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Phenol is the toxicant present in cigarette smoke that causes pulmonary diseases, eyes infection, and even various kinds of cancer. So, in this research, an attempt was done to prepare a suitable absorbent to remove phenol from cigarette smoke. A novel bio-based adsorbent succinylated carboxymethyl starch (S-CMS) was prepared by reacting carboxymethyl starch (CMS) with succinic anhydride (SA) in the presenting of N, N-dimethylformamide (DMF) solvent and pyridine. The structure of the S-CMS was confirmed by spectroscopic techniques including proton nuclear magnetic resonance and Fourier transform infrared. The S-CMS crystallinity and thermal properties were checked by x-ray diffraction and thermogravimetric analysis. The results showed a decrease in thermal properties and crystallinity for S-CMS. The S-CMS were tested as adsorbents for the removal of phenol. The adsorption efficiencies of CMS, S-CMS1, S-CMS2, and S-CMS3 towards phenol were shown to be 0.297 g/g, 0.321 g/g, 0.322 g/g, and 0.324 g/g, respectively.

Polyoxometalates (POMs), large oxoanions of the group 5 and 6 elements, attract attention due to their use as oxidation-stable catalysts and ligands. Different from the well-known V, Mo, and W POMs, the group V POMs of Ta assemble and are stable only in highly alkaline solution rather than acidic solution. In this paper, we successfully synthesized and structurally characterized two unprecedented peroxotantalum-containing clusters, KNa2[HSe2(TaO2)6(OH)4(H2O)2O13]·15H2O (1) and Cs2K1.5Na1.5[Se4(TaO2)6 (OH)3O18]·17H2O (2), which comprises a 6-peroxo-6-tantalum core stabilized by two and four selenite centers, respectively. The simple, one-pot synthesis of 1 and 2 involving addition of sodium selenite into the acidified hexatantalate aqueous solution in the presence of hydrogen peroxide could represent a general procedure for incorporating heteroatoms into peroxo-polyoxotantalate species, thus opening new possibilities for this emergent branch of polyoxotantalate chemistry. Moreover, the catalytic properties of these two compounds were investigated using succinic anhydride and phenylamine as the model substrate, and compound 2 presents excellent catalytic activity in the amidation reactions of anhydrides and amines.

In this work, surfactant-modified starches were prepared by reactive extrusion (REX) and used as stabilizers for olive oil-in-water Pickering emulsions. The referred starches are waxy maize starch phosphate (P-MS), octenyl succinic anhydride maize starch (OSA-MS), and octenyl succinic anhydride rice starch (OSA-RS). Pickering emulsions were emulsified by microfluidization and spray-dried to evaluate the efficiency of encapsulation and the protective effect of starch derivatives in the encapsulated olive oil. Results showed that OSA-RS presented the smallest particle size and the most electronegative $$\zeta$$ -potential. Among the considered starches, OSA-RS possesses the best characteristics as surfactant to improve emulsification and digestibility of oil-in-water Pickering emulsions. On the other hand, P-MS has the ideal properties to be used as wall material for spray drying to increase oil stability and reduce digestibility of microcapsules.

In this study, the effect of the deep eutectic solvent (DES) based on triethylmethylammonium chloride and imidazole on the mechanochemical succinylation of sawdust was investigated. The sawdust was ball milled in the presence of succinic anhydride and the effects of different amounts of the DES on the carboxylic acid content and particle size were studied with and without post-heating. The carboxylic acid content significantly increased with the addition of the DES and by using 1.5 mass excess of the DES compared to sawdust; milled sawdust with 3.5 mmol/g of carboxylic acid groups was obtained using 60 min post-heating at 100 °C. The particle size was found to depend strongly on DES-to-wood ratio and a change in size-reduction characteristics was observed related to fiber saturation point. After mechanochemical milling, three succinylated sawdust samples with different carboxylic acid contents were disintegrated into wood nanofibers and self-standing films were produced. Although the mechanical properties of the films were lower than the cellulose nanofibers, they were higher or in line with oil- and biobased polymers such as polypropene and polylactic acid, respectively. Because of their amphiphilic nature, wood nanofibers were found to be effective stabilizers of water–oil emulsions.

To prepare a robust biocatalyst and enhance the removal of bisphenol A in wastewater, succinic anhydride was reacted with laccase to obtain succinic anhydride-modified laccase (SA-laccase) and then co-crystallized with Cu3(PO4)2 to form SA-laccase@Cu3(PO4)2 hybrid nanoflowers (hNFs). The activity of SA-laccase@Cu3(PO4)2 reached 5.27 U/mg, 1.86-, 2.88- and 2.15-fold those of bare laccase@Cu3(PO4)2, laccase@Ca3(PO4)2 and laccase@epoxy resin, respectively. Compared with free laccase, the obtained hNFs present enhanced activity and tolerance to pH and high temperature in the removal of BPA. Under the optimum conditions of pH 6.0 and 35 °C, BPA removal reached 93.2% using SA-laccase@Cu3(PO4)2 hNFs, which was 1.21-fold of that using free laccase. In addition, the obtained SA-laccase@Cu3(PO4)2 hNFs retained nearly 90% of their initial catalytic activity for BPA removal after 8 consecutive batch cycles. This efficient method for preparing immobilized laccase can also be further developed and improved to acquire green biocatalysts for removing persistent organic pollutants in wastewater.

A novel cationic surfactant type of N'alkyl N,'N'dimethyl-4-morpholino-4-oxobutanoylhydrazinium iodide (10a–12a) and N'alkyl N', N'dimethyl-4-piperidino-4-oxobutanoylhydrazinium iodide (10b–12b) of quaternary hydrazinium moieties in hydrophilic parts was synthesized. These quaternary hydrazinium surfactants were obtained using a two-step reaction scheme, starting from ring opening of succinic anhydride with a base (morpholine, piperidine), followed by ammonolysis with hydrazine hydrate, then alkylation of the amino group with alkyl bromides (RBr) that have different hydrophobic chain lengths (R, C12H25, C14H29, and C16H37), and ending with the quaternarization of the secondary amino group by two moles of methyl iodide. The chemical composition of the surfactants was analyzed by FTIR, 1HNMR, mass spectroscopy, and elemental analysis. A variety of surface-active characteristics were achieved by surface calculations, including CMC, γcmc, CMC/C20, Γmax, pC20, Amin, and Πcmc. These surface characteristics and foam stability rely on the nature of the hydrophobic chain. Preliminary results showed that an upgrade throughout the CH2 group in the fatty chain and the morpholine or piperidine ring lowers the CMC and increases the foaming capacity and stability of the quaternary hydrazinium surfactants. Anionic dye (Acid BG) interactions with 12b surfactant (as an example) were studied using the spectrophotometric technique and the binding constant (170.64 dm3.mol−1) was determined. The results indicate solubilization and binding took place at a large scale. Furthermore, considerable biodegradation of cationic surfactants was observed (68–87%). The antimicrobial activity of these surfactants has also been observed with the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and the size of inhibited growth zone. The smallest MICs were found in 12a (64 µg/mL) and 12b (32 µg/mL) surfactants, indicating the highest antimicrobial activity.

