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After a brief background on Otto Heinrich Warburg (1883–1970), and some of his selected research, we provide highlights, in English, of three of his papers in the 1940s—unknown to many as they were not originally published in English. They are: two brief reports on Photosynthesis, with Wilhelm Luttgens, originally published in German, in 1944: ‘Experiment on assimilation of carbonic acid’; and ‘Further experiments on carbon dioxide assimilation’. This is followed by a regular paper, originally published in Russian, in 1946: ‘The photochemical reduction of quinone in green granules’. Since the 1944 reports discussed here are very short, their translations are included in the Appendix, but that of the 1946 paper is provided in the Supplementary Material. In all three reports, Warburg provides the first evidence for and elaborates on light-driven water oxidation coupled to reduction of added benzoquinone. These largely overlooked studies of Warburg are in stark contrast to Warburg’s well-known error in assigning the origin of the photosynthetically formed dioxygen to carbonate.

The German school system employs centrally organized performance assessments (some of which are called “VERA”) as a way of promoting lesson development. In recent years, several German federal states introduced a computer-based performance testing system which will replace the paper-pencil testing system in the future. Scores from computer-based testing are required to be equivalent to paper-pencil testing scores so that the new testing medium does not lead to disadvantages for students. Therefore, the current study aimed at investigating the size of the mode effect and the moderating impact of students’ gender, academic achievement and mainly spoken language in everyday life. In addition, the variance of the mode effect across tasks was investigated. The study was conducted in four German federal states in 2019 using a field experimental design. The test scores of 5140 eighth-graders from 165 schools in the subject German were analysed. The results of multi-level modelling revealed that students’ test scores in the computerized version of the VERA test were significantly lower than in the paper-pencil version. Students with a lower academic achievement were more disadvantaged by the VERA computerized test. The results were inconsistent regarding the interactions between testing mode and students’ gender and mainly spoken language in everyday life. The variance of the mode effect across tasks was high. Research into different subjects and in other federal states and countries under different testing conditions might yield further evidence about the generalizability of these results.

In this paper, we analyzed data relating to the language of papers written by winners of Nobel Prizes in physics before they won the prize and their journals of publication, and we identified the change in scientific language corresponding with shifts of the center of the scientific world. Using the science citation index as the main data source, we also collected information on the distribution of prize-winning scientists by country, by each scientist’s number of published papers, and by language. We then analyzed their papers in terms of the different journals based in different countries. The results are presented in three parts: (1) the main languages used in the papers are English and German. The proportion of papers in English is gradually increasing, while that of papers in German is decreasing. (2) The prize winning scientists’ papers have been published mainly in journals in their own nation and in the United States. (3) Journals based in their own countries are very helpful to these scientists early in their careers.

Prejudices against minorities are still a cause of inter-ethnic conflict and violence, although their expression has changed from blatant to more subtle forms. There has been a shortage of valid and reliable German-language scales for the measurement of contemporary racial prejudices. The Racial Argument Scale (RAS; Saucier & Miller Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 35:433–450, 2003) measures contemporary prejudice indirectly by asking respondents to judge how well given arguments support a conclusion. This scale was adapted to the German context with Turks as the target group. A validation study using a diverse sample of German adults (N = 194) attests to the reliability and construct validity of the German RAS (RAS-G). The adapted instrument is thus suitable for the indirect measurement of prejudice in German-speaking samples.

The 2008 Spring Meeting of the German Physical Society, taking place at the newly constructed science and congress center Darmstadtium, was characterized by a lively exchange between the different areas of modern Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics. The large number of joint sessions shared between the different Sections of the German Physical Society and six interdisciplinary symposia demonstrated this dedication to research beyond the classical borders of disciplines. The large number of oral and poster contributions within the Section Quantum Optics and Photonics itself, being one of the largest Sections within the German Physical Society, reflect the increasing tendency to broaden the scientific goals and to explore new crossroads between different fields. It was a pleasure to witness the high standards of the presentations, in particular the ones presented by enthusiastic diploma and doctoral students. For this special issue we tried to convey a flavor of the wealth of presentations within the Quantum Optics and Photonics Section. The invited contributions, which all underwent the well-established refereeing process of Applied Physics B, were chosen on the basis of recommendations by the session chairs of the Spring Meeting. It was our in

