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Graphene-based nanomaterials have been proved to be robust sorbents for efficient removal of environmental contaminants including arsenic (As). Biobased graphene oxide (bGO-P) derived from sugarcane bagasse via pyrolysis, GO-C via chemical exfoliation, and magnetite nanoparticles (FeNPs) via green approach using Azadirachta indica leaf extract were synthesized and characterized by Ultraviolet-Visible Spectrophotometer (UV-vis.), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), mean particle size and Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) along with Energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDX) analysis. Compared to cellulose and hemicellulose, the lignin fraction was less in the precursor material. The GOC, bGO-P and FeNPs displayed maximum absorption at 230, 236, and 374 nm, respectively. FTIR spectrum showed different functional groups (C-OH, C-O-C, COOH and O-H) modifying the surfaces of synthesized materials. Graphene based nanomaterials showed clustered dense flakes of GO-C and thin transparent flakes of bGO-P. Elemental composition by EDX analysis of GO-C (71.26% C and 27.36% O), bGO-P (74.54% C and 24.61% O) and FeNPs (55.61% Fe, 4.1% C and 35.72% O) confirmed the presence of carbon, oxygen, and iron in synthesized nanomaterials. Sorption study was conducted with soil amended with different doses of synthesized nanomaterials (10, 50 and 250 mg) and exposed to 100, 300 and 500 ppm of As. Arsenic concentrations were estimated by colorimetry and atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS). GO-C, bGO-P, and FeNPs showed substantial As removal efficiency i.e., 81 to 99.3%, 65 to 98.8% and 73.1–89.9%, respectively. Green synthesis of bGO-P and magnetite nanoparticles removed substantial amounts of As compared to GO-C and can be effectively deployed for As removal or immobilization. Higher and medium sorbent doses (250 and 50 mg) exhibited greater As removal and data was best fitted for Freundlich isotherm evidencing favorable sorption. Nevertheless, at low sorbent doses, data was best fitted for both models. Newly synthesized nanomaterials emerged as promising materials for As removal strategy for soil nano-remediation and can be effectively deployed in As contaminated soils. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The worldwide exploration of the ethanolysis protocol (EP) has decreased despite the multifaceted benefits of ethanol, such as lower toxicity, higher oxygen content, higher renewability, and fewer emission tail compared to methanol, and the enhanced fuel properties with improved engine characteristics of multiple-oily feedstocks (MOFs) compared to single-oily feedstocks. The study first proposed a strategy for the optimisation of ethylic biodiesel synthesis from MOFs: neem, animal fat, and jatropha oil (NFJO) on a batch reactor. The project's goals were to ensure environmental benignity and encourage the use of totally biobased products. This was made possible by the introduction of novel population based algorithms such as Driving Training-Based Optimization (DTBO) and Election-Based Optimization (EBOA), which were compared with the widely used Grey Wolf Optimizer (GWO) combined with Response Surface Methodology (RSM). The yield of NFJO ethyl ester (NFJOEE) was predicted using the RSM technique, and the ideal transesterification conditions were determined using the DTBO, EBOA, and GWO algorithms. Reaction time showed a strong linear relationship with ethylic biodiesel yield, while ethanol-to-NFJO molar ratio, catalyst dosage, and reaction temperature showed nonlinear effects. Reaction time was the most significant contributor to NFJOEE yield.The important fundamental characteristics of the fuel categories were investigated using the ASTM test procedures. The maximum NFJOEE yield (86.3%) was obtained at an ethanol/NFJO molar ratio of 5.99, KOH content of 0.915 wt.%, ethylic duration of 67.43 min, and reaction temperature of 61.55 °C. EBOA outperforms DTBO and GWO regarding iteration and computation time, converging towards a global fitness value equal to 7 for 4 s, 20 for 5 s and 985 for 34 s. The key fuel properties conformed to the standards outlined by ASTMD6751 and EN 14,214 specifications. The NFJOEE fuel processing cost is 0.9328 USD, and is comparatively lesser than that of conventional diesel. The new postulated population based algorithm models can be a prospective approach for enhancing biodiesel production from numerous MOFs and ensuring a balanced ecosystem and fulfilling enviromental benignity when adopted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current study evaluated the effects of air pollution on selected street trees in the National Capital Territory during the pre- and post-monsoon seasons to identify the optimally suitable tree for green belt development in Delhi. The identification was performed by measuring the air pollution tolerance index (APTI), anticipated performance index (API), dust-capturing capacity (DCC) and proline content on the trees. The APTI of street trees of Delhi varied significantly among different tree species (F11,88.91 = 47.18, p < 0.05), experimental sites (F3,12.52 = 6.65, p < 0.001) and between seasons (F1,31.12 = 16.51, p < 0.001), emphasizing the relationships between trees and other types of variables such as the climate and level of pollution, among other factors. This variability emphasizes the need to choose trees to use for urban greening in the improvement of air quality in different environments within cities. Ascorbic acid (AA) concentration and relative water content (RWC) had a strong influence on APTI with an extremely significant moderate positive correlation between AA concentration and APTI (r = 0.65, p < 0.001) along with RWC and APTI (r = 0.52, p < 0.001), indicating that higher levels of AA concentration and RWC are