Succinylated starches (SS) were prepared by the reaction of normal starch (NS) and porous starch (PS) with succinic anhydride (SA) in the presence of DMF solvent and base pyridine, respectively. The proton nuclear magnetic resonance and Fourier transform infrared were used to confirm the successful synthesis of the SS (SS1, SS2, SS3 and SS4, respectively). The X-ray diffractometer XPert PRO (Cu Kα, λ = 1.54 A) was used to study the crystallinity of NS, PS and SS. The XRD analysis showed that the SS exhibited amorphous nature after succinylation. Thermogravimetric analysis and differential thermal analysis of NS, PS and SS showed that succinylation decreased the thermal stability. The morphology of the NS, PS and SS was studied by SEM. These SS were used as adsorbents for phenol removal. The adsorption efficiencies for phenol by NS, SS1, SS2, SS3 and SS4 were found to be 0.084 g/g, 0.165 g/g, 0.173 g/g, 0.183 g/g and 0.189 g/g, respectively.

In this study, Alkenyl succinimides with different alkyl chain lengths were synthesized using polyisobutylene (PIB) with the molecular weights of 1000 and 1300, which displayed the best functional properties. The secondary amines found in b-Polyisobutylene succinimide (b-PIBSI) dispersants were prepared by attaching PIB chains to a polyamine core via two succinimide moieties. In this work, detergent/dispersant type additives were synthesized based on polyisobutylene succinic anhydride (PIBSA) and its aminated compounds (PIBSI) with tetraethylenepentamine (TEPA). The resulting PIBSA and PIBSI characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H-NMR), and gel permeation chromatography (GPC) spectroscopies were greatly complicated because of the interactions between the carbonyls of the succinimide groups and unreacted secondary amines of the Mb-PIBSI dispersants. The viscoelasticity of obtained PIBSI indicated the increase in storage modulus with time which illustrated the increase in the solid-like properties of PIBSI. Therefore, an alternative procedure was developed based on fluorescence quenching of the succinimides by secondary amines and urethane groups.

We are exploiting the use of a versatile catalyst taken from heterogeneous catalysis, i.e., ZrOCl2.8H2O to efficiently catalyze the reaction of dextran-succinate conjugate (Dex-SAn) with salicylic acid (SA) under homogeneous reaction conditions. Dextran was first linked with succinic anhydride using triethylamine as a base in DMAc to provide active functionalities (succinate moieties) situated away from the polymer chains. The resultant Dex-SAn conjugate was further esterified with SA using zirconium (IV) oxychloride octahydrate (ZrOCl2.8H2O) as a catalyst at 80 °C under N2. Reaction conditions and amount of catalyst ZrOCl2.8H2O and chiral support MCM-41 were optimized. This reaction methodology resulted in macromolecular prodrugs of SA as Dex-SAn-SA conjugates in good yield. The structures of Dex-SAn and newly synthesized Dex-SAn-SA conjugates were characterized using various spectroscopic techniques, i.e., FT-IR, 1H, and APT-13C NMR spectroscopy. The degree of substitution of SA on to Dex-SAn-SA was determined by UV/Vis spectroscopic methods. This reaction methodology can be modeled as a new protocol for facile attachment of several drug molecules onto the highly potential and biodegradable drug carrier dextran.

In this paper, we prove an efficient and facile synthesis method for preparing PtRu nanoparticles (NPs)/graphene nanosheets (GNS) catalysts for methanol electrooxidation. Our approach employed carboxylated-graphene nanosheets (C-GNS) as the support which prepared by the Friedel-Crafts reaction between succinic anhydride and GNS. The reaction conditions are mild without cumbersome pretreatment of GNS. The morphology and component of PtRu NPs/C-GNS catalysts were characterized by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and inductively coupled plasma-atom emission spectroscopy (ICP-AES), respectively. The TEM observation reveals that PtRu NPs with an average diameter of ca. 4.0 ± 0.5 nm uniformly distributed on the edges and wrinkles of C-GNS. The further electrochemical characterizations including cyclic voltammograms (CV) and chronoamperometry (CA) methods show that PtRu NPs/C-GNS catalysts have significantly higher electrocatalytic activity and stability toward methanol electrooxidation compared to the PtRu catalysts supported on the unmodified GNS. This provides an easy approach to synthesize GNS-based electrode materials for high-performance energy conversion devices in the future.

Modification of protein could give their new functionality but would affect their intrinsic property and activity. In this paper, a series of succinylated collagen (SCol(n/1)) (n≥1) were prepared by modification of collagen with succinic anhydride at different molar ratio to amino groups amount of collagen. The impact of grafting density on the intrinsic self-assembly and additional hydrophilicity of succinylated collagen was explored. The results revealed that excessive grafting density of succinylated collagen would improve their hydrophilicity but weaken their self-assembly property, although the triple helix of collagen could be reserved after succinylation. SCol(1/1) (grafting density of 17%) with self-assembly property and good hydrophilicity was chosen to compare with native collagen. Compared to native collagen, thermostability of SCol(1/1) decreased slightly, however, SCol(1/1) could form softer hydrogel, which was more favorable for the proliferation of NIH/3 T3. The present work would help us to further understand the importance of grafting density for the design of modified collagen with intrinsic self-assembly property and additional new functionality.

