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Children with in utero Zika virus (ZIKV) exposure without congenital Zika syndrome (CZS) are at risk for abnormal neurodevelopment. Preschool-age outcomes for children with antenatal ZIKV exposure have not yet been established.Children with in utero ZIKV exposure and non-exposed controls had neurodevelopmental evaluations at age 3-5 years in Sabanalarga, Colombia. Cases did not have CZS and were previously evaluated prenatally through age 18 months. Controls were born before ZIKV arrival to Colombia. Neurodevelopmental assessments included Pediatric Evaluation of Disability Inventory (PEDI-CAT), Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function (BRIEF-P), Bracken School Readiness Assessment (BSRA), and Movement Assessment Battery for Children (MABC). Family demographics and child medical history were recorded.Fifty-five ZIKV-exposed children were evaluated at mean age 3.6 years and 70 controls were evaluated at 5.2 years. Family demographics were similar between groups. BRIEF-P t-scores were higher for cases than controls in shift and flexibility domains. Cases had lower PEDI-CAT mobility t-scores compared to controls. There was no difference in MABC between groups. In 11% of cases and 1% of controls, parents reported child mood problems.Children with in utero ZIKV exposure without CZS may demonstrate emerging differences in executive function, mood, and adaptive mobility that require continued evaluation.Preschool neurodevelopmental outcome in children with in utero Zika virus exposure is not yet known, since the Zika virus epidemic occurred in 2015-2017 and these children are only now entering school age. This study finds that Colombian children with in utero Zika virus exposure without congenital Zika syndrome are overall developing well but may have emerging differences in executive function, behavior and mood, and adaptive mobility compared to children without in utero Zika virus exposure. Children with in utero Zika virus exposure require continued multi-domain longitudinal neurodevelopmental evaluation through school age.

Although early blight is among the most damaging foliar diseases of potato, the information available on the disease-yield relationship is scarce. Twenty-three field trials were conducted from 2003 to 2016 across North Dakota and Minnesota potato growing regions to study the relationships among disease severity estimated from tuber initiation (TI) to early bulking (growth stage III to IV) and late bulking/tuber maturation (growth stage IV to V) and yield. The strength of the association and the functional relationships between crop and disease variables were assessed based on estimates of the Fisher’s Z transformation of Pearson correlation r, the intercept (β0) and slope(β1) for each trial, which were combined and analyzed using meta-analytic models. At TI to early bulking stage, random-effect model estimated a slope of 0.20 mt/ha/%−1 for an expected yield (intercept) of 61.88 mt/ha. Each unit increase in percent severity at this growth stage would result in a 32 percentage point (pp) yield reduction. During late bulking/tuber maturation crop growth stage, the random-coefficients β0 and β1 were 65.89 mt/ha and 0.13 mt/ha/%−1, respectively. In relative terms, yield would be reduced by 19 pp. for each unitary percentage increase in early blight severity. Based on these meta-analysis results, growers are able to predict potential yield loss for each percentage increase of early blight severity at two growth stages, which can be useful for crop-loss assessments.