Two different tools for assessing pedagogical content knowledge (PCK) of mathematics teachers used in the framework of the COACTIV study are systematically compared in this paper, namely the paper-and-pencil test consisting of items on the three facets knowledge of explaining and representation, knowledge of student thinking and typical mistakes, and knowledge of the potential of mathematical tasks, and the video vignettes instrument that examines teachers' proposed continuations for presented lesson video clips specific to their subject-related and methodological competence aspects. Initially, both COACTIV PCK assessment tools are systematically contrasted for the first time with respect to their predictive validity for instructional quality (N = 163 German secondary mathematics teachers) as well as student learning gains (N = 3806 PISA students from 169 different classes) by means of path models showing that PCK, when assessed by the paper-and-pencil method, can better predict instructional quality than the video vignettes instrument can. Next, we theoretically propose the cascade model as capable of integrating pertinent theories on teacher competence and instructional quality. This model implies five 'columns' that are ordered according to a sequential causal chain (teacher disposition -> situation-specific skills -> observable teaching behavior -> student mediation -> learning gains). Finally, we specify four out of the five 'columns' of this cascade model, based empirically on the COACTIV data.

THESE two large volumes form a complete history of the work of Werner Siemens, and give a very vivid impression of his unceasing activity. In addition to building up one of the largest commercial houses on the continent, and by his inventions and discoveries materially assisting in almost every step which, during the last fifty years, has been made in the application of electricity to the service of man, he has found time to conduct long researches on subjects unconnected with his technical work, and, particularly in his later years, has written several important papers on meteorology. It is chiefly, however, in connection with electro-technology that the name of Siemens is famous, for it is this subject that Werner Siemens in Germany, and Sir William Siemens in England, have made particularly their own. The Scientific and Technical Papers of Werner von Siemens. Translated from the second German edition. Two volumes. (London: John Murray, 1892 and 1895.)

I have been ambivalent about doing this commentary for a number of reasons. First of all, though I may disagree with Guy Oakes, I have enjoyed everything I have read that he has written. In addition, by accepting the invitation to comment on this paper, I was given the opportunity to reread some of Weber's early epistemological and methodological essays which I had taken for granted because I have more closely followed Weber's later and more substantive work. At the same time, my ambivalence expresses itself in the fact that I am not a professional philosopher and because my training and hab? its of mind have led me to concentrate on substantive problems in Weber's work rather than an epistemology and metatheory. Guy Oakes, in one of his introductions to his translations of Weber, points out that it is surprising that Weber wrote so many epistemological essays, given his principled preference for substantive work.1 Yet given the existence of these essays, we must attempt to do with them whatever we can. I accept as given Oakes's summary of the relevant ideas of Windle band, Rickert, and Lask, and confine myself to a discussion of Weber's early epistemological and methodological writings with regard to the Southwest German neo-Kantians. Oakes argues that Weber "failed to grasp some of Rickert's most important arguments even though these were directly relevant to central qu?tions of his own thought," and that "Rickert's wert/wer tung dichotomy collapses and with it Weber's solution to the problem of knowledge of the historical individual." I will not argue that Weber failed to understand Rickert's failure, and that therefore a double negative produces a positive, nor will I argue that Max Weber solved, at a logical and epistemological level, the problems that Oakes raises to that part of Weber's work that is based on his reading of Windleband, Rickert, and Lask. It is true, of course, that Weber cites Windleband and Rickert, espe? cially Rickert, frequently and with approval throughout his early works. To me, however, it is not at all clear that Weber failed to

Purpose First detected in China in 2019, the novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) has rapidly spread globally. Since then, healthcare systems are exposed to major challenges due to scarce personnel and financial resources. Therefore, this analysis intended to examine treatment costs of COVID-19 inpatients in a German single centre during the first pandemic wave in 2020 from a healthcare payer perspective. Potential cost savings were assessed considering the administration of remdesivir according to the European Medicines Agency label. Methods A retrospective medical-chart review was conducted on COVID-19 patients treated at University Hospital Cologne, Germany. Patients were clustered according to an eight-category ordinal scale reflecting different levels of supplemental oxygen. Potential cost savings due to the administration of remdesivir were retrospectively modelled based on a reduced length of stay, as shown in the Adaptive COVID-19 Treatment Trial. Results 105 COVID-19 patients were identified. There was wide variability in the service data with median treatment costs from EUR 900 to EUR 53,000 per patient, depending on major diagnosis categories and clinical severity. No supplemental oxygen was needed in 40 patients (38.1%). Forty-three (41.0%) patients were treated in intensive-care units, and 30 (69.8%) received invasive ventilation. In our model, in-label administration of remdesivir would have resulted in costs savings of EUR 2100 per COVID-19 inpatient (excluding acquisition costs). Conclusion We found that COVID-19 inpatients suffer from heterogeneous disease patterns with a variety of incurred G-DRG tariffs and treatment costs. Theoretically shown in the model, financial resources can be saved by the administration of remdesivir in eligible inpatients.