The microcapsules of fish oil were prepared through spray drying with octenyl succinic anhydride–linked starch (OSA-S) and maltodextrin (MD) as wall materials. The physical properties of microcapsules were evaluated, such as microstructure, hygroscopicity, dissolution, the average particle size, and rheological properties. It was found that the microcapsules were spherical with some wrinkle on the surface as observed by an optical microscope and a scanning electron microscope. Furthermore, the holes in the shell of microcapsules were fish oil droplets as shown in a laser confocal microscope, indicating that the fish oil microcapsules were a typically multinucleated system. In addition, there was no significant change in average particle size (0.2–0.9 μm) after 1-month storage at room temperature, and there was no chemical reaction between the wall materials and fish oil as was proven by infrared spectra. Finally, reconstituted emulsions (RCE) of microcapsule exhibited shear-thinning behavior at low shear rate, which was helpful to the processing, transportation, and storage of emulsion.

Paper is composed of polysaccharides mainly cellulose and carbohydrates. The hydroxyl groups present in cellulose react with various substances added to fibrous slurry. Treating the cellulosic fibers chemically, which tends to develop the resistance to aqueous liquid absorption, is known as internal sizing of paper. The main internal alkaline sizing chemicals are alkyl ketene dimer and alkenyl succinic anhydride (ASA). In situ emulsification of ASA using cationic starch (CS) is conventionally practiced because of the low shelf life of ASA emulsion. In the present communication polyacrylamides (PAMs) have been used as an alternative chemical to cationic starch at very low dosages than cationic starch and varying ratios of ASA to polyacrylamides to stabilize the ASA droplets. The colloidal stability of ASA emulsions was measured in terms of particle size distribution, sizing performance, pH and percent hydrolysis of ASA with the passage of time. The ASA emulsions prepared with PAMs at very low dosage were observed with superior colloidal stability and sizing behaviour than the CS stabilized emulsion.

This study examined the effect of incorporation of spray dried nutmeg oleoresin on physical and functional properties of deep fried donuts. Donuts were made by sponge and dough method with the addition of 1% of microcapsules composed of two different wall material ratios (1:1 and 1:3) of gum arabic and sorghum starch (native and octenyl succinic anhydride). The results showed that addition of microcapsules did not significantly reduce the oil uptake in donuts. All the incorporated samples possessed better retention of bioactive compounds and having better antioxidant properties with high phenolic content. Nutmeg microcapsules composed of gum arabic and native starch in a proportion of 1:1 observed to have excellent textural, sensorial and physical properties as compared to control donut sample. The supplementation of GA:NAT (1:1) also showed high antioxidant value with higher total phenolic and flavonoid content. The study revealed that only 1% addition of nutmeg microcapsules in dough formulation can be improved the physical, textural and functional attributes of deep fried donuts.

The use of a combination of calcium carbonate (CaCO3) and alkenyl-succinic-anhydride (ASA)-modified microfibrillated cellulose (AMFC) as a filler for high-density polyethylene (HDPE) has been investigated. AMFC and CaCO3 were mixed with HDPE using a twin-screw extruder, and the resulting composites were injection molded. Observations by X-ray computed tomography, phase-contrast microscopy, and energy dispersive X-ray spectrometry confirm that AMFC is homogenously dispersed in HDPE as a result of the alkenyl chains being incorporated on the surface of the microfibrillated cellulose. CaCO3 is also well dispersed in HDPE when mixed with AMFC. The combination of CaCO3 and AMFC results in high mechanical reinforcement of HDPE, and the composite has a tensile modulus that is almost 120% higher than that of neat HDPE. A melt rheological study revealed formation of a network consisting of AMFC and CaCO3 in HDPE. Microfibrillated cellulose treated with ASA acts not only as reinforcement for HDPE, but also as a dispersant of inorganic fillers, such as CaCO3.

The aim of the investigations was to find a method of protein immobilisation in screen printed graphite layers. Three commonly used graphite powders were used to prepare conductive layers via screen printing. Several printing pastes with different carbon to polymer resin (polymethylmethacrylate) ratios were tested and the composition with the best electrical properties was selected for further investigations related to green fluorescent protein immobilisation. Six different procedures of protein immobilisation were examined including physical adsorption, electrochemical generation of carboxylic groups and 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)carbodiimide activation, graphite functionalisation with succinic anhydride and graphite functionalisation with 3-(triethoxysilyl)propylsuccinic anhydride. Some of the functionalisation procedures were done before printing (functionalisation of graphite powders) and the others were done on printed and cured coatings. Printed graphite layers with immobilised green fluorescent proteins were studied with confocal fluorescent microscopy to assess the efficiency of the immobilisation procedures. The best results were observed for graphite functionalisation with succinic anhydride and 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)carbodiimide activation of carboxylic groups.

Reaction of avermectin B1 hemisuccinate with N-hydroxysuccinimide and N,N’-dicyclohexylcarbodiimide followed by amination provided succinic monoamide avermectine esters that are potential antiparasitics.

pH-responsive nanocarriers were synthesized via polycaprolactone-b-poly(succinyloxyethylmethacrylate) copolymers grafted onto reduced graphene oxide (rGO-g-PCL-b-PSEMA) for anticancer drug delivery applications. For this propose, e-caprolactone monomer was polymerized from –OH groups of rGO with ring-opening polymerization (ROP) to obtain polycaprolactone grafts (rGO-g-PCL). In the next step, 2-hydroxyethylmethacrylate monomer was polymerized from PCL end through atom transfer radical polymerization to afford rGO-g-PCL-b-poly(hydroxyethylmethacrylate) (PHEMA). The pH-responsive rGO-g-PCL-b-PSEMA was obtained by reacting rGO-g-PCL-b-PHEMA with excess succinic anhydride in pyridine under mild conditions. The pH sensitivity of nanosystems was confirmed via dynamic light scattering at pH values of 4 and 7.4. Doxorubicin encapsulation efficacy was calculated to be 92%. The effect of pH on release behaviors of rGO-g-PCL-b-PSEMA nanocarriers was investigated. The release rates at pH values of 7.4, 5.4 and 4 were about 52.1, 64.2 and 68.63 wt% after 775 min and at 37 °C. The release rate was improved at tumor simulated environment (42 °C and pH ≤ 5.4). The cytotoxic effects of nanosystems were appraised by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay, and the results indicated that novel smart nanosystems were nontoxic to MCF-7 cells and can be applied as anticancer drug delivery systems.

