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Duality in the entanglement of identical particles manifests that entanglement in only one variable can be revealed at a time. We demonstrate this using polarization and orbital angular momentum (OAM) variables of indistinguishable photons generated from parametric down conversion. We show polarization entanglement by sorting photons in even and odd OAM basis, while sorting them in two orthogonal polarization modes reveals the OAM entanglement. The duality assisted observation of entanglement can be used as a verification for the preservation of quantum indistinguishability over communication channels. Indistinguishable photons entangled in complementary variables could also evoke interest in distributed quantum sensing protocols and remote entanglement generation., 7 pages, 11 figures

Frequency modulated thermal wave imaging (FMTWI) has been successfully applied in the field of infrared thermography to estimate defects in various structural materials. The paper presents theoretical aspects of three-dimensional mild steel sample for FMTWI to detect flat bottom holes as defects. Furthermore, performance of FMTWI for analytical and simulated approach has been discussed and comparison has been performed based on time domain matched filtering pulse compression approach. The results demonstrate enhanced depth resolvability of the time domain-based pulse compression approach for FMTWI scheme.

The active thermal non-destructive testing and evaluation technique plays a vital role in health monitoring of various solid materials. Present manuscript demonstrates the applicability of pulse compression favorable Digitized version of linear Frequency Modulated Thermal Wave Imaging (DFMTWI) approach to identify flaws having different geometrical shapes in a Glass Fibre Reinforced Polymer (GFRP) sample. A novel Thermal Image Correlation (TIC) data-processing approach is proposed to obtain the isothermal patterns from the reconstructed pulse compressed data through matched filter scheme to identify sub-surface anomalies. The detection capabilities of the presented approach are compared on various adopted data processing approaches.

An approach based on the genetic algorithm is proposed to solve system of coupled differential equation with prescribed boundary conditions. Unsteady, viscous, 2-dimensional incompressible flow over a stretching sheet with outer velocity and aligned magnetic field is considered to illustrate the approach. Coupled partial differential equations are converted to equivalent ordinary differential equation using similarity transform. Results show that this approach may replace traditional shooting technique in solving complex boundary value problems. Comparison with existent methods have been made to show validation of the approach. Graphs and tables are depicted to show impact of aligned magnetic field, stretching parameter on flow and heat transfer over stretching surfaces.

Cartilage-hair hypoplasia is an autosomal recessive disorder, characterized by short stature, metaphyseal dysplasia, hypotrichosis and immunodeficiency. More than 90 different biallelic mutations in RMRP gene have been identified to cause this condition. Three cases previously reported from India showed novel mutations in RMRP gene. The authors report two unrelated cases with the more common g.70A > G mutation, stressing the need to screen for this mutation in Indian population having features of cartilage-hair hypoplasia.

Lignin is the second most abundant aromatic biopolymer next to cellulose constituent of cell wall of vascular plants, where it acts as a structural component of support and conducting tissue. It is recalcitrant to degradation, and creates a barrier towards enzymatic attack by any microbes. It has been identified in primitive groups of plants such as ferns, club mosses and gymnosperms but absent in bryophytes and lower plants. To improve the processing of lignocellulosic feed stocks, humic compound in soil and CO2 Concentration in the environment, it's required to develop eco-friendly strategies. Lignin degradation has found in nature through the lignolytic enzymes of microbes. Enzymatic degradation of lignin involves five extracellular enzymes-(a) laccase; (b) lignin peroxidase (Lip); (c) manganese-dependent peroxidase (MnP); (d)Versatile peroxidase (VP) and (e) Dye-Decolorizing Peroxidase (DyP). In the present study we discuss the structure of lignin, chemical nature and Enzymology. Authors focus on degradation of lignin through microorganisms found in the plant residues and soil that are capable of producing lignolytic enzymes, which in turn release lignin fractions in soil, hence increase soil fertility through humification.

The copper-resistant (1318 microM CuSO(4).5H(2)O) strain KNP3 of Proteus vulgaris was isolated from soil near the Panki power plant, Kanpur, India, and was used to inoculate pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan var. UPS-120) seeds grown in soil for 60 days in the presence of 600 microM CuSO(4).5H(2)O. A study of siderophore production (126.34 +/- 0.52 microg ml(-1)) and its subsequent effects on plant growth promotion under in situ conditions was conducted. The parameters that were monitored included the plants' wet weight, dry weight, shoot length, chlorophyll content, and concentration of copper in plant roots and shoots. The results showed that the strain caused a significant (p < 0.05) increase in wet weight, dry weight, root length, shoot growth, and chlorophyll content (57.8%, 60%, 19.7%, 47.8%, and 36.3%, respectively) in the presence of copper. Furthermore, the strain reduced accumulation of Cu in the roots and shoots to 36.8% and 60.5%, respectively. Apart from this, copper concentration in the soil was measured on 0, 7, 15, 30, and 45 days consecutively and the results indicated that the bioinoculant KNP3 causes a significant decrease in Cu concentration in soil (55.6%), which was unlikely in the control (10.5%) treatment. The data suggested that the bacterial strain has the ability to protect plants against the inhibitory effects of copper besides reducing the copper load of the soil.