linked to increased air pollution tolerance. The PCA bi-plot indicates AA has poor positive loading coefficients with PC1 explaining 29.49% of the total variance in the dataset. The highest APTI was recorded in Azadirachta indica (22.01), Leucaena leucocephala (20.65), Morus alba (20.62), Ficus religiosa (20.61) and Ficus benghalensis (19.61), irrespective of sites and seasons. Similarly, based on API grading, F. religiosa and F. benghalensis were identified as excellent API grade 6 (81–90%), A. indica and Alstonia scholaris as very good API grade 5 (71–80%), M. alba, Pongamia pinnata and Monoon longifolium as good API grade 4 (61–70%) and Plumeria alba as moderate API grade 3 (51–60%) in different streets of Delhi. As these plants are indigenous to the region and hold significant socio-economic and aesthetic significance in Indian societies, they are advisable for avenue plantations as part of various government initiatives to support environmental sustainability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigated the use of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) as an adsorbent for removing total phenols from textile wastewater. The ZnO NPs were synthesized by reducing Zn(NO3)2⋅6H2O using an extract from Neem leaves (Azadirachta indica). Characterization of the adsorbent was performed using Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy to identify functional group modifications, high-resolution scanning electron microscopy (HRSEM) for structural orientation, energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) for elemental analysis, and X-Ray diffraction analysis (XRD) for crystallinity, revealing particle crystallinity around 200 nm. Adsorption experiments were conducted over contact times of 20–60 min, with adsorbent loadings between 0.2 and 1 g/100 mL, and temperatures ranging from 30 to 50 °C. Optimal phenol removal, achieving 55.93% (0.67 mg/L), occurred at 43.40 min, 33.70 °C, and an adsorbent dosage of 0.69 g/L of textile wastewater. The phenol adsorption process using ZnO NPs was exothermic, spontaneous, and required low energy, fitting well with the Langmuir isotherm and following a pseudo-second-order kinetic model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Composites of roasted neem powder and polyaniline (PANI) were synthesized through chemical oxidative polymerization. The major elemental composition of roasted neem bark powder was carbon, oxygen followed by silicon. These prepared composites were subsequently integrated as fillers in an epoxy–polyamine. The formulations show excellent adhesion on mild steel with a rating of 5B. With the addition of roasted neem bark powder and roasted neem bark powder–PANI composite, the pencil hardness increased to 6H from 4H for blank epoxy. Epoxy roasted neem powder (EN)-4% and EN-PANI 2% formulations showed scratch hardness of 1800 kg. All the coatings showed enhanced mechanical properties as compared to blank epoxy coating, as aromatic PANI hinders the chain moment and roasted neem core provides additional strength. The studied variations show excellent acid, alkali, and solvent resistance. Anticorrosive properties were studied using salt spray and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). The highest impedance value in terms of logZ is observed for EN-PANI 4% b1 in the range of 8.6, whereas the lowest is for blank epoxy, i.e. ~ 5 logZ. PANI improves the anticorrosive behaviour by forming an oxide layer on the substrate while roasted neem powder acts as a barrier and hinders the flow of moisture and oxygen to reach the substrate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nanotechnology is a burgeoning modern technology due to the remarkable properties of nanoparticles. However, the escalating use of toxic reagents during the chemical synthesis of nanoparticles has become a major concern for environmental safety and human and animal health. Regarding this problem, the notion of integrating nanotechnology with green synthesis is increasingly attracting the attention of researchers. This particular study aims at the green synthesis of copper sulphide (CuS) nanoparticles S1, S2, and S3 utilizing the leaf extracts of Azadirachta indica (neem), Syzygium cumini (jamun), and Cascabela thevetia (kaner), respectively. The prepared leaf extract of neem is rich in quercetin, whereas extracts of jamun and kaner leaves contain gallic acid, which serves as a reducing agent during the formation of nanoparticles. The prominent and sharp peaks of x-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns match well with ICDD card no. 06-0464, which confirms the hexagonal phase of covellite CuS. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images reveal the formation of spherical-shaped CuS nanoparticles with mild agglomeration. The presence of Cu and S as the only elements in the synthesized samples is confirmed by energy-dispersive x-ray analysis (EDX). The occurrence of various stretching and bending vibrational modes is observed via Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. Furthermore, the obtained FTIR spectra of S1, S2, and S3 evince the formation of CuS nanoparticles and the presence of bioactive compounds. The UV-Vis absorption data of the prepared samples reveal that their band gap energies lie within the range of 1.5–1.7 eV. The photoluminescence (PL) spectra of S1, S2, and S3 display decreased intensity, which could be due to the reduced recombination rate of charge carriers. The CuS nanoparticles synthesized with neem leaf extract exhibit relatively smaller crystallite size, wider band gap of 1.7 eV, and a lower recombination rate of charge carriers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The shocking ecological variations and dangers of phasing out fossil fuels are concerning for human progress. It has raised the apprehension of workers about shifting from old energy