Cotton fabrics show the tendency to wrinkle. Various chemical agents have been used to convey crease-resistance to cellulosic material in an attempt to replace the formaldehyde-releasing crosslinking agent DMDHEU. A novel non-formaldehyde organic–inorganic hybrid material synthesized via the sol–gel route is investigated. The hydrolyzed trialkoxysilane (3-triethoxysilylpropyl)succinic anhydride was reacted with 2,4,6-triamine-1,3,5-triazine (melamine, MEL) at elevated temperature. The as-prepared aqueous solutions were applied to cotton fabrics, which were cured at 160 °C and 220 °C. The physicomechanical data: dry crease recovery angle (DCRA), flexural rigidity, whiteness index (WI), water retention, water vapor permeability were evaluated. An increase in the DCRA can be observed. However, the thermal treatment results in a reduction of the WI. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy spectra confirm the formation of an imide group. X-ray powder diffraction analysis makes evident that the crystallinity index increased. SEM images make evident that depositions can be observed on the surface.

Glucuronoxylans, a low-value byproduct from pulping, biomass pretreatment and other biomass processing industries, have been considered to be potentially used as emulsifiers. However, the poor amphipathic property of glucuronoxylans limits their application as emulsifiers. To improve the amphipathic property of glucuronoxylans and develop high quality natural-based/green emulsifiers, glucuronoxylans were chemically modified by alkenyl succinic anhydrides to produce a novel emulsifer. The effects of degree of substitution (DS) and alkenyl chain length on the emulsifying properties of long-chain succinic anhydride modified glucuronoxylans were investigated. Dodecenyl succinic anhydride–glucuronoxylans (DDSA–glucuronoxylans) emulsions showed much smaller droplet size, lower zeta potential, higher emulsifying activity and better emulsion stability compared to that of glucuronoxylans emulsion. When DS increased from 0.014 to 0.09, the emulsifying properties of DDSA–glucuronoxylans were improved. However, when DS increased beyond 0.09, the emulsifying properties were not changed significantly. Furthermore, the alkenyl chain length also has a positive impact on emulsifying properties of long-chain succinic anhydride modified glucuronoxylans. These results suggested that long-chain succinic anhydride modified glucuronoxylans had a potential to be used as emulsifiers, while the DS and chain length should be kept at a proper value.

Enhancing the cutoff charge voltage of LiCoO2 can obviously increase energy density but deteriorate its cyclic stability. To address this issue, succinic anhydride (SA) is chosen as an efficient co-solvent to improve the cyclic stability of LiCoO2 electrode charged to 4.5 V (vs. Li/Li+). LiCoO2/Li half-cell with 10 wt% SA achieves 39% increased discharge capacity after 200 cycles at 0.5 C (1 C = 185 mA h g−1), compared to the one in base electrolyte between 3 and 4.5 V. Additionally, the mechanism of how SA improves the cyclic stability of LiCoO2 under high charge voltage is elucidated by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, linear sweep voltammetry, scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. All the results consistently show that SA yields a more compact and stable passivation layer on the surface of LiCoO2 than that without SA, leading to the much higher cyclic stability for LiCoO2 electrode at high cutoff voltage.

Cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) extracted from microcrystalline cellulose, were modified by succinic anhydride to give succinic CNCs (SCNCs). Successful surface modification of SCNCs was confirmed by results of FTIR, FE-SEM, contact angle measurement and dispersity test, and SCNCs were then subjected to melt blending with poly(butylene succinate) (PBS) to prepare nanocomposites. Meanwhile, PBS/CNC nanocomposites were also prepared through same procedure as references. The morphology, thermal and mechanical properties and crystallization properties of PBS/SCNC nanocomposites with increasing SCNCs content from 0 to 7 wt% were investigated. PBS/SCNC nanocomposites exhibit better thermal stability than that of PBS/CNCs, which is mainly ascribed to less sulfate groups on CNC surfaces and more hydrogen bond effects between PBS carbonyl groups and ester groups from SCNCs. Young’s modulus and yield strength of PBS/SCNCs are higher than that of PBS/CNC nanocomposites, which is primarily attributed to the homogeneous dispersion of SCNCs in PBS matrix, confirmed by FE-SEM images. This work is valuable for design of PBS-based nanocomposites with enhanced thermal and mechanical properties.

Teucrium yemense, a medicinal plant commonly grown in Saudi Arabia and Yemen, is traditionally used to treat infections, kidney diseases, rheumatism, and diabetes. Extraction of the dried aerial parts of the plant with methanol, followed by further extraction with butanol and chromatography, gave twenty novel neoclerodanes. Their structures, relative configurations and some conformations were determined by MS and 1-D and 2-D NMR techniques. Most were fairly conventional but one contained an unusual stable orthoester, one had its (C-16)–(C-13)–(C-14)–(C-15) (tetrahydro)furan unit present as a succinic anhydride and one had a rearranged carbon skeleton resulting from ring-contraction to give a central octahydroindene bicyclic core, rather than the usual decalin. Mechanisms are proposed for the biosynthetic formation of the orthoester and for the ring-contraction. Four novel neoclerodanes increased the glucose-triggered release of insulin from isolated murine pancreatic islets by more than the standard drug tolbutamide, showing that they are potential leads for the development of new anti-diabetic drugs.

An ultrasensitive and rapid fluorescent immunoassay based on a broad-spectrum monoclonal antibody (mAb) was developed to detect pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs) in honey samples. First, Discovery Studio software was used to analyze and predict the target hapten, and retrorsine (RTS) was selected to react with succinic anhydride (HS) for hapten synthesization. A sensitive and broad-spectrum monoclonal antibody (mAb 13E1) was obtained for nine PAs. Then, fluorescent gold nanoclusters (AuNCs) were conjugated with mAb as a label probe and used in establishing a qualitative and quantitative lateral flow immunoassay (AuNCs-LFIA) for the determination of four PAs (retrorsine, platyphylline, senecionine, integerrimine) in honey within 14 min. The limits of detection (LOD) were 0.083 μg/kg. The recovery in spiked honey samples were 87.98–119.57%, with coefficients of variation of ≤ 11.5%. A total of 45 commercial import honey samples from nine different countries were tested through AuNCs-LFIA and UPLC-MS/MS method, and satisfactory consistency (R2 = 0.995) was obtained. The rates of positive samples were 55.56% (25/45), and the average concentrations of four PAs were 3.24–46.47 μg/kg. This ultrasensitive multi-PA method provides an alternative analytical tool for evaluating the human risk posed by the consumption of PA-contaminated honey.

