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We introduce new observables of the cosmic microwave background radiation, which can be measured through the detection of high order modes excited within an antenna feed system, coherently combined with those currently detected by space observatories. The use of such observables could potentially further constrain the validity of cosmological theories.

Solar phase scintillation and solar amplitude scintillation are fundamentally important in deep space mission operations for designing a communication system capable of transmitting signals when the signal path is close to the Sun. The ESA’s BepiColombo measurement data were analyzed in a previous paper in terms of the power spectral density of the solar phase scintillation, also with a comparison with Woo’s solar phase scintillation theory, when X-band and Ka-band signals propagate close to the Sun with a small Sun-Earth-Probe (SEP) angle during the superior solar conjunction campaign in March 2021 in its cruise phase to Mercury. In this paper the solar amplitude scintillation is analyzed both by calculating the power spectral density and the scintillation index. The results of scintillation index, derived from these measurement data, fit the NASA JPL’s scintillation index model.