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Vesicoureteral reflux (VUR) is the most common congenital urinary tract abnormality in children. The objective of this study was to evaluate the diagnostic value of urine neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL) in children with primary vesicoureteral reflux (VUR). A total of 69 patients were evaluated in 2 groups with (32) and without (37) VUR. Patients with secondary VUR, infectious or inflammatory disorders, obstructive uropathies, and acute or chronic kidney disease were excluded. Urine NGAL level was measured by ELISA kit. Mean age of children with VUR was 36.84 ± 28.16, compared to those without VUR 32.32 ± 29.08, with no significant difference (p = 0.51). Mean urine NGAL (p = 0.012) and urine NGAL/Cr (p = 0.003) were higher in patients with VUR. In addition, urine NGAL/Cr increased significantly in patients with decreased parenchymal function, compared to those with normal DMSA scan. Using the cutoff value of 0.888, urine NGAL had 84% sensitivity and 81% specificity for diagnosis of VUR. Based on AUC (0.86), urine NGAL had acceptable diagnostic accuracy in children with VUR. The results of this study support the evidence that urine NGAL/Cr is a sensitive, specific and accurate biomarker for diagnosis of children with primary VUR.

Juvenile dermatomyositis (JDM) is a rare autoimmune disease characterized by proximal muscle weakness, skin lesions, gastro intestinal, pulmonary, cardiac and small nerve damage. Renal involvement has been rarely reported in JDM. This is the report of a 7-year-old boy presented with nephrotic syndrome (NS) and subsequent renal failure. Clinical manifestations of JDM appeared gradually. Renal manifestations could be considered as a rare initial presentation of JDM.

Hydatid disease of the kidney is rare, particularly in the isolated form, and tubulointerstitial nephritis is an extremely uncommon manifestation of renal hydatidosis. Here is the report of a patient with isolated renal hydatid disease who presented with acute renal failure secondary to tubulointerstitial nephritis. The patient responded to the combination of albendazole, corticosteroids and total nephrectomy.