Octenyl succinic anhydride (OSA) has been widely reported for modification of starches and bears an amphiphilic character and is permitted for food applications. The present study was conducted to impart an amphiphilic character to tamarind seed xyloglucan (TSX) by its conjugation to OSA with an objective to impart amphiphilicity. The conjugate gains an amphiphilic character when hydrophilic groups of TSX bonded to hydrophobic octenyl groups. The TSX-OSA conjugate was characterized using Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR), Thermal Gravimetric Analysis (TGA), and Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM). The FTIR, NMR results confirmed the conjugation of TSX-OSA. The TGA analysis revealed lower thermal stability of TSX-OSA conjugate due to introduction of hydrophobic OSA group thereby further confirming conjugation. The SEM micrograph shows that the conjugate possess a smoother surface in comparison to TSX. Hence, the conjugate can be envisaged as an improved material thereby expanding the applications of TSX in terms of its use in designing new products for drug delivery as well as for food applications.

The cyclic carbonate derivatives carrying carboxyl groups were prepared via the reaction of the sorbitol-based cyclic carbonate (SC) with anhydrides including succinic anhydride, o-phthalic anhydride, and maleic anhydride. (Succinic anhydride-, o-phthalic anhydride-, and maleic anhydride-based cyclic carbonates were named SSC, PSC, and MSC, respectively.) The structures of SC, SSC, PSC, and MSC were characterized by 1H NMR and FTIR. Then, the novel sorbitol-based aqueous cyclic carbonate dispersion was prepared. It was found that SSC dispersion possessed excellent stability and its particle sizes ranged from 63 to 174 nm with −73.3 to −48.2 mV for the zeta potentials. A series of novel waterborne nonisocyanate polyurethanes coatings (WNIPU) were successfully prepared by sorbitol-based cyclic carbonate reacted with diamines. The effects of diamine categories and the molar ratios of isophorone diamine (IPDA) and hexamethylene diamine (HMDA) on the properties of WNIPU were studied. The results showed that the pencil and pendulum hardness of WNIPU coatings were all relatively decreased with the increase in HMDA contents. The WNIPU coatings exhibited excellent flexibility, adhesion, gloss, and impact resistance with the molar ratios of IPDA/HMDA ranging from 1:1 to 1:3. Moreover, cured films display good thermal stabilities with only 5% weight loss (T5%) in temperatures ranging from 246 to 272°C.

The vegetable oil-based waterborne polyurethane coatings have gained significant interest due to low volatile organic compounds, and hence, this has been considered as a proper substitute to the commonly used solvent-borne coating systems. In the present work, we have developed the polyurethane coatings from diethanolamide of fatty acid and dicarboxylic acid (sebacic acid and succinic anhydride)-based poly(esteramide) resin as a diol along with 2,2′-dimethylol propionic acid and isophorone diisocyanate. The chemical structure of bio-based diol and PU coatings was elucidated by FTIR and 1H NMR spectroscopy. The polyurethane dispersions (PUDs) prepared were analysed by particle size analysis and stability. The mahua oil-based PUDs were coated on the metal panels and the cured material obtained was characterized by the physico-mechanical, chemical resistance and the thermal properties which were compared with the petroleum resource-based PUDs. The PUD coatings showed good physico-mechanical properties, chemical resistance and thermal stability. Hence, the dispersion prepared from bio-based diols may find application as eco-friendly coatings.

Physicochemical and rheological properties of hydrophobically modified starch by octenyl succinic anhydride (OSA) have been evaluated in order to investigate the effects of concentration and temperature on its aggregation phenomenon in an aqueous solution. The analysis of particle size distribution showed the existence of two modes of aggregation by intramolecular bonds, whereas beyond the critical aggregation concentration a second population appears which seems to be induced by the intermolecular interactions. From the rheological analysis of OSA starch solutions, three behaviour classes were observed. The first class presents a non-Newtonian shear-thinning behavior characterized by two Newtonian regions. The second class exhibits a gel like behavior due to the entanglement of the macromolecular chains by intermolecular bonds, where its destructuring makes it possible to find the first morphology of the aggregated macromolecules. The third class exhibits a liquid behavior in a concentrated domain due to the phase separation between the modified and unmodified parts. Otherwise, the thermo-rheological analysis demonstrated indeed the presence of a thermosensitive behavior in tangled solutions of OSA starch.

The encapsulation by spray drying of maize anthocyanins was evaluated using two types of wall materials, consisting of normal and waxy maize starch, which were esterified with octenyl succinic anhydride. The X-ray diffraction analysis revealed that SWMS possessed a completely amorphous, while SNMS had a crystalline structure. SNMS showed peaks at 2θ = 13.1°, 19.8° and 22.4°. The results revealed that SNMS and SWMS had almost the same encapsulation productivity (EP); SNMS showed the best performance because its EP was higher (95%) than in SWMS (90%). The stability of microcapsules produced with SNMS showed the highest anthocyanin retention after storage in the water activity (a(w)) range of 0.11–0.94 at 40 °C.

The fire-retardant and water-repellent bio-structural panels (BISPs) were successfully developed using cellulose nanofibrils, corn starch, boric acid, and n-dodecenyl succinic anhydride with adhesive-free character. Its performance properties were evaluated and compared with other well-known products on the market. The BISP’s density (0.1 g/cm3)and permeance value [41.81 g/day/m2with 5.76% coefficient of variation (CV)] were found higher than compared competitor products. The BISPs’ contact angle was found 132.13° (1.59% CV)for BISP. The BISP was the only fire-retardant product, and the only one developed almost no smoke 2.20%.

Preparation of oil-in-water nanoemulsions has emerged as a subject of interest for the encapsulation of lipophilic functional ingredients to increase their stability and activity. In this study, black cumin essential oil nanoemulsions (BCO-NE) using different ratios of essential oil with canola and flax seed oils (ripening inhibitors) were formulated and stabilized with octenyl succinic anhydride (OSA) modified waxy maize starch. The nanoemulsions exhibited monomodal size distributions with mean droplet diameter below 200 nm and zeta potential above −30, indicating a strong electrostatic repulsion between the dispersed oil droplets. Further, during storage (4 weeks at 25 °C ± 2) emulsions showed shear thinning phenomena and stability towards coalescence. Antimicrobial properties of nanoemulsions were determined by minimum inhibitory concentration and time-kill method against two Gram-positive bacterial (GPB) strains (Bacillus cereus and Listeria monocytogenes). Negatively charged BCO-NE showed prolonged bactericidal activities as compared to pure BCO due to better stability, controlled release and self-assembly with GPB cell membrane followed by destruction of cellular constituents. Our results suggest the application of BCO-NE may be exploited in aqueous food systems for extending the shelf life and other functional properties.