HNO : Hals-Nasen-Ohren-Heilkunde, Kopf- und Halschirurgie (2021). doi:10.1007/s00106-021-01070-9, Published by Springer, New York

IN translating this paper of Maxwell for Ostwald's “Klassiker der exacten Wissenschaften,” I have detected some errors, which are partly merely misprints, but partly also faults in the formulae of some trouble to the reader. The German translation is only of value to those who have not leisure to study the English language before the works of Maxwell; but the accuracy of such classic works is so essential to every one, that I considered the publication of the errata found to be of even greater importance than my whole translation. But in order to make the translation as cheap as possible, the German editor refused to print my list of errata, and I therefore hope it will be printed in England.

In early German ecology, the key concept used to refer to a synecological unit was Biozönose (biocoenosis). Taken together with the concept of the Biotop (biotope), it was also understood as an integrated higher-order unit of life, sometimes called a “Holozön” (holocoen). These units were often perceived as having properties similar to those of individual organisms, and they informed the mainstream of German ecology until at least the late 1960s. Here I ask how “organismic” these concepts really were and what conceptual problems they entailed. To do so, I focus on some almost forgotten dissident positions, especially those of (German-born) Friedrich Simon Bodenheimer and Fritz Peus, which I contrast with the mainstream German ecology of the time. In a radical paper published in 1954 that postulated the “dissolution of the concepts of biocoenosis and biotope”, Peus in particular elicited a forceful response from many prominent German ecologists. An analysis of the ensuing debate, including especially a colloquium held in 1959 that was partly inspired by Peus’ paper, is helpful for sifting the various arguments proffered with respect to a quasi-organismic perception of the biocoenosis in German speaking ecology. Although German mainstream ecologists rejected the notion of the biocoenosis as a superorganism, ontological holism was quite common among them. Additionally, the mainstream concept of the biocoenosis was plagued by several methodological problems and much conceptual confusion, to which the “dissidents” rightly pointed. Some of these problems are still pertinent today, e.g. in connection with more modern concepts such as “ecosystem”.

This short review article aims to explain the changes in the treatment strategies of interventional care designed to treat secondary mitral valve regurgitation with edge-to-edge repair in comparison to the position paper published in 2013 by the German Society of Cardiology and the German Society of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery. To this end the current data situation with respect to the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) guidelines from 2017, the intraprocedural assessment of mitral valve regurgitation and new technical developments are discussed.

IN the preface to the first of the above books, the author mentions a question asked him by a young woman friend: “When you began this work you had no idea that anything so clever would come out of it, had you?” This quotation certainly sums up the impression conveyed after reading (1). Schrodinger, however, uses it to bring out the point that in a set of papers in which a single theme is developed, the results of the later papers were more or less unknown when the earlier ones were written. This must be borne in mind when judging these collections. (1) Collected Papers on Wave Mechanics. By Prof. E. Schrodinger. Translated from the second German edition. Pp. xiii + 146. (London and Glasgow: Blackie and Son, Ltd., 1928.) 25s. net. (2) Four Lectures on Wave Mechanics: delivered at the Royal Institution, London, on 5th, 7th, 12th, and 14th March 1928. By Prof. Dr. Erwin Schrodinger. Pp. viii + 53. (London and Glasgow: Blackie and Son, Ltd., 1928.) 5s. net. (3) Selected Papers on Wave Mechanics. By Louis de Broglie Dr. Leon Brillouin. Authorised translation by Winifred M. Deans. Pp. vi + 151. (London and Glasgow: Blackie and Son, Ltd., 1928.) 15s. net.

