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Benefits of dealing with uncertainty in greenhouse gas inventories: introduction.- Statistical dependence in input data of national greenhouse gas inventories: effects on the overall inventory uncertainty.- Uncertainty analysis for estimation of landfill emissions and data sensitivity for the input variation.- Toward Bayesian uncertainty quantification for forestry models used in the United Kingdom Greenhouse Gas Inventory for land use, land use change, and forestry.- Atmospheric inversions for estimating CO2 fluxes: methods and perspectives.- European CO2 fluxes from atmospheric inversions using regional and global transport models.- Remotely sensed soil moisture integration in an ecosystem carbon flux model. The spatial implication.- Can the uncertainty of full carbon accounting of forest ecosystems be made acceptable to policymakers?.- Terrestrial full carbon account for Russia: revised uncertainty estimates and their role in a bottom-up/top-down accounting exercise.- Comparison of preparatory signal analysis techniques for consideration in the (post-)Kyoto policy process.- Verification of compliance with GHG emission targets: annex B countries.- Spatial GHG inventory at the regional level: accounting for uncertainty.- Quantitative quality assessment of the greenhouse gas inventory for agriculture in Europe.- A statistical model for spatial inventory data: a case study of N2O emissions in municipalities of southern Norway.- Carbon emission trading and carbon taxes under uncertainties.- CO2 emission trading model with trading prices.- Compliance and emission trading rules for asymmetric emission uncertainty estimates.- The impact of uncertain emission trading markets on interactive resource planning processes and international emission trading experiments.

Pursuant to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, Hungary, as a Party of the Convention, prepares annual inventories of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. This chapter discusses the nonbiospheric anthropogenic sources of the Hungarian greenhouse gas inventory. The emission estimations are calculated – following the mandatory methodology compiled by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change – using specific emission factors and activity data. For the most important sources, it is recommended to report more accurate estimation; therefore, country- or plant-specific emission factors are developed and presented in this chapter.

The latest estimations of emissions and removals of greenhouse gases (GHG) are presented based on the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) methodology and in line with the requirements of the Kyoto Protocol. After a short methodological introduction, the whole time-series of emissions between 1985 and 2008 is analyzed and key drivers of the underlying trends are provided. To better understand the Hungarian emission trends, the time interval of the ­inventory is split into three periods with different emission-relevant economic processes in the background. The transition from a centrally planned economy to a free market one in Hungary in 1989–1990 caused significant reduction in emissions; then, after a period of about 14 years of relatively stagnant emission level (1992–2005), GHG emissions fell again quite significantly, by 8.4%, between 2005 and 2008.

A geoinformation technology for creating spatially distributed greenhouse gas inventories based on a methodology provided by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change and special software linking input data, inventory models, and a means for visualization are proposed. This technology opens up new possibilities for qualitative and quantitative spatially distributed presentations of inventory uncertainty at the regional level. Problems concerning uncertainty and verification of the distributed inventory are discussed. A Monte Carlo analysis of uncertainties in the energy sector at the regional level is performed, and a number of simulations concerning the effectiveness of uncertainty reduction in some regions are carried out. Uncertainties in activity data have a considerable influence on overall inventory uncertainty, for example, the inventory uncertainty in the energy sector declines from 3.2 to 2.0% when the uncertainty of energy-related statistical data on fuels combusted in the energy industries declines from 10 to 5%. Within the energy sector, the ‘energy industries’ subsector has the greatest impact on inventory uncertainty. The relative uncertainty in the energy sector inventory can be reduced from 2.19 to 1.47% if the uncertainty of specific statistical data on fuel consumption decreases from 10 to 5%. The ‘energy industries’ subsector has the greatest influence in the Donetsk oblast. Reducing the uncertainty of statistical data on electricity generation in just three regions — the Donetsk, Dnipropetrovsk, and Luhansk oblasts — from 7.5 to 4.0% results in a decline from 2.6 to 1.6% in the uncertainty in the national energy sector inventory.

Australia was one of the earliest ratifiers of the Framework Convention on Climate Change in 1992. However, in the years since then, there has been slow progress in Australia reducing its greenhouse gas emissions. In 1997, Australia’s National Greenhouse Gas Inventory Committee published the National Greenhouse Gas Inventory: 1995. The results show that in 1995, excluding the land use sector, Australia’s net greenhouse gas emissions had increased by 6 per cent above 1990 levels and that in the energy sector, emissions had risen by 8.2 per cent above 1990 levels (see Table 1). According to another Australian government publication, Australia’s CO2 emissions from the energy sector were estimated to be 11 per cent above 1990 levels in 1995–1996 and without further measures, they could rise to 40 per cent above 1990 levels by 2010.1

This paper presents the latest update on the greenhouse gas inventory for the Philippines, with 1990 as the base year. The carbon dioxide sources covered in the inventory are fossil fuel burning, cement production, and land-use change and forestry. The net emission of carbon dioxide totaled 128,620 Gg CO2, of which land-use change and forestry accounted for 68%. The carbon dioxide emissions from biomass burning and bunker fuel consumption were not included in the total emission. The national methane emission of 1,026 Gg CH4 was estimated from biomass burning, coal mining and oil activities, rice cultivation, livestock production, and forestry and land-use change activities. Paddy rice cultivation, which is the largest source, accounted for 36% of the total. The emission factor used, which is one-fourth of the default value recommended by the IPCC, was based on a preliminary study made by the Philippine Rice Research Institute, in collaboration with the International Rice Research Institute.