Two haptens were synthesized by introducing spacer arms of different lengths and structures on the free amino of amantadine (AMA). 4-(chlorosulfonyl) benzoic acid (CSBA) was reacted with AMA to produce hapten AMA-CSBA, and succinic anhydride was reacted with AMA to produce hapten AMA-HS. And then, the two haptens coupled with bovine serum albumin (BSA) were prepared as immunogens for the production of monoclonal antibody (mAb). High-sensitive mAbs were obtained and characterized by using indirect competitive enzyme-linked immnunosorbent assay (icELISA). The best antibody was obtained in a heterologous icELISA with an IC50 value of 0.84 and 0.41 ng/mL for AMA and rimantadine, respectively, and negligible cross-reactivity (CR) with memantine and ribavirin. An icELISA was developed to detect AMA residue in chicken muscle. The limit of detection (LOD) was 1 μg/kg in spiked chicken muscle and the recoveries ranged from 93.6 to 116.9% with the coefficient of variations (CVs) below 9.5%. Good correlation between icELISA and HPLC-MS/MS results in the incurred tissues demonstrated the reliability of the developed icELISA. These results indicated that the new antibody was sufficiently sensitive and specific for the detection of AMA in real samples.

An on-demand, disposable and portable surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) array has been prepared by modifying the surface of cellulose paper and patterning it with silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) via pen-writing technique. The paper is initially modified with hexadecenyl succinic anhydride to generate a hydrophobic top layer that is capable of concentrating melamine (and other hydrophobic analytes) by preventing the mainly aqueous sample from spreading on the paper. The AgNPs are subsequently written onto the hydrophobic paper with a high degree of control to form large-scale SERS sensing arrays. The resulting arrays demonstrate outstanding Raman scattering enhancement as demonstrated for the fluorescent dye Rhodamine 6G which can be detected by SERS with an 80 pM limit of detection (LOD) without interference by fluorescence. The reproducibility in the preparation of spots has a relative standard deviation of

N-Succinylchitosan (SC) with degree of substitution 0.86 was prepared by reacting chitosan with succinic anhydride. The otoprotective potential of a single i.v. injection of a solution (0.3%) of the sodium salt of SC in 60 rats (males, Wistar, 220 – 250 g) was studied. A solution of meglumine sodium succinate (MSS) at an equivalent concentration was used as a reference. The drugs were administered 2 h or 5 min prior to induction of acute injury of the auditory analyzer by acoustic stimulation (AS). The condition of hearing was estimated by studying optoacoustic emission (OAE) at the frequency of distortion product 1 h, 24 h, and 7 d after the AS. SC showed a more pronounced protective effect with early preventive administration (p < 0.02; ANOVA with Bonferroni correction). Conversely, MSS exhibited its protective properties only with immediate administration. A comparison of the two drug administration modes showed that the OAE amplitude was depressed more after MSS administration than after SC injection (p < 0.05; Tukey’s test). It was concluded that conjugation to chitosan prolonged the elimination half-life of succinate and improved its access to cochlear back-barrier tissues.

A reaction of avermectin B1 with succinic anhydride at ultrahigh pressure (10 kbar) gave previously unavailable 5,4″-di-O-succinoylavermectin B1, which is of interest as potential antiparasitic agent.

The purpose behind this investigation was to modify native pea starch by means of the microwave-assisted and conventional method of esterification by utilizing octenyl succinic anhydride (OSA) as esterifying agent and investigation of structural as well as its functional properties. The present investigation shows the direct esterification of pea starch using OSA (esterified-starch) under alkaline conditions to activate the native pea starch and followed by terminating the esterification process of starch by maintaining acidic conditions. Starch esters, containing amphiphilic groups are well known to enhance emulsification properties, and after hydrolysis employed for encapsulation. The esterification of pea starch was confirmed by FTIR and nuclear magnetic resonance. Structural changes were confirmed by XRD, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and by molecular weight determination. Some functional properties were investigated by performing emulsification capacity, oil absorption capacity, emulsion stability, transparency, and viscosity determination. Both OSA-modified starches were compared with native pea starch. Esterification of pea starch with OSA enhanced the emulsification with an attractive scope of consistency that makes it appropriate as a divider material for encapsulation.

Graphite nanosheets are considered as a promising material for a range of applications from flexible electronics to functional nanodevices such as biosensors, intelligent coatings and drug delivery. Chemical functionalization of graphite nanosheets with organic/inorganic materials offers an alternative approach to control the electronic properties of graphene, which is a zero band gap semiconductor in pristine form. In this paper, we report the aromatic electrophilic substitution of solution exfoliated graphite nanosheets (SEGn). The highly conjugated π-electronic system of graphite nanosheets enable it to have an amphiphilic characteristic in aromatic substitution reactions. The substitution was achieved through Friedel–Crafts (FC) acylation reaction under mild conditions using succinic anhydride as acylating agent and anhydrous aluminum chloride as Lewis acid. Such reaction renders towards the carboxylic acid terminated graphite nanosheets (SEGn–FC) that usually requires harsh reaction conditions. The product thus obtained was characterized using various spectroscopic and microscopic techniques. Highly stable water-dispersed sodium salt of carboxylic acid terminated graphite nanosheets (SEGn–FC-Na) was also prepared. A comparative sheet-resistance measurements of SEGn, SEGn–FC and SEGn–FC-Na were also done. Finally, the anticancer drug doxorubicin (DOX) was loaded on water dispersible SEGn–FC-Na with a loading capacity of 0.266 mg mg−1 of SEGn–FC-Na and the release of DOX from this water-soluble DOX-loaded SEGn–FC-Na at two different temperatures was found to be strongly pH dependent.

