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From its very beginning, papermaking has been targeted to produce a homogeneous sheet structure out of large volumes of water containing small amounts of fibre and filler. Fibre concentrations of below 1% are quite common in this context.

The α-amylase inhibitor tendamistat (74 amino acid residues, approx. 8 kDa) consists of two three-stranded anti-parallel β-sheets (69% of the amino acid residues) completed by loops and irregular structure [1]. Tendamistat is thus well suitable for investigating the unfolding and refolding process of β-sheet structure. Here, we present FTIR data of the temperature dependent denaruration of tendamistat.

This chapter examines the basic criteria which determine the species of clays most often found in nature. The criteria are of structural (XRD) and chemical types. These criteria and the data on which they are based are necessary for an understanding of the precise differences between the different types of clay mineral. However, it is not necessary to know the details of cell dimensions or octahedral site ion content in order to use or deal with clays. For this reason, a brief description of the clay types follows which provides an overview of the problem of nomenclature in clay mineralogy.

A generally accepted method for plane stress toughness testing and presentation of results does not exist. This is due to difficulties in understanding the observed phenomena. However, many structures, especially in aircraft, are built out of sheet, and consequently the plane stress problem is of great practical importance. A useful engineering solution for the plane stress problem is available. The residual strength of a stiffened sheet structure with a crack can be predicted (chapter 16) on the basis of the residual strength of the comparable unstiffened panel.