This paper presents a synthesis of preliminary national greenhouse gas inventory assessments prepared by five countries in Latin America: Mexico, Costa Rica, Bolivia, Peru, and Venezuela. Emissions of carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, carbon monoxide, oxides of nitrogen, and non-methane volatile organic compounds from various sources in each country are compared and examined in the context of demographic and socioeconomic characteristics. The greatest source of carbon dioxide emissions in Mexico, Costa Rica, and Venezuela is the energy sector, while the land-use change and forestry sector is the largest carbon dioxide source in Bolivia and Peru. Agriculture, primarily enteric fermentation and animal manure, is the largest source of methane emissions in all five countries except Venezuela, where the energy sector is the largest source of methane. The transportation sector is the major source of carbon monoxide emissions in Mexico, Venezuela, and Costa Rica, while savanna and agricultural waste burning are the major sources of carbon monoxide emissions in Bolivia and Peru. The major sources of nitrous oxide, oxides of nitrogen, and non-methane volatile organic compounds vary among all five countries. The national emissions provided by the five countries in this paper are also compared to other published estimates for all Latin American countries and for all regions of the world.

This document represents the first Inventory of Greenhouse Gases: Emissions of Anthropogenic Origin for Bolivia. The inventory was conducted according to guidelines established by the IPCC and was supported by the U.S. Country Studies Program. The inventory uses 1990 as the base year and includes the following gases: carbon dioxide, methane, carbon monoxide, nitrous oxide, and nitrogen oxides. Chlorofluorocarbons are excluded because they are controlled by the Montreal Protocol. The inventory covers five sectors: energy; agriculture; industry; land-use change and forestry; and waste. Emissions from the energy sector are evaluated using the top-down approach. The results indicate that Bolivia’s highest emissions are carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, and methane. The land-use change and forestry sector generates the largest percentage of carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide emissions, followed by the energy and industry sectors. The agriculture sector contributes most of the methane, followed by the energy sector. Compared with emissions of carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, and methane, emissions of the remaining gases are low and are considered of minor importance. Because Bolivia’s emissions of greenhouse gases are relatively low, Bolivia’s emissions are compared with those of industrialized countries rather than the rest of the world.

In 1992, in preparation for the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development, Thailand’s first inventory of greenhouse gas emissions was completed with support from the Asian Development Bank. The 1991 version of the IPCC Methodology was used to calculate emissions. The COPATH model, developed by the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, was used in the forestry sector. The base year was 1989, but data on other years are included in the paper when available. The inventory focuses on carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides, and non-methane volatile organic compounds from energy, industry, agriculture, and forestry.

This paper presents a summary and discussion of seven national greenhouse gas inventory assessments, including completed draft inventories from Bulgaria, the Czech Republic, and Kazakstan, and preliminary inventories from Estonia, Hungary, Slovakia, and Ukraine. Emissions of carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, carbon monoxide, oxides of nitrogen, and non-methane volatile organic compounds from various sources in each country are compared and examined in the context of demographic and economic characteristics. Fossil fuel consumption is by far the largest source of carbon dioxide emissions for all seven countries, while the land-use change and forestry sector is a significant carbon sink in all seven countries. The major sources of methane emissions are the energy sector (that is, coal mining and oil and gas systems), livestock management, and waste management. On a per capita and per unit gross domestic product basis, national emissions display a great deal of variability among the seven countries. This appears to be driven in part by different levels of industrialization. Two countries, Bulgaria and Hungary, have compiled emission estimates for both 1990 and earlier years. Emissions in both countries decreased in the late 1980s, primarily due to economic decline. Comparison of the national inventory estimates to other published estimates in international emissions databases showed close agreement for carbon dioxide emissions from fossil fuel consumption, and substantial differences for non-carbon dioxide emissions from non-energy sources.

The IPCC Methodology has been used to conduct a preliminary greenhouse gas emission inventory for 1990 for the energy, waste management, and agricultural sectors in Cote d’Ivoire. Emissions from the energy sector were estimated at 6.223 Tg of carbon dioxide-equivalent. Biomass burning represented almost 50% of these emissions compared with the second largest emission source, transportation, with 24%. In 1990, carbon dioxide emissions from fossil fuel burning amounted to 3,241 Gg CO2. Carbon monoxide, methane, nitrous oxide, and nitrogen oxide emissions from traditional biomass consumption were 1,119 Gg CO, 127 Gg CH4, 0.669 Gg N2O, and 4.26 Gg NOx, respectively. Charcoal, the predominant biofuel, contributed 95% of the methane, 78% of the carbon monoxide, 60% of the nitrous oxide, and 25% of nitrogen oxide emissions. By sector, residential areas are, by far, the primary biofuel emission source. Emissions from bunker fuels (to be excluded in final estimation) were 0.841 Gg CO2.