A series of 3,4,7,8-tetrahydro-3,3-dimethyl-11-aryl-2H-pyridazino[1,2-a]indazole-1,6,9(11H)-trione derivatives have been synthesized via one-pot, four-component reaction in the presence of 3-methyl-1-butyl imidazolium hydroxide as an efficient catalyst. A broad range of structurally diverse aldehydes (aromatic aldehydes bearing electron withdrawing and electron releasing groups) was applied successfully, and corresponding products were obtained in good to excellent yields without any by-product. The catalyst was stable during the reaction process and could also be reused several times with consistent activity.

A novel pH-responsive Fe3O4/poly(2-succinyloxyethylmethacrylate-co-methylmethacrylate) (poly(SEMA-co-MMA)) nanocomposite was designed for anticancer drug delivery applications. For this propose, poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate-co-methylmethacrylate) (poly(HEMA-co-MMA)) was synthesized via reversible addition-fragmentation transfer (RAFT) method. Then, poly(SEMA-co-MMA) was prepared by the esterification of poly(HEMA-co-MMA) copolymer through the reaction with an excess amount of succinic anhydride. The synthesized copolymers with acidic functional groups were adsorbed onto the surface of Fe3O4 nanoparticles and Fe3O4/poly(SEMA-co-MMA) nanocomposite was developed. The pH-sensitivity of Fe3O4/poly(SEMA-co-MMA) nanocomposite was confirmed via dynamic light scattering (DLS) measurements. The Doxorubicin (DOX) encapsulation efficiency was 92.6%. The release rates at pHs of 5.4 and 4 (37 °C) reached 55.7 and 62.4 wt%, respectively, and at pH = 7.4, it possessed a minimum amount around 38.3 wt% after 15 days. The synthesized nanocomposite may be find the drug delivery applications, in part thanks to their smart physicochemical properties.

The binding mechanisms of two reactive sizing agents, alkenyl succinic anhydride (ASA) and maleated sunflower oil high-oleic (MSOHO), with cellulose were studied. While ASA is produced from olefins out of fossil resources, MSOHO is a green sizing agent based on renewable plant materials. In contrast to common assumptions, that ASA is mostly covalently bound to cellulose, this study showed the largest part of ASA to be bound only by physisorption and only a rather small fraction, typically about 0.5 %, to be covalently attached by ester bonds. In the case of MSOHO, the covalent binding was only slightly higher, with about 3 % of the total amount being covalently linked. In both cases, covalently bound sizing agents were found to be almost uniformly distributed over the whole DP range of the cellulose as seen by carboxyl-selective fluorescence labeling in combination with size exclusion chromatography (“FDAM method”).

The gas electron diffraction (GED) study of succinic anhydride (dihydro-2,5-furandione) is used as a benchmark example for the reliable determination of the structure of floppy molecules with saturated non-rigid ring. According to results of B3LYP calculations, the molecule has a planar skeleton (C2v total symmetry), whereas the MP2 optimized structure has a non-planar ring with the torsional angle φ(C–C–C–C) of up to 11° (C2 symmetry). It has been revealed that the increase in the quality of ab initio calculations up to CCSD(T) level and the enlargement of basis set up to quadruple-ζ size decrease the non-planarity of the molecular skeleton, which is approximated to be planar in the best-estimated ab initio structure. The semiexperimental equilibrium structure ( $$r_{\text{e}}^{\text{se}}$$ ) has been determined from the GED data with the application of the so-called dynamic (pseudo-conformer) model describing the large-amplitude ring-twisting motion. Vibrational corrections Δ(r a − r e) to the experimental internuclear distances have been calculated from the B3LYP/cc-pVTZ quadratic and cubic force constants. The best-estimated ab initio structure agrees well with the $$r_{\text{e}}^{\text{se}}$$ structure. This fact points to the reliability and a high accuracy of both experimental data and applied theory.

Five different types of acid anhydrides such as succinic anhydride (SA), maleic anhydride (MA), phthalic anhydride (PA), 3,4,5,6-tetrahydrophthalic anhydride (TPA) and cis-1,2-cyclohexanedicarboxylic anhydride (CDA) were used to prepare various polyalkyd resins from palm oil by following alcoholysis and esterification reaction. Palm oil was subjected to dehydration process using concentrated sulphuric acid prior to alcoholysis to improve the unsaturation in the fatty acid chains. Various physicochemical properties of the resins such as acid value, iodine value, yield, density, specific gravity, molecular weight, non-volatile material content, drying time, colour, solubility, etc., were tested by using standard methods. The resins were cured by using methyl ethyl ketone peroxide (MEKP), styrene and cobalt naphthenate at 120 °C. To enhance the thermal, structural and other resinous properties, 0.5 wt% of montmorillonite nanoclays (MNCs) was dispersed in TPA-based resin. The cured films were tested for X-ray diffraction, surface morphology, tensile properties, pencil hardness, gloss, gel content, swelling ratio, adhesion, thermogravimetric analysis, and chemical resistivity. In addition, hydrophobicity of the cured films was observed by contact angle measurement. A comparison was drawn among the resins as well as the films prepared from different acid anhydrides. Analysis revealed that TPA-based resin/film shows improved characteristics among the others due to high degree of crosslinking. On the other hand, incorporation of MNCs into the polyalkyds led to higher thermal properties, acceptable pencil hardness and reduced wettability, which may suit this film to be applied for high-performance surface coating applications.

Aim of the present study is to develop a low glycemic index (GI) wheat based ingredient with modification techniques to help in the product formulation which are usually not recommended for diabetics. Triticum durum (DU) and Triticum dicoccum (DI) were chemically modified using lactic acid, sodium-bicarbonate, succinic anhydride and octenyl succinic anhydride. Noodles were prepared and analyzed for physico-chemical, in vitro and in vivo GI, Infrared spectroscopy (IR) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Modified DU and DI noodles GI reduced significantly. Noodles prepared with pH variation 3 and 9 showed significant reduction in solid leach out 4.8 and 4.9 % respectively compared with control (6 %). Structural changes were observed in IR and SEM analyses, which was responsible for changes in starch profile. Thus, these modified noodles can be beneficial for diabetic individuals and also for normal individuals to maintaining their health.

