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Militaries are men-dominated and value a heteronormative masculine warrior ideal (Kaplan, 2003). Soldiers, however, are not necessarily heterosexual and men, nor do they always embody the prescribed warrior ideal. How the values related to hyper-masculinity and heteronormativity influence the experiences of gay and lesbian soldiers is an empirical question. In the present study, the Psycho-Social Ethnography of the Commonplace (P-SEC; Gouliquer & Poulin, 2005) methodology was used to investigate how the institutions of heterosexuality and the Canadian military shape gay and lesbian soldiers’ experiences. Interviews with 10 lesbian and 10 gay soldiers were conducted and analysed. The findings reveal that lesbian and gay soldiers face fairly widespread discrimination in the military environment. They must contend with the institutional demands to meet the requirements of a hyper-masculine-heteronormative soldier ideal. Gender differences are highlighted and social policy recommendations are discussed.

The purpose of this study was to determine whether water quality parameters commonly associated with primary productivity may be used to predict the susceptibility of a specific water body to exceed proposed fish consumption advisory limitation of 0.3 mg kg−1. South Dakota currently has nine lakes and impoundments that exceed fish tissue mercury advisory limits of 1.0 mg kg−1 total mercury, far exceeding US Environmental Protection Agency and Food and Drug Administration 0.3 mg kg−1 consumption criteria. Previous studies suggest that increased aquatic productivity may mitigate the effects of biological production and subsequent uptake of methyl mercury through bio-dilution; however, it is uncertain whether these trends may exist within highly alkaline and highly productive aquatic conditions common to South Dakota lakes and impoundments. Water quality parameters and fish tissue mercury data for northern pike and walleye were collected and assessed using existing South Dakota Department of Environment and Natural Resources and Game Fish and Parks data. The data was initially screened using both parametric linear regression and non-parametric Mann–Whitney rank sum comparisons and further assessed using binary logistic regression and stepwise logistic regression methodology. Three separate phosphorus measurements (total, total dissolved, and Trophic State Index) and pH were determined to significantly correlate with increased mercury concentrations for the northern pike-in-impoundments model. However, phosphorus surprisingly was not a strong predictor for the remaining scenarios modeled. For the northern pike-in-natural lakes models, alkalinity was the most significant water quality parameter predicting increased mercury concentrations. Mercury concentrations for the walleye-in-natural lakes models were further influenced by pH and alkalinity. The water quality and fish tissue mercury interrelationships determined within this study suggest aquatic productivity, and consequential eutrophication processes appear to be reasonable indicators of fish tissue mercury susceptibility for aquatic conditions common to South Dakota and highlight the continuing need to minimize eutrophication through effective watershed management strategies.

Sediment cores were collected from ten eutrophic lakes in South Dakota to determine the lateral extent of sediment-bound mercury (Hg) concentrations and to assess the relationship between watershed and land use characteristics with lake Hg fish tissue consumption advisory (>1.0 mg Hg/kg fish tissue) status. Advisory lakes were characterized as having higher sediment Hg and organic matter and lower total sulfur content compared to non-advisory lakes, and results highlight the importance of sulfide and organic carbon availability associated with potential Hg methylation biogeochemical processes. Advisory lakes generally had higher percentage of areal development and grasslands, higher catchment to lake area, and lower percentage of wetlands compared to non-advisory lakes. These results signify the importance of minimizing watershed sediment transport and associated organic carbon loading as effective Hg fish tissue lake management strategies.

The intravenous injection of lignocaine distal to a tourniquet has been found a useful, time-saving, safe method of anaesthesia for short operations on a limb. There has been some controversy concerning the site of action of the agent. p]A solution of lignocaine containing Hypaque as a radio-opaque medium was used to permit radiological demonstration of the distribution of the solution injected into the veins of the arm distal to the tourniquet. X-ray pictures of the injected limb were correlated with the area of anaesthesia existing at the time of the X-ray exposure, and it was shown that anaesthesia existed only in those areas where the radio-opaque medium was demonstrated actually in the tissues. Anaesthesia spread as the radio-opaque material spread into further tissue. It would seem to be conclusively shown that intravenous lignocaine injected distal to a tourniquet acts at the tissue level on the nerve endings. This would explain the clinical observation of areas of analgesia and complete preservation of sensation existing in the distribution of the same nerve.