capitals to ecologically sustainable biofuels. The current work involves the preparation of biodiesel (BD) using non-edible neem oil via transesterification reaction (TR). The transesterification process was carried out using nickel-doped zinc oxide (Ni–ZnO) nanocatalysts produced using the sonochemical technique. XRD, EDX, and SEM were employed for characterizing synthesized nanoparticles. TR was performed for the evaluation of the catalytic performance of Ni–ZnO. Various parameters affecting reaction rates, such as catalyst amount, temperature, and the methyl alcohol to neem oil ratio, were tested to determine where the maximum BD production could be achieved. It was found that the best BD (90.1%) was produced at 60 °C with a 1:10 oil-to-methyl alcohol ratio using 0.9 g of the catalytic system. First-order kinetic modeling is best suited for TR. Vital thermodynamic factors such as energy of activation (E*), enthalpy (H*), and entropy (S*) were also found. TR was endothermic and entropy-driven. A Ni–ZnO nanocatalyst could be an appropriate catalytic system for the heterogeneous catalysis of transesterification, a key reaction for BD making. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Shrimp farming is a significant contributor to the GDP of several growing Asian countries. However, the emergence of Enterocytozoon hepatopanaei (EHP) infection has had a negative impact on the Indian shrimp market, leading to increased mortality and growth retardation among shrimp populations. In order to address this issue, a study was conducted to investigate the potential therapeutic effects of neem aqueous extract (NAE) in treating EHP infection in shrimp. This study employed various approaches, including toxicity testing in zebrafish larvae to determine safe and suitable doses of NAE, as well as long-term exposure trials on adult shrimp. The results of the study indicated that NAE exposure improved the antioxidant defence system by boosting SOD, CAT and NO levels and immunological response of infected shrimp, effectively reducing oxidative stress and enhancing the activity of prophenoloxidase (PPO). Furthermore, histological evaluations demonstrated a decrease in EHP spore development in the shrimp hepatopancreas, while staining analyses revealed the presence of spores in shrimp faeces. Furthermore, the potential bioactive compounds in the extract were observed using GC-MS analysis. These findings highlight the potential of NAE as a natural and effective treatment option for EHP infection in shrimp, which holds significant implications for the aquaculture sector. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The urban area is the most diverse land-use due to various types of interferences. Urban vegetation is, therefore, a scarce resource and investigation on the potentiality and ecological services are yet to be explored properly across the world. This study investigates the floristic diversity, biomass, carbon (C) stock, and CO2 mitigation in the urban environment. The study area was explored across four directions i.e., east, west, north, and south with random sampling techniques. The density of trees, saplings, and seedlings ranged between 170–240 stems ha−1, 0–50 ha−1, and 30–420 ha−1, respectively. The basal cover of the tree and sapling varied from 14.10–39.26 m2 ha−1, and 0–0.17 m2 ha−1, respectively. For the tree layer, the Shannon index value ranged between 2.95 and 3.44, Simpsons index from 0.10–0.14, equitability from 1.28–1.43, richness from 1.67–2.19, and beta diversity from 2.00–2.55. The major ecological function performed by the urban vegetation in terms of biomass, C storage and CO2 mitigation ranged between 166.03–720.12 t ha−1, 60.36–319.35 t ha−1 and 221.52–1172.03 t ha−1, respectively being highest towards the east and least at the south. This finding reports Mangifera indica, Shorea robusta, Ficus benghalensis, Delonix regia, Acacia mangium, Azadirachta indica, and Dalbergia sissoo contributes significant ecological services in terms of biomass, C storage and CO2 mitigation and thus can be utilized for urban planning, greening, and sustainable development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Phthorimaea absoluta is a global constraint to tomato production and can cause up to 100% yield loss. Farmers heavily rely on synthetic pesticides to manage this pest. However, these pesticides are detrimental to human, animal, and environmental health. Therefore, exploring eco-friendly, sustainable Integrated Pest Management approaches, including biopesticides as potential alternatives, is of paramount importance. In this context, the present study (i) evaluated the efficacy of 10 Bacillus thuringiensis isolates, neem, garlic, and fenugreek; (ii) assessed the interactions between the most potent plant extracts and B. thuringiensis isolates, and (iii) evaluated the gut microbial diversity due to the treatments for the development of novel formulations against P. absoluta. Neem recorded the highest mortality of 93.79 ± 3.12% with an LT50 value of 1.21 ± 0.24 days, Bt HD263 induced 91.3 ± 3.68% mortality with LT50 of 2.63 ± 0.11 days, compared to both Bt 43 and fenugreek that caused < 50% mortality. Larval mortality was further enhanced to 99 ± 1.04% when Bt HD263 and neem were combined. Furthermore, the microbiome analyses showed that Klebsiella, Escherichia and Enterobacter had the highest abundance in all treatments with Klebsiella being the most abundant. In addition, a shift in the abundance of the bacterial genera due to the treatments was observed. Our findings showed that neem, garlic, and Bt HD263 could effectively control P. absoluta and be integrated into IPM programs after validation by field efficacy trials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The attention of agricultural product waste residues is gathering significance in automotive, structural, and marine applications. