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Grete Henry-Hermann was born in Bremen in 1901. After a doctorate in mathematics with Emmy Noether in Gottingen, she became first a pupil, then personal assistant of the neo-Kantian philosopher Leonard Nelson , and continued his philosophical and political work with Minna Specht after his death. In the 1930s, Hermann worked on the foundations of quantum mechanics in close contact with Werner Heisenberg and Carl Friedrich von Weizsacker , as well as continuing her political work against the Nazi regime. She lived in exile 1934–1946, mainly in Denmark and England. After the war she returned to Germany and spent most of her career there at the Padagogische Hochschule in Bremen. She contributed to cultural and educational policies in post-war Germany and worked on the critique and further development of Nelson’s ethics. She died in Bremen in 1984. This biographical sketch of Grete Hermann was originally published in German in the Zeitschrift fur Museum und Bildung.

"Fly Your Thesis!—An Astronaut Experience" is an educational programme launched by the ESA Education Office that aims to offer to European students the unique opportunity to design, build, and eventually fly, a scientific experiment as part of their Master or Ph.D. thesis. Selected teams accompany their experiments onboard the Zero-G aircraft for a series of three flights, each consisting of 30 parabolas, with each parabola providing about 20 s of microgravity. ESA Education Office financially supports the flights and part of the hardware development, as well as travel and accommodation for participants. For the first edition of this programme, four student teams were selected to participate in the 51st ESA Microgravity Research Campaign in November 2009. The 2010 edition of the programme was launched in April 2009 and the final selection was announced in January 2010. In parallel, ESA Education Office is setting up two new hands-on activities to provide European university students with access to drop tower (up to 9.3 s of microgravity) and centrifuge (from 1 to 20 times Earth’s gravity) facilities. Through ELGRA, the selected student teams are working in close contact with renowned European scientists working in gravity-related research. This paper will introduce the three new educational programmes and present the selected experiments, as well as give information to students interested in the future editions.

Science olympiads are important vehicles for science communication, especially between scientists, educators, and students. When students participate in these olympiads, they gain exposure to a different view of science from that which they experience at the high school level. Close contact with university faculty and science researchers will provide students with a glimpse of what careers in science can offer. For those who will not pursue science any further than high school, at least they will hopefully have a higher level of scientific literacy.

I received my PhD in Biology in 1987 under Govindjee’s supervision. Since then Govindjee and I have kept close contact with each other, no matter where I went. Here, I present Govindjee’s publications in photosynthesis, beginning in 1970, just after he became a full Professor of Biophysics and Botany, at the University of Illinois at Urbana--Champaign, and I end this description with his publications in 1999 when he retired as Professor Emeritus of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Plant Biology. The ∼30-year period, I have covered here, has been broken in three sections: (I): 1970—1979; (II) 1980—1989, and (III) 1990—1999.

Every person reading this chapter has eaten soil. For many, especially the wellto-do and those residing in a developed country, this statement may come as a surprise, but such people will have ingested soil if only accidentally. This involuntary consumption may arise, for example, through the transfer of fine (i.e., typically

Attitudes to the environment have obviously changed in various ways over time. There has been considerable interest in the ecological awareness found among tribal communities as an outcome to their close contact with natural surroundings (see Chapter 2) but the environmental thinking of literature or early industrial societies has not been widely studied. There are exceptions; for example, White (1967, 1973) and Tuan (1975) have written about the Judeo-Christian and Chinese approaches to nature.

In view of luggage checks at airports a lot of work has been done in the past and different systems are presently used and under research and development. Normally the luggage comes in a close contact to the systems used for these applications and these systems are used with a good success. Beside airport security there is need for sensor systems for different applications in view of counter terrorism.

It was in 1962 when I joined National Botanic Gardens (now National Botanical Research Institute), Lucknow as postgraduate trainee, that I first came in contact with Prof. B. K. Nayar who was then Head of the Pteridology Laboratory. Later, in 1963, the founder Director of the Institute, late Prof. K. N. Kaul, put me to work under Prof. Nayar and that brought me into close contact with him, an association which was to last for life. I came to treat him first as Guru (Teacher) then as mentor and later as a close friend and well-wisher.

