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This study presents dark fermentative hydrogen gas production from acid hydrolysed waste paper towel hydrolysate. Firstly, Box-Behnken statistical experiment design was used to investigate glucose production from waste paper towel by acid hydrolysis. S/L ratio, hydrolysis time and pH were chosen as independent variables while glucose concentration in the hydrolysate was the objective function. Highest glucose concentration of 32.17 g/L was obtained at S/L ratio of 100 g/L, pH 0 (gauge pH) and 180 min hydrolysis time. All variables were found to have significant effect on glucose formation. Glucose concentration increased by increasing the S/L ratio and hydrolysis time, but decreased by increasing the pH. Secondly, the hydrolysate obtained at most convenient hydrolysis conditions was subjected to lime putty treatment for the removal of 5-HMF and SO4 2-. Thirdly, H2 gas was produced from the detoxified hydrolysate by dark fermentation. Maximum H2 formation yield, rate and H2 percentage in the gas phase were 1.02 mol H2/mol glucoseconsumed, 130.22 mL H2/g biomass.h and 43%, respectively. The remaining 5-HMF after lime treatment was effectively removed in dark fermentation. © 2017, Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht.

The contemporary history of the paper and board industry in the Netherlands is the narrative of an industry that had to cope with considerable competitive disadvantages. This chapter analyses the evolution of the paper and board industry in the Netherlands and the way businessmen formulated their strategies to increase the profitability of their activities and decrease the uncertainties of competition. How did the industry cope with the challenges of the markets, the increasing international competition and the formal and informal institutional context? After a brief introduction of the pre-industrial era and the slow process of industrialization during the nineteenth century, this chapter will focus on the development of the industry and the corporate strategies that became apparent during the twentieth century.

Waste paper collection rate is one of indexes to calculate how many percentage of waste paper collected in the total amount of paper and paper board consumption and measures the effectiveness of one country’s waste paper collection process. Nowadays, waste paper collecting has become a serious issue in China for its low collection rate. This article tries to use of linear regression and grey correlation to analyze both endogenous factors and possible exogenous factors affect on collection rate. The results shows that the amount of waste paper collection influences largely on collection rate comparing with other factors, and level of aging and gross domestic product per capita are positive related with waste paper collection rate.

The model presented in this chapter is another example of a life cycle approach to sectoral modelling. The sector we have chosen is the paper sector in India. The challenges and opportunities facing the Indian paper sector are similar to those facing the Chinese plastic sector as discussed in Chapter 4. However, there are two characteristics unique to the paper sector and the techniques of modelling these within a life cycle sectoral model are explained in this chapter.