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In recent years, immunotherapy has produced many unexpected breakthroughs in oncological therapy; however, it still has many deficiencies. For example, the number of patients who are unresponsive to anti-programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1), anti-cytotoxic T-like antigen-4 (CTLA4), and anti-programmed death-1 (PD1) therapies cannot be ignored, and the search for an undiscovered immunosuppressive pathway is imminent. Five decades ago, researchers found that activation of the adenosinergic pathway was negatively correlated with prognosis in many cancers. This review describes the entire process of the adenosinergic pathway in the tumor microenvironment and the mechanism of immunosuppression, which promotes tumor metastasis and drug resistance. Additionally, the review explores factors that regulate this pathway, including signaling factors secreted by the tumor microenvironment and certain anti-tumor drugs. Additionally, the combination of adenosinergic pathway inhibitors with chemotherapy, checkpoint blockade therapy, and immune cell-based therapy is summarized. Finally, certain issues regarding treatment via inhibition of this pathway and the use of targeted nanoparticles to reduce adverse reactions in patients are put forward in this review. Graphical Abstract The inhibitors of adenosinergic pathway loaded nanoparticles enter tumor tissue through EPR effect, and inhibit adenosinergic pathway to enhance or restore the effect of immune checkpoint blockade therapy, chemotherapies and immune cell-based therapy. Note: EPR means enhanced penetration and retention, × means blockade.

Skeletal biomechanics focuses on both transient and long-term effects of bone stress, using the basic theory and method of material mechanics, elasto-plasticity theory, and fracture mechanics,is considered to be one of the most important branches in biomechanics. In order to achieve complete and comprehensive evaluation of skeletal biomechanics, researchers developed a variety of levels of skeletal biomechanical evaluation methods, including mechanical testing, theoretical research, microstructure research and finite element analyses. At present, most of the mechanical evaluation methods were performed by a combination of mechanical tests and finite element (FE) simulation studies for the evaluation of mechanical properties. This study summerized the research in multi-level mechanical test methods, different research methods of microstructure, and the reconstruction of various FE skeletal models to study bone mechanics. The mentioned methods and techniques can be served as the basis for systematic studies of the biomechanical properties of bones.

The rate of heat output is one of the suitable measurements of metabolic activity of the organism. In this article, microcalorimetry was first applied to study the effect of volatile oil of dry ginger (ginger oil) on Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus growth. The power–time curves were plotted with a TAM air isothermal microcalorimeter. The parameters such as the growth rate constant μ, the peak-time T p, inhibitory ratio I, and half-inhibitory concentration IC50 were calculated. From the data, the relationships between μ and the concentration of ginger oil c were established. The results revealed that the μ of E. coli and S. aureus both gradually declined with the increase of the c, there were linear relationships between μ and c, and ginger oil had stronger inhibitory effect on S. aureus than on E. coli. Results obtained from our study strongly suggest that microcalorimetry is an ideal method to investigate the effect of drug on microorganism.