This paper addresses the historical context of Bertalanffy’s concept of Theoretical Biology, his early combattants, friends, teachers and the philosophical position of his critical reviewer Philipp Frank. I will describe the characteristics of his theory and how his ideas are embedded into the background discourse of the day. In the following five sections I will show that there are three main historical factors that shaped Bertalanffy’s intellectual views: First, his philosophical training with Schlick and Carnap, second, his close connection with the biologists in the Prater-Vivarium, and third, his close contact to J.H. Woodger and, through him, with the organicists of the Theoretical Club in Cambridge. This narration also sheds some light on one of the founders of the Vienna Circle, Philipp Frank. I shall provide some historical data about his early interest in biology and discuss his position towards some basic problems in biology.

When the Danish Meteorological Institute (DMI) was established in 1872 it took over the responsibility of meteorological observations in Iceland. Prior to that time, the observations were in the hands of enthusiastic individuals, in some cases in close contact with the international scientific community. The original data compiled by these latter observers are kept at the Manuscript Section of the Icelandic National Library and in the Archives of the Icelandic Meteorological Office. Much of this material was gradually delivered to Iceland (along with other documents from official Danish archives) after the formal independence of Iceland in 1918. This paper presents an overview of instrumental observations available from the pre-1872 era. The oldest such observations that have been found were made in 1749 to 1751 and in 1763. The temporal density increases after 1775, and from 1822 there is at least one instrumental observation to be found on each and every day, somewhere in Iceland. During the period 1776 to 1822 there are many gaps, some only short, others long; with the longest from late 1814 to mid 1820. During this last gap almost no instrumental records have been found. The quality of the observations is very variable, but generally they seem to be at least internally consistent, and will certainly become an important addition to the knowledge of the climate and climatic variability of the Northeast Atlantic region. A large part of the data are available in digital format. The present study gives a richer and more comprehensive view of the meteorological activities in Iceland during the “Early Instrumental Period” (EIP), than previously available. It includes a summary of the early history of meteorological measurements in Iceland. Weather diaries without quantitative measurements are outside the scope of this paper.

The 1992 Travaux d’Impression by Michel Butor and Michel Sicard lists close to 90 illustrated books, yet this aspect of Alechinsky’s work is little known.1 The authors mention a wide range of books, from ordinary volumes with reproduced vignettes to priceless “livres de peintre.” The artist makes use of a variety of graphic techniques, quite often in combination: etching, assemblage, stencil, lithograph, woodcut, china ink drawing. Moreover, Alechinsky’s inventive lettering, whether typographical, handwritten, hand-scribbled, calligraphed, or simply semic, flows into unusually shaped inscriptions which go beyond the bounds of recognizable illustration. The painter actually started out as a printer. “Je suis un peintre qui vient de l’imprimerie” [I’m a painter who started out as a printer].2 He never dreamed of disowning his earlier profession, for even his most painterly compositions reflect in one way or another the art of printing. He invented a great variety of devices so as to maintain throughout his production a close contact between the verbal and the visual. Nor did he cross the barrier between the two, for he never acknowledged their separation.

Generally, in engineering applications ceramics need to be in close contact with metals. In other cases, complex ceramic components could be obtained by joining simpler pieces. Both problems can be addressed if convenient joining techniques were developed. Therefore, studying ceramic/metal interfaces besides being an appealing research topic is essential from the technological point of view.

The agenda of the Phenomenological Movement, as we saw in the last chapter, came together in Munich around the investigation of three nested phenomena: motivation, empathy, and the i. Research inspired by Theodor Lipps gave Husserl the questions and the terminology upon which he would build his early investigations of intersubjectivity. Although he did not reside in Munich, Husserl was in close contact with colleagues there before the First World War. Reinach came from Munich to work as Privatdozent at Gottingen under the sponsorship of Husserl, whom the younger phenomenologists called der Meister. 1 Husserl was productive in his publications, prolific in his private Forschungs-mansckripte, and prodigally generous with his junior colleagues. First at Gottingen and later at Freiburg, Husserl freely shared the fruits of his research with his advanced students and he delighted in their original implementations of the phenomenological methods that he had pioneered.