To evaluate the feasibility of specific egg yolk antibodies (IgY) technology for the detection of hazardous chemical residues in foodstuffs, IgY were generated to detect acid orange II (AO2) residues. Bovine serum albumin (BSA) was made to bind with AO2 by succinic anhydride (SA), and the conjugate was used to immunize the laying chickens. PEG-6000 precipitation was used to extract IgY antibodies. The titer of anti-AO2 IgY attained the peak (1:12,800) after fifth booster immunization. Checkerboard titration showed that 1:640 dilution of anti-AO2 IgY could approximately give an optical density (OD) 1.0 at 5 μg/mL AO2-OVA coating concentration. The anti-AO2 IgY based indirect competitive ELISA (ic-ELISA) showed that the IC50 value of anti-AO2 IgY was 10.72 μg/mL and regression curve equation was y =−24.41 × +75.11 (R 2 = 0.946). The ic-ELISA showed less cross-reactivity in range between 0.09 and 21.07 %. Recoveries from dried bean curd, sausage, and chilli powder samples were from 78.80 to 152.90 %, with relative standard deviation lower than 19.13 %. The study suggests that generated anti-AO2 IgY antibodies could be used in routine screening analysis of AO2 residues in food samples.

This study reports the lipase-catalyzed resolution of heteroaromatic secondary alcohols by succinic anhydride under different activation conditions by convenient procedure with succinic anhydride. The effects of succinic anhydride and the nature of the heteroatom are discussed in standard conditions in the kinetic resolution with lipases. The results recorded under microwave activation and ultrasonication is compared. (R)-4-chromanol was obtained in optically pure form (ee > 99 %) with a high selectivity E > 200 by Pseudomonas cepacia lipase (PCL) in diethyl ether, using microwave radiation and under ultrasonication. The reaction time is reduced compared to the conventional heating with a better control of the selectivity of the lipase PCL. A significant effect of the nature of the heteroatoms on the reactivity and selectivity of the lipase with succinic anhydride has been disclosed, regardless the conditions of activation. This method proved to be clean, fast, interesting alternative, and facilitates the use of a cyclic anhydride, by microwave or ultrasound especially with secondary alcohols. The process is a valuable prerequisite for the preparative scale production of enantiomerically heteroaromatic alcohols in sustainable chemistry.

A homogeneous reaction in 1% AcOH and a heterogeneous reaction in aqueous suspension were used to obtain N-succinylchitosan from chitosan and succinic anhydride. The 1H NMR data indicated that both reactions resulted in selective acylation of the free amino group. Further experiments examined the effects of the main reaction parameters (temperature, reaction time, the ratio of the reagents, and chitosan preactivation) on the degree of succinylation of the product.

We investigate the performance effects of adding succinic anhydride (SA) to a carbonate-based electrolyte in a high-voltage lithium-ion battery (LIB). The SA significantly improves the electrolyte’s performance, especially its stability, for a 5-V LIB with high-potential LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4 as the cathode material. The oxidation of the carbonate-based electrolyte is strongly inhibited, with the onset potential of oxidation delayed by ca. 0.5 V, as SA has a lower oxidative stability than the carbonate and thus decomposes first. When a sample containing 3 wt% SA is used as the electrolyte for a Li/LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4 half cell, the cell exhibits quite good cycling stability; the capacity fade up to 200 cycles at 1 and 2 C is 90 and 92 %, compared with only 48 and 47 % for a cell containing the standard electrolyte. The electrolyte and cathode are characterized with electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, which demonstrate that a stable protective film is formed on the cathode’s surface in the presence of SA, resulting in the good cycling stability of Li/LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4 half cells at room temperature.

Furan-terminated four-arm star-shaped ethylene glycol oligomer (F4EGOn) was synthesized by the esterification reaction of furfuryl alcohol and succinate-terminated four-arm star-shaped ethylene glycol oligomer (S4EGOn) which was prepared by the reaction of succinic anhydride and hydroxy-terminated four-arm star-shaped ethylene glycol oligomer (H4EGOn) having the approximate degree of polymerization per one oligo(ethylene glycol) chain, n = 4 or 11. Also, maleimide-terminated four-arm star-shaped ethylene glycol oligomer (M4EGOn) was synthesized by the reaction of H4EGOn and 4-(maleimidophenyl)isocyanate. Solutions of F4EGO4/M4EGO4 and F4EGO11/M4EGO11 in 1,4-dioxane (DOX) or N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF) displayed thermo-reversible sol-gel transitions by the repeated Diels-Alder (DA) reactions at room temperature and retro DA reaction at 80 °C. Although F4EGO4/M4EGO4 was insoluble in water-containing solvents, F4EGO11/M4EGO11 was soluble in DMF/water or DOX/water 1/1, and the solution showed a sol-gel transition but only once or twice. Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) analysis revealed that the conversion of DA reaction for the F4EGOn/M4EGOn (n = 4 or 11) film dried at 50 °C (F4EGOn-M4EGOn) was 87 % (n = 4) or 90 % (n = 11). The glass transition temperature and tensile strength of F4EGO4-M4EGO4 were higher than those of F4EGO11-M4EGO11. Both F4EGO4-M4EGO4 and F4EGO11-M4EGO11 were swellable to water, DOX/water 1/1, or DMF/water 1/1.

Spin-labeled α-tocopherol succinyl derivatives were synthesized by the reaction of α-tocopherol succinate with 4-amino-2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine-1-oxyl, 3-aminomethyl-2,2,5,5-tetramethylpyrrolidine-1-oxyl, and 3-amino-2,2,5,5-tetramethylpyrrolidine-1-oxyl. Acylation of spin-labeled trolox amides by succinic anhydride produced the corresponding spin-labeled trolox amide succinyl derivatives.

Folic acid-decorated self-organized nanoparticles were fabricated to target folate receptor of cancer cells. Doxorubicin (DOX) was conjugated with carboxyl group of dextran backbone using succinic anhydride (DexSU-DOX). DOX-loaded self-organized nanoparticles were prepared by complexation with folic acid-grafted chitosan (ChitoFA) and DexSU-DOX. Nanoparticles in the aqueous environment have spherical shapes with average size less than 100 nm and their sizes were increased by coated with ChitoPEG or ChitoFA. At cell culture study with KB cells, ChitoFA coated nanoparticles (FADex NP) revealed folate-receptor mediated endocytosis to cancer cells and cell viability was significantly changed by folate receptor targeting. Tumor xenograft model of KB cells also showed similar results, i.e. FAdex NP efficiently inhibited growth of tumor compared to the treatment group with blocking of folate receptor. These results indicated that DOX-loaded nanoparticles of FADex NP are promising vehicle for anticancer drug targeting.