While in the past the concept of resilience was used to explain psychological well-being in extreme situations like enduring poverty, abuse, or war, it has now found broad application in numerous fields of research. It can also be applied to examine how everyday challenges and problems are dealt with, for example in the educational and university context. This raises the question of whether resilience and academic success are correlated. Using German longitudinal data including university and university of applied sciences students in their first four years (2010–2015) we investigate how resilience and various measurements of success (satisfaction, intention to drop out, grades) are correlated using multilevel growth-curve models. We demonstrate that resilient individuals have consistently more positive academic trajectories, have lower dropout intentions, report better grades and are more satisfied with their lives. The effects are exceptionally stable over time, statistically highly significant and of considerable magnitude. This demonstrates that resilience is associated with better outcomes in university students under control of a large number of potential confounding factors and influences.

Management strategies which encourage the conversion of coniferous forests to mixed and deciduous stands potentially increase the share of non-coniferous timber in wood supply over the next decades. The objective of this study is to examine possible market impacts from changing wood supply modeled in the German Forest Development and Timber Volume Model (WEHAM) Scenario. Special emphasis is paid to decreasing coniferous timber availability and the ramifications this development might have on the wood-based industry in Germany. For this purpose, our study introduces the GFPMCNC, a modified version of the Global Forest Products Model (GFPM) which distinguishes coniferous and non-coniferous industrial roundwood as different raw materials and coniferous and non-coniferous sawnwood as additional products on global level. In the GFPMCNC, wood-based panels and pulp could be made from a mix of two roundwood commodities instead of one single input factor. The base period for this study is 2012. Results are reported by 2015 and in the following in mid-period intervals at 5-year steps until 2050. The WEHAM Scenario impact analysis reveals that limited coniferous raw materials lead to lower wood manufacturing activities and declining exports of coniferous sawnwood at the same time as German imports of coniferous industrial roundwood and wood pulp increase over time.

Since industrial trade fair Hannover Messe 2011, the term “Industrie 4.0” has ignited a vision of a new Industrial Revolution and has been inspiring a lively, ongoing debate among the German public about the future of work, and hence society, ever since. The discourse around this vision of the future eventually spread to other countries, with public awareness reaching a temporary peak in 2016 when the World Economic Forum’s meeting in Davos was held with the motto “Mastering the Fourth Industrial Revolution.” How is it possible for a vision originally established by three German engineers to unfold and bear fruit at a global level in such a short period of time? This article begins with a summary of the key ideas that are discussed under the label Industrie 4.0. The main purpose, based on an in-depth discourse analysis, is to debunk the myth about the origin of this powerful vision and to trace the narrative back to the global economic crisis in 2009 and thus to the real actors, central discourse patterns, and hidden intentions of this vision of a new Industrial Revolution. In conclusion, the discourse analysis reveals that this is not a case of visioneering but one of a future told, tamed, and traded.

Funder: Alexander von Humboldt-Stiftung; doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/100005156, Funder: Isaac Newton Trust; doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100004815, This contribution explores the concept of selection as an integral part of Haugen’s standardisation model from a theoretical as well as an empirical angle. It focuses on different types of factors of selection and how they are relevant to the study of selection processes both on the level of individual variants and whole varieties. The question of why standard languages appear to differ systematically from vernaculars and at the same time exhibit remarkable resemblances among each other is addressed, and characteristic features of standard languages are traced to general conditions of standardisation processes. A case study on the standardisation of German relativisers illustrates how different factors of selection combine in the dynamics of linguistic structure, variation, attitudes, and codification. It also shows how general tendencies of selection can lead to similar structures across standard languages, while it becomes clear that register variation and the historical development and changing evaluation of stylistic varieties can be crucial in order to explain the selection or de-selection of linguistic forms.

In October 2004, the archival appraisal working group of the Association of German Archivists (Verband deutscher Archivarinnen und Archivare) presented a position paper outlining the present status of the debate on appraisal within the Federal Republic of Germany. What follows is an overview of this discussion as background and context for the group’s position paper; an examination of the common ground between appraisal as practised in Germany and macroappraisal as developed in Canada; and a glimpse at the future directions of this discussion in Germany. The position paper is appended to this article.