Some recent astronomical observations [4], and a number of experiments in particle physics, seem to cast doubt on the validity of the standard linear model for time. These results raise two (at least) questions: (1) If time is not a linear continuum (i.e., if the standard model is incorrect), then why does this model work so well in so many areas of science? (2) Whatever the “true nature” of time is, are there any advantages, to science, in replacing the standard model with a more complicated one? The purpose of this paper is to present a non-linear, mathematical model for time that enables us to answer question (1), and to partially answer question (2). Our discussion of question (2) is incomplete, but our results are intriguing. They also show promise of helping us understand some of the observations mentioned above. A rather natural extension of our model brings it into close contact with one that has been used in quantum theory (“Stochastically branching spacetime topology” by Roy Douglas [2]). These points of contact will also be discussed.

As is known, Margaret Jacob in her book The radical Enlightenment has suggested a link between John Toland and the Traite des trois imposteurs—in fact, contemporaries saw some connection too. The Reponse a la Dissertation de M. de La Monnoye describes the presumed ‘discovery’ of the Traite,found together with the Spaccio della bestia trionfante by Bruno, and remarks ‘I believe it is the same piece the English version of which Toland cause to be printed some years ago, and which carried so high a price.’1 In fact, Toland had the text published because he believed it to be the ancient book on the three impostors. It seems that the author of the Reponse was familiar with certain of Toland’s ideas. I shall not dwell upon the relationship between the Traite and the ideas of the English Deists; these are the subject of a paper by Justin Champion elsewhere in this volume. I shall instead restrict myself to an investigation of the environment in which the Traite was published. Its connection with Toland should not be studied in isolation, but as part of the wider intellectual environment which was in close contact with the general English Deist movement. Toland’s possible involvement should be viewed against this background—this will be our subject here.

I spent the years 1946–1963 at the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton, first as a temporary member, then with a five-year longer term appointment which in 1950 was converted into a professorship. I have many fine memories of that period. Among the best was my close contact with Faculty members in the School of Historical Studies.

The late Iron Age (3rd to 1st century B.C.) is characterised by a high industrial standard. The ability to invent new products or techniques largely depended on the transfer of techniques already in use to new areas of production. The close contact between different craftsmen encouraged the fast exchange of experiences and promoted the invention of new techniques. This development was favoured by the settlement structure of the oppida (Celtic towns). The organisation of the oppidum enabled the specialized craftsman to earn his living without doing additional farming. The scale of industrial production in Celtic oppida is very unusual. Major changes can be observed mainly in metal working, but also in other industries such as woodworking or pottery production.

The advantages of in vitro culture in a liquid medium are often counterbalanced by technical problems such as asphyxia, hyperhydricity and the need for complex apparatus. A new culture technique has been developed based on temporary immersion that reduces these disadvantages. The technique can be used with a commercial filtration unit with only minor modifications and a laboratory air pump to flush the liquid medium. The system has been successfully employed with different species (Coffea, Hevea, Musa) and different multiplication systems (microcutting, somatic embryogenesis, meristem proliferation). The quality of plant development is generally better than that obtained with traditional liquid or semi-solid medium and this can be put down to the close contact with nutrients with no deterioration in gaseous exchanges of the expiants. The temporary immersion technique can profitably replace costly biofermentors in both research and mass production.

We will examine local structural rearrangements in lipid bilayers, which are of great functional significance for cell biology and biotechnology. The choice of this topic will permit interesting analogies to be drawn with classical electrochemistry and chemical kinetics. Formation of two types of intermediate structures, inverted pores and stalks, will be dwelt upon. These structures are responsible for the sharp increase in penneability of membranes and for their fusion. While permeability is induced by the electric field, fusion is induced by close contact between membranes. The phenomenology of these events and their theoretical interpretation will be examined. As a result, a molecular mechanism will be formulated and experimental evidence in its support will be provided.

Let us start this paper with an account** by Branislav Petronijevic, who is widely considered to have been Yugoslavia’s most original philosopher, of several visits he made to Ernst Mach between 1907 and 1912: The third significant German philosopher with whom I came into close contact was Ernst Mach, who had been professor at the University of Vienna....While active, he taught courses in the methodology of the inductive sciences and was known for siding with students during oral examinations. Because of a serious stroke, which in no way reduced his intellectual capacity, he had been forced to go into retirement in 1901. Since that time he lived in Vienna as a private scholar, but during his final years he settled in a village by Munich. He died in 1916. I visited Mach for the first time in 1907 in Vienna during a long stay of several months. Earlier, I had already sent him the first section of my Prinzipien der Metaphysik+ and a treatise on discrete geometry, which had been published in Ostwald’s Annalen der Naturphilosophie in 1905. I reminded him of these and recalled his interest in the construction of discrete space which had been clearly expressed in his Erkenntnis und Irrtum (second edition, page 447f). He said he had read both of my writings and requested that I visit him again. Although he was antimetaphysically-minded, Mach read my work through carefully, concentrating on the mathematical sections, and was even ready to accept my new geometrical doctrine, saying to me one day: ’If I could only overcome a few difficulties, I would completely agree with you.’

Ocelli of several species of acoels flatworms in the genera Convoluta, Praesagittifera, Symsagittifera, and Amphiscolops were examined by transmission electron microscopy. Each ocellus consisted of a slightly concave pigment cell containing spindle-shaped platelets and several sensory cells, one in close contact with the pigment cell and the others separated from it by the former. These ocelli appeared unlike photoreceptors in most turbellarians in their lack of either rhabdomeres or cilia and in having platelets in the pigment cell. In species of Amphiscolops, the pigment cell had no other secretory inclusions than the platelets; the other species had characteristic pigment granules in addition to the platelets. In Praesagittifera naikaiensis (Yamasu) the primary sensory cell was penetrated by branching processes from the other sensory cells; A. langerhansi(?) may have similar processes, but the other species did not. Experimental ablation and subsequent regeneration of the ocelli of P. naikaiensis produced behavior consistent with their being photoreceptive. Two kinds of sagittocysts, one up to 40 µm long and other 8 µm long, were found in P. shikoki Kostenko & Mamkaev. These were thick-walled secretory products with a protrusible filament, and their association with the reproductive organs of the worm indicate a role in copulation.

Pulsed excimer laser light has been shown to be effective for the removal of fibrous or calcified stenoses of vessels. In order to be able to optimize laser parameters and irradiation mode for different clinical applications, we investigated in vitro how radiant energy, pulse repetition rate and irradiation geometry effect both the efficiency of the procedure and the damage of the remaining tissue. Results are different for close contact between light transmitting fiber and specimens and for non contact. There are no universal optimal parameters, but the measured data allow to find the best conditions according to the particular circumstances.

In Europe and the Mediterranean Basin, where the natural environment has been dramatically altered by man, many species have vanished or became endangered whereas others have been able to expand their breeding range. This chapter deals only with a sample of some expanding species, most of them concern westward oriented expansions but also some northward expansions by Mediterranean and desertic species. Each of these range expansions reflects more a combination of several factors than the influence of a single factor. Species able to live in mostly open and eutrophic habitats shaped by man and/or in close contact with man seem to be favoured. Thus, the evergrowing impact of human activities now plays a significant role in recent bird invasions.

Mucoadhesion implicates the possibility to achieve a very close contact between drug delivery system and biological membrane. This may increase the concentration gradient and also reduce the enzymatic degradation of peptide drugs during the absorption process.

The application of NMR to characterization of the binding of distamycin A to DNA oligomers is discussed. The orientational preference has been determined for single distamycins binding to A-T rich sequences. In sites containing more than the minimal four A-T pairs there is evidence for a sliding transfer of the drug between neighboring binding sites at a high rate. In sites containing five and six A-T pairs there is a second binding mode in which two distamycins bind side-by-side in the minor groove, in close contact with one another in addition to the walls of the groove. There also appears to be a sliding transfer of drugs within the 2:1 complex when the binding site is more than the minimal five A-T pairs.

Around 25 trench public laboratories are involved in the field of photovoltaic silicon applied and basic research. Scientific programmes cover both multicrystalline and amorphous silicon techniques. They are coordinated by two government agencies AFME and CNRS through multidisciplinary actions and in close contact with industry development.

The success of liposomes in the therapy of experimental models for visceral leishmaniasis has been demonstrated recently in several laboratories (Alving et al. 1978, Black et al. 1977, New et al. 1978), and may be attributed to the fact that both liposomes and the leishmanial parasite are taken up from the bloodstream by the Kupffer cells of the liver, so that a high concentration of liposomallyentrapped drug is brought into close contact with the parasite.

It is generally agreed that Antonio Banfi first introduced the ideas of Husserl in Italy1 in two essays (‘La tendenza logistica nella filosofia tedesca e le Ricerche logiche di Husserl’2 and ‘La fenomenologia di E. Husserl e l’autonomia ideale della sfera teoretica’)3 published in 1923, the same year in which Husserl, on a journey to Italy, met Banfi. The two men were to remain in close contact from that time. Husserl’s influence is visible thereafter in Banfi’s philosophy: the work prepared just before the latter’s death and published posthumously in 1958 deals, in fact, with Husserl’s Crisis.

The methods of dissemination of viruses are as varied as their hosts and whilst some are spread as fomites (any article in close contact with infection) many require an intermediary to act as ‘vector’. Such vectors play a very important part in the spread of viruses and the relationships between vector and virus are discussed in a separate section. Other methods of virus dissemination are dealt with first.

Israel’s epidemiological climate is characterized by the fact that in a comparatively small country (20,850 km2) with extremely varied geographical and meteorological conditions the population rose since the establishment of the state in 1948 and in the wake of mass-immigration, from about 800,000 to 2,320,000 at the end of 1962. Thus a situation has arisen in which elements old and new came into close contact in a limited area and people living in most primitive conditions and hailing partly from underdeveloped areas of the east, bringing with them diseases and various cultural habits characteristic of their countries of origin, have come to live side by side with people who, for a long period, had been enjoying all the comforts of civilization and technological attainments of the twentieth century. This peculiar composition entails on one hand a high incidence of such diseases which usually spread under conditions of backward personal hygiene, while it leads, on the other hand, to a low incidence of diseases which are apt to be controlled by general public health measures. Owing to the limited area of the country and in view of the high standard of medical care, the health authorities are generally aware and well-informed of the changing epidemiological situation. At any rate it is quite remarkable that in the years of mass-immigration following the establishment of the State, when scores of thousands of newcomers were living in extremely crowded conditions together with people suffering from various communicable diseases, there were no large outbreaks of epidemics.

After writing his letter to Burke,1 Paine stayed on in Paris, watching with approval the progress of the revolution. He now planned to take and active part in it himself, by some publication which, he hoped, would have an influence comparable to that of Common Sense in the American revolution. He was in close contact with Lafayette, who seems to have supplied him with materials for an account of the events of 1789. In January 1790 Lafayette wrote to Washington: “Common Sense is writing for you a brochure in which you will see a portion of my adventures. The result will be, I hope, happy for my country and for humanity.” 2 This brochure was never published, but there can be little doubt that the material for it was incorporated in Rights of Man, Part I, which was, in fact, dedicated to George Washington.

According to the experts now examining the soil which has been laid dry, about seven hundred years ago the Zuiderzee was a fresh-water lake. The salinity started to increase only about 1300 A.D. after the sea had gained wider ingress. This is in keeping with the sagas which speak of originally close contact between the Frisians on either side of the now broad waters and with a chronicler, who wrote that the water around the island of Marken was still fresh in 1240.

