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Bi0.617Y0.05Cu3Ti4O12(BYCTO) was successfully synthesized through an economically semi-wet route using metals nitrates, acetate, and TiO2 precursor and sintered at 1173 K for 8 h. The single phase of ceramic was authorized by XRD analysis. The crystallite size of BYCTO ceramic was calculated to be 62.3 nm through XRD measurement. The particle size obtained by TEM analysis was to be in the range of 55 ± 7 nm. The average grain size observed through the SEM technique was 0.783 μm. The route means square roughness, as well as average roughness, were determined to be 0.224 μm and 0.179 μm by atomic force microscope. The dielectric constant (ɛ′) of BYCTO was measured to be 1481 at 307 K and 100 Hz. The tangent loss (tan δ) was observed to be in the range of 0.13–0.29 at all selected temperatures (307–487 K) and 10 kHz which is lower than that of Bi2/3Cu3Ti4O12. The oxidation state of all metal present in the ceramic material was verified by XPS analysis.

In this study, pyrolysis of agricultural residues, such as rice straw (RS), wheat straw (WS), and sugarcane bagasse (SB), was performed in a fixed-bed reactor. The experiments were carried out at varying operating conditions, such as temperature, heating rate, biomass particle size and sweeping gas flow rate, such that the bio-oil yield could be maximized. Small particle size and high heating rate contributed to more bio-oil yield as compared to large particle size and low heating rate. Physicochemical properties of bio-oil samples, evaluated in a comparative manner with maximum focus devoted on analyzing the chemical constituents through GC–MS and FTIR analysis. Biochar was also examined through different physicochemical techniques (e.g., HHV, pH, SEM–EDX, FTIR, CHNS, ICP-AES) for understanding pyrolysis mechanism and its practical usability. Analysis of non-condensable gas through GC-TCD, revealed co-existence of H2, CO, CO2 and CH4 molecules, with greater percentage of H2 and CH4 at high temperature resulted enhancement in calorific value.