The care for severely injured trauma patients is a great challenge for all medical professionals involved both in the preclinical and in the clinical course. In spite of the overall high quality of care in Germany, the regional differences remain a demanding task. These differences ground on geographical and infrastructural as well as on variations in personnel and equipment of the hospitals. In September 2006, the German Society for the Surgery of Trauma published the white paper ‘treatment of the severely injured’ recommending the improvement of comprehensive care and postulating the foundation of networks between trauma centres: TraumaNetwork (TNW). The hospitals within the TNW are classified as local, regional or supraregional trauma centres by distinct criteria regarding personnel, equipment as well as admission capacity and responsibility. Furthermore, agreements between the trauma centres and the rescue control units regulate the admission and transfer of patients in a TNW. Until the end of 2012, 595 hospitals have been audited on-site. Preparing for the audit, 54.4 % of the hospitals implemented organisational changes (e.g., interdisciplinary guidelines) while 31.4 % introduced personnel and 14.7 % structural (e.g. X-ray in the ER) changes. In December 2012, the certification process was completed in 37 TNW comprising 14 (5–29) hospitals each. Moreover, cross-border TNW in cooperation with hospitals in Holland, Luxemburg, Switzerland and Austria were established. The TraumaNetwork DGU® audits all hospitals participating in the care for severely injured patients and establishes structured networking links between all the players involved in trauma care. Thirty-seven TraumaNetworks are certified by the end of 2012 covering 80 % of Germany.

Die Notaufnahmen der Krankenhauser spielen in Deutschland eine zentrale Rolle bei der ambulanten und stationaren Versorgung von Patienten mit medizinischen Notfallen. In diesem Positionspapier werden allgemeine finanzielle und organisatorischen Probleme der deutschen Notaufnahmen aufgezeigt und die Forderung aufgestellt, der medizinischen Notfallversorgung in den Notaufnahmen als einem Element der Daseinsvorsorge einen hoheren Stellenwert in dem deutschen Gesundheitssystem zu geben. Die entsprechenden Reformvorschlage beinhalten eine Anpassung der Krankenhausfinanzierung mit Berucksichtigung der Vorhaltekosten der Notaufnahmen, eine verstarkte Strukturplanung fur die regionale und uberregionale Notfallversorgung, eine intensivierte Kooperation mit den kassenarztlichen Notdiensten, eine bessere organisatorische Abbildung der Notfallversorgung innerhalb der Krankenhauser sowie eine Forderung der notfallmedizinischen Aus- und Weiterbildung.

In the online-first version of the article the following part of the main title was given as subtitle: “Measur-ing instruments for the documentation of symptoms and therapy monitoring in cases of allergic rhinitis in everyday health care”. Additionally, the subtitle was mistakenly set next to the author affiliations: “Position Paper of the German Society of Allergology (AeDA) and the German Society of Allergy and Clinical Immunology (DGAKI), ENT Section, in collaboration with the working group on Clinical Immunology, Allergology and Environmental Medicine of the German Society of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery (DGHNOKHC)”. The original article was corrected.

Nuclear cardiology has been well established in clinical diagnostic algorithms for many years now. This is an update (2009) of the first common position paper by the German Society of Nuclear Medicine and the German Cardiac Society published in 2001 and aims to provide an overview of state-of-the-art applications of nuclear cardiology in clinical diagnostic algorithms.