Recent studies on subterranean littoral and continental waters in Bulgaria as well as certain facts already known enable us to explain some questions concern­ing the colonization of continental waters by Halacaridae, the origin of freshwater genera and the systematic status of the Halacaridae and Limnohalacaridae. Some representatives of the genus Halacarus such as H. subterraneus, H. capuzinus, H. basteri affinis, H. procerus, H. anomalus and H. bisulcus serve as classical examples of subterranean migration towards continental waters. In our studies on the interstitial waters of the Black Sea littoral, we noted a gradual migration of different representatives of this genus towards the subterranean waters of the con­tinent. Repeated sampling of the species H. (Halacarellus) capuzinus and H. (Halacarellus) procerus in different localities along the littoral zone seems to suggest that these species keep close to the coast, where they can be caught abundantly, while farther away from the coast they decrease in number. Although psammophilous, they maintain a close contact with the sea and are found less often in the “zone of mixing”. H. (Halacarellus) subterraneus and H. (Halacarellus) pbreaticus behave quite differently (Petrova, 1971, 1972). These species show an even more pronounced tendency to colonize subterranean continental waters. They — abound in the interstitial waters of the littoral zone much closer to the coastline (up to 10m) and even penetrate the continental phreatic waters of wells and springs not far from the sea. Frequent sampling of these two species in several localities prompts us to assume that they are intermediate forms which have succeeded in overcoming the ecological zone of transition, i.e. the “zone of mixing” between the sea and the continental subterranean waters. An analogous case is that of H. (Halacarellus) basteri affinis, a species also found in a fresh-water spring near the sea, together with H. (Halacarellus) pbreaticus. The genus Halacarus seems to be in “full bloom” as it contains a great variety of forms and shows extensive migratory tendencies.

At the time of the publication of Copernicus’ De revolutionibus orbium codestium, the learned and scientific culture of Sweden was in a profound state of decay. The Lutheran Reformation had resulted in confiscation by the State of the ecclesiastical property upon which all learned education rested. Medieval monastery culture had disappeared and all its libraries were scattered, the educational system was totally disorganized, and the University of Upsala, founded in 1477, ceased to exist for more than half a century. That university, or Studium generale, was the only one within the State of Sweden, which at that time (and till 1809) included Finland as well. The few Swedes, who acquired any higher education and had any close contact with international science during this period, had to go abroad, above all to universities in Protestant Germany.

Among the many fellow creatures that man finds around him hardly any have had such power to attract his attention, occupy his thoughts, or fire his imagination as birds. There is, therefore, available a wealth of evidence of man’s interest in birds right from the earliest times, even though this interest may have been inspired by the most diverse motives. Foremost among these are the attractions birds possess for earthbound man in their power of flight, and in the vitality and beauty expressed by their whole appearance and behaviour. Quite apart from the more esthetic satisfaction to which birds give rise, there is another very natural, and primitive, reason for close contact with the bird world. These creatures are fit quarry for the hunter, and various means are employed to effect their capture.

After he left Hungary, Lukacs seems to have kept in close contact with the Simmel family. Gertrud Simmel, the wife of Georg Simmel, Lukdcs’ former teacher at Berlin, mentions him as a visitor to their home in a letter to the famous essayist Paul Ernst, who as a youth had corresponded with Friedrich Engels. She mentions in her letter that “Herr von Lukacs” spoke to her about an article on Shakespeare.1

We have seen that, immediately before the outbreak of the rebellion in Tjilegon, Hadji Wasid had been in close contact with Hadji Tubagus Ismail and other prominent leaders of the rebellion. They finally decided that the time for action had arrived, and arranged that the revolt should commence in Tjilegon on Monday, 9 July, 1888 and that the attack on Serang should follow. After his final consultation with both Hadji Tubagus Ismail and Hadji Iskak in Sanedja on the Sunday night preceding the outbreak of the rebellion, Hadji Wasid immediately went northward in order to conduct the last preparations in the district of Bodjonegoro.