among these factors, FOXA2 was observed to be the most significantly differentially expressed at the hESC–EC day 2 timepoint. ChIP-PCR analysis revealed that the FOXA2 transcription start site is bivalently marked with histone modifications for both gene activation (H3K4me3) and repression (H3K27me3) in hESCs, suggesting the transcription factor may be a key regulator of hESC differentiation.\ud Conclusion: This enhanced knowledge of the lineage commitment process will help improve the design of directed differentiation protocols, increasing the yield of endothelial-like cells for regenerative medicine therapies in cardiovascular disease.

In situ hybridisation using a biotinylated 1.2-kb human cDNA clone for human 3-beta-hydroxy-5-ene steroid dehydrogenase (HSD) supports the provisional regional localisation of the HSD gene to chromosome 1p13 and refines this localisation to 1p13.1.

Ischemic stroke is a late-onset, complex polygenic disease, and it has proven difficult to identify its genetic determinants. A new study from Iceland shows that the gene encoding phosphodiesterase 4D is the most likely positional and pathophysiological candidate underlying the stroke susceptibility locus on chromosome 5q12.