Key message Yield progress in major German crops is generated mostly due to genetic improvement over the last 30 years. Comparison of trial-station with on-farm yield reveals considerable gaps that are widening over time. Abstract Yield progress of newly released varieties for 12 crops from official German trials over the period 1983 until 2012 was analysed to assess their value for cultivation and use (VCU). We paid special attention to dissect progress into a genetic and a non-genetic (agronomic) trend in order to quantify the contribution made by new varieties and by agronomic factors. In this study, we apply mixed models including regression components for genetic and agronomic trends. Ageing effects, depending on the difference of the actual testing year and the first year of testing of a particular variety, were estimated from the difference of fungicide and non-fungicide-treated trial pairs. Significant yield losses were found in all cereal crops due to assumed ageing effects. We compared national on-farm with official VCU trial yields with particular focus on whether gaps are widening over time. Results indicated a significant widening over time. In order to facilitate comparisons of results across crops, we calculated percent rates based on 1983 yield levels obtained from regression estimates. Most of the yield progress was generated by genetic improvement, and was linear showing no levelling-off. Ageing and selection effects need to be taken into account, because they may lead to overestimation of genetic trends. This study showed that contribution of agronomic factors is of minor importance in overall yield progress. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s00122-014-2402-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Changes in the clinical presentation of functional disorders and the influence of social and cultural factors can be investigated through the historical case notes from mental hospitals. World War I (WWI) was a potent trigger of functional disorders with neurological or psychiatric symptoms. We analysed 100 randomly selected case files of German servicemen admitted to the Department of Psychiatry of the Charité Medical School of Berlin University during WWI and classified them according to contemporaneous and retrospective modern diagnoses. We compared the clinical presentations with accounts in the German and British medical literature of the time. Most patients obtained the contemporaneous diagnosis of ‘psychopathic constitution’ or hysteria reflecting the general view of German psychiatrists that not the war but an individual predisposition was the basis for the development of symptoms. The clinical picture was dominated by pseudoneurological motor or sensory symptoms as well as pseudoseizures. Some soldiers relived combat experiences in dream-like dissociative states that partly resemble modern-day post-traumatic stress disorder. Most servicemen were classified as unfit for military service but very few of them were granted compensation. Severe functional disorders of a neurological character could develop even without traumatic exposure in combat, which is of interest for the current debate on triggers of stress disorders. The high incidence of pseudoseizures accords with the psychiatric literature of the time and contrasts with accounts of war-related disorders in Britain. The tendency of German psychiatrists not to send traumatised servicemen back to active duty also distinguished between German and British practice. Our data contribute to the debate on the changing patterns of human responses to traumatic experience and their historical and social context.

The Melanoma Committee of the German Dermatological Society has prepared this position paper on prognostic factors, classification and clinical staging of cutaneous malignant melanoma and has recommended guidelines for diagnosis, treatment and follow-up. The aim is to achieve a consensus procedure for dealing with this tumour.

A continuous task of the working group "Environmental Monitoring" is the development of methods and guidelines for a systematic and long-term analytical control of the chemical burden of environmental compartments and biota A new recommendation regarding the substance-related environmental monitoring is published in "Environmental Science and Pollution Research" (Rüdel et al., 2009). The "Chemical and Biological Monitoring Series", published in the same journal, originates from the working group or from its individual members also. Some central points of these articles are picked up and updated in this report. Current topics of major concern are the transformation of pharmaceuticals and its consequences for environmental monitoring and the monitoring of biocides and nanoparticles. Besides other objectives the working group "Soil Chemistry and Soil Ecology" focuses on the development and standardisation of methods for the chemical, physical, and biological characterisation of soil pollution by specific contaminants as well as on the elaboration of methods for the assessment of potential harmful effects on soil, soil ecology, and on other potentially targeted environmental media. Recently the working group has summarized its main outcomes and conclusions in the position paper "Target Orientated Exposition Estimation in Soil Assessment" which is part of this report. Furthermore several other initiatives and activities of the working group are presented.

This paper’s goal is to discuss implications for the empirical study of low educational status arising from the use of the concept of educational poverty in research. It has two related conceptual foci: (1) the relationship of educational poverty with material poverty and to what extent useful parallels exist, and (2) the distinction of absolute and relative (educational) poverty and whether the notion of absolute (educational) poverty is a sensible one. For the concept of educational poverty to be analytically fruitful, clear conceptualisation and operationalisation of the relevant issues are required. The paper contributes to the aim of providing these by building on existing work on educational poverty and by drawing on relevant work on material poverty as well as discussing some conceptual challenges and some of the challenges arising from the operationalisation of the concepts. Some of these challenges are illustrated using examples based on data from the German National Educational Panel Study (NEPS). In a further step, factors which may lead to a greater risk of being in relative educational poverty are analysed, employing the method multi-value Qualitative Comparative Analysis. The empirical findings highlight the relative nature of educational qualifications: the usefulness of a basic school leaving qualification has changed over time, and it has not been the same for different groups. Thus, a conceptualisation of low educational status as educational poverty has been shown to be useful, and it has been demonstrated that the relative nature of educational poverty ought to be taken into account by researchers.

