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Objectives The gingiva epithelium accounts for a significant proportion of the surface around the tooth. An inflammatory reaction occurs in the presence of bacterial biofilm, adhesion is reduced, and the depth of the sulcus gingivalis increases. The most common antiseptic agents in oral rinses are chlorhexidine digluconate (CHX) and cetylpyridinium chloride. We examined long-lasting effects of residual concentrations of eight commercially available rinses. Our main goals were (i) to analyze the effect of different chemical compositions on cell proliferation, (ii) to examine apoptosis, and (iii) cell morphology on human epithelial progenitor cell line (HGEPp). Materials and methods Cell proliferation was measured in a real-time system (0–48 h) by impedimetry (xCELLigence). Apoptosis was measured with labeled Annexin-V (BD-FACScalibur). Results Changes in proliferation were measured at certain concentrations: (i) H2O2 proved to be cytotoxic at almost all concentrations; (ii) low concentrations of CHX (0.0001%; 0.0003%) were proliferation inducers, while higher concentrations were cytotoxic; (iii) for ClO2, advantageous proliferative effect was observed over a broad concentration range (0.06–6 ppm). In mouthwashes, additives in the formulation (e.g., allantoin) appeared to influence cellular responses positively. Apoptosis marker assay results suggested a low-level activation by the tested agents. Conclusions Mouthwashes and their reference compounds proved to have concentration-dependent cytotoxic effects on human gingival epithelial cells. Clinical relevance A better understanding of the effects of mouthwashes and their reference compounds is particularly important. These concentration-dependent effects (cytotoxic or proliferation inducing) interfere with human cells physiology while being used in the fight against the pathogenic flora.

BackgroundOxidative stress is an important factor in the pathomechanism of atherosclerosis. Advanced oxidation protein products (AOPPs) are considered markers of oxidative stress. Thickening of the carotid intima-media layers indicates subclinical atherosclerosis and can be detected by carotid ultrasound.ObjectiveOur aim was to examine the association between carotid intima-media thickness (CIMT) and the level of AOPPs.MethodsCarotid duplex scans and measurements of AOPPs were performed on 476 participants of a cardiovascular population study. The presence of conventional cardiovascular risk factors was investigated with a questionnaire, physical examination, and laboratory tests.ResultsThere was a positive correlation between maximum CIMT and the level of AOPPs only in the male population (r = 0.219,p = 0.033). Multivariate analysis has revealed that the association between AOPPs and mean or maximum CIMT was independent of cardiovascular risk factors (OR = 1.458,p = 0.004, and OR = 2.038,p ConclusionsAmong males, the elevated level of AOPPs as a marker of oxidative stress may signal the existence of early atherosclerotic alterations.

Stem cell-based therapies raise hope for cell replacement and provide opportunity for cardiac regenerative medicine and tumor therapy. Extracellular vesicles are a membrane-enclosed intercellular delivery system with the potential to improve the therapeutic efficacy of the treatment of a variety of disorders. As the incidence of breast cancer continues to rise, radiotherapy has emerged as a leading treatment modality. Radiotherapy also increases the risk of coronary heart disease and cardiac mortality. In a chest-irradiated mouse model of cardiac injury, we investigated the effects of local irradiation. We found an increased lethality after 16 Gy irradiation. Importantly, radio-detoxified LPS (RD-LPS) treatment prolonged the survival significantly. By flow cytometry, we demonstrated that upon administration of RD-LPS, the number of bone marrow-derived endothelial progenitor cells increased in the bone marrow and, in particular, in the circulation. Furthermore, mass spectrometry analysis showed that RD-LPS altered the proteomic composition of bone marrow cell-derived small extracellular vesicles (sEVs). RD-LPS treatment increased interferon-induced transmembrane protein-3 (IFITM3) expression markedly both in bone marrow cells and in bone marrow cell-derived small extracellular vesicles. This is the first study to demonstrate that radio-detoxified LPS treatment induces an increase of circulating endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) in parallel with a reduced radiotherapy-related mortality. While the total number of bone marrow-derived extracellular vesicles was significantly increased 24 h after treatment in the RD-LPS groups, the number of endothelial progenitor cells was reduced in animals injected with GW4896 (a chemical inhibitor of exosome biogenesis) as compared with controls. In contrast to these in vivo results, in vitro experiments did not support the effect of sEVs on EPCs. Our data raise the intriguing possibility that IFITM3 may serve as a marker of the radio-detoxified LPS treatment.