Does good governance matter for exporting to the highly competitive markets of developed countries, especially those committed to a developmental mission centered on promoting good governance? This paper is investigating this research question. The focus of the analysis is the case study of Arab exports to the German economy, where a comparatively poor performance in comparison to that of other regions of the world is witnessed, despite geographical proximity and preferential trade agreements. Using statistical data and the literature on the subject, the paper engages in a discussion on German trade flows from Arab countries and whether governance indicators provide a good explanatory framework. The research question is then investigated empirically by running several regressions using the two-stage least-squares and Poisson pseudo maximum likelihood models. Different indicators of German exports are used as dependent variables while the independent variables are various governance indicators together with the control variables suggested by the gravity model. The obtained empirical results suggest that good governance generally boosts Arab exports to Germany and relatively more than it does for non-Arab exporters to Germany. This is especially true for governance indicators that directly affect exporting activities, such as regulatory quality and government effectiveness. For some indicators that indirectly affect exporting, however, the results are mixed for both Arab and non-Arab countries, especially for the textile industry. This sheds doubts on Germany’s developmental commitment to fostering good governance principles.

This paper offers a novel methodological perspective to public diplomacy studies discussing how to apply Qualitative Longitudinal Research (QLR) into public diplomacy. Accordingly, the paper first discusses the existing academic literature on longitudinal research in social sciences and highlights the necessity to use QLR in public diplomacy studies. Second, it offers a research design on how to conduct QLR in public diplomacy. Third, the paper discusses the historical evolution of German public diplomacy over a period of 70 years as viable case study comparing three global sports events, namely the 1936 Berlin Olympics, the 1972 Munich Olympics and the 2006 World Cup. Overall, the paper argues that QLR has an important potential to advance public diplomacy studies since it enables researcher to trace continuity and change in public engagement policies over extended periods and explain whether historical legacies are reproduced or erased over time and how this resonates with international audience.

The measurement models for both nationalism and patriotism originally developed by Blank and Schmidt are broadly established. Despite their widespread usage in Germany and beyond, concerns have been voiced about the operationalisation of these nation-related concepts. However, in previous scholarship little attention has been devoted to systematically reviewing the models’ validity. This paper’s major goal is to contribute substantially to research on operationalising national attitudes by thoroughly examining how both nationalism and patriotism are measured and how valid the predominant measurement models really are. By running a confirmatory factor analysis, three measurement models based on the ISSP data of 2003 are replicated and empirically reviewed. By conducting a single-country analysis, the models are tested for the German case, including the evaluation of measurement invariance for both Eastern and Western Germany. Although the selected measurement models yield satisfying results, the paper identifies considerable shortcomings with regard to the way both nationalism and patriotism are empirically approached. It calls for a reconceptualising of the prevailing concept of pride and thus challenges the predominant operationalisation.

This paper analyses three centuries of developing German-language philosophy journals, from the first journals published in 1665 to those from the first decade of post-WWII recovery. Relying upon two bibliographies of philosophical journals collected in the 1970s, one by Joachim Kirchner and one by Wolfram Hogrebe, Rudolf Kamp, and Gert Konig, we attained a dataset of 607 journals.To analyse the population of periodicals, we identified three key components: the longevity of each journal and the growth rate and the continuity of the body of the journal population. The most puzzling finding is that there was a rapid growth in the number of journals at the end of the eighteenth century followed by a long decline in numbers that lasted almost a century. This paper analyses the structure of the boom in philosophical periodicals after 1888, followed by the effects of both World Wars, and identifies the communication crisis that occurred at the height of the Weimar Republic.

The paper proposes to study side effects of accountability in education within the theoretical framework of enactment research. The potential value of this approach for the study of side effects is shown by using the example of the side effect “Dependency on Expert Judgements.” Therefore, findings from the research project “Unintended Effects of Accountability in the School System” (acronym “Nefo”) are presented. The project entailed an analysis of policy documents to describe the accountability contexts under study, as well as a survey study with 2637 participating teachers and principals to examine the distribution of side effects in the no- and low-stakes contexts of the four German federal states of Berlin, Brandenburg, Thuringia, and Rhineland-Palatinate. The findings for Berlin and Thuringia are triangulated with the results from a qualitative in-depth group-discussion substudy of the Nefo project on how teachers in Berlin and Thuringia deal with accountability measures. The analysis of policy documents reveals that in Berlin, performance results gain the status of objective data that teachers need to improve their work, while teachers in Thuringia are prompted to judge by themselves the meaning of performance results for their teaching. This suggests that “Dependency on Expert Judgements” is a larger issue in Berlin than in Thuringia. However, contrary to what would be expected, the findings of the survey study indicate that the side effect plays a greater role in Thuringia than in Berlin. To explain this counterintuitive finding, teachers’ responses to standards-based accountability in Berlin and Thuringia are delineated. The paper shows that the study of meaning-making processes, which is central to the enactment framework, must not only be ignored if one tries to understand the processes that lead to the occurrence or absence of side effects. It is also important to prevent fallacies in the interpretation of survey data.

This paper surveys interdisciplinary research on gratitude that has been conducted since the review paper translated into German in this issue ‘Recent work on the concept of gratitude in philosophy and psychology’, was published in the Journal of Value Inquiry in 2013. We share progress on our subsequent research, and report on key developments in the field. We revisit familiar themes regarding conditions placed on gratitude, the structure and moral value of gratitude, and the pedagogical implications of research on gratitude, addressing the issue of how the virtue of gratitude should be promoted and taught. As befits a collection dedicated to exploring gratitude’s potential ‘shadow’, we consider again the valence of gratitude and whether it is as quintessentially positive as many have assumed.

Purpose The Adult Social Care Outcomes Toolkit for informal carers (ASCOT-Carer) can be used to assess long-term care-related quality of life (LTC-QoL) of adult informal carers of persons using LTC services. The ASCOT-Carer instrument has been translated into several languages, but preference weights reflecting the relative importance of different outcome states are only available for England so far. In this paper, we estimated preference weights for the German version of the ASCOT-Carer for Austria and investigated the value people place on different QoL-outcome states. Methods We used data from a best–worst scaling (BWS) experiment and estimated a scale-adjusted multinomial logit (S-MNL) model to elicit preference weights for the ASCOT-Carer domain-levels. Data were collected using an online survey of the Austrian general population (n = 1001). Results Top levels in the domains of ‘Space and time to be yourself’, ‘Occupation’ and ‘Control over daily life’ were perceived as providing the highest utility, and states with high needs in the same domains seen as particularly undesirable. ‘Personal safety’ was the only domain where levels were roughly equidistant. In all other domains, the difference between the top two levels (‘ideal state’ and ‘no needs’) was very small. Conclusion The paper provides preference weights for the German version of ASCOT-Carer to be used in Austrian populations. Furthermore, the results give insight into which LTC-QoL-outcomes are seen as particularly (un)desirable, and may therefore help to better tailor services directed at informal carers and the persons they care for.

The importance of forests is reflected in the national forest legislation which has been developed and implemented in European countries over recent years. Due to regional and national specificities, forest regulations include culturally immersed terms specific to the described area. The aim of this paper is to analyses the culturally driven legal terms existing in specific legal regulations concerning forestry in Germany, the United Kingdom, the United States of America and Poland, and identify possible ways of translating them. In order to take the interdisciplinary nature of the issue into account, the degree of hybridity of the selected texts will be examined by means of corpus analysis. The methodology applied in the paper uses a comparative approach. Additionally, the authors also resort to the aforementioned corpus analysis, as well as the analysis of comparable texts and the analysis of terminology according to the three categories of equivalence as determined by Šarčević (New Approach to Legal translation, Kluwer Law International, Hague, 1997), and the techniques of providing equivalents for non-equivalent or partially equivalent terms (Matulewska A, in: Lingua Legis in Translation, Peter Lang Publishing House, 2007) as research methods. The material used for analysis comes from selected German, English and Polish legal acts regulating forest management and maintenance that are considered as corpora for the selection of culturally immersed terminology, namely: (i) the Polish Act on Forests of 28th September 1991 [Ustawa z dnia 28 września 1991 r. o lasach], (ii) Title 16 U.S. Code Chapter 2—National Forests, (iii) Forestry Act 1967, Chapter 10 (the United Kingdom), (iv) German Forestry Act 1975 [Gesetz zur Erhaltung des Waldes und zur Förderung der Forstwirtschaft (Bundeswaldgesetz) von 1975]. The paper concerns potential problems that could occur in the translation of culturally immersed legal terminology due to the terms’ rigidity and high degree of specificity. The studies presented will allow conclusions to be drawn regarding the possibilities and strategies for translating culturally immersed terms. In addition, the availability of terminological dictionaries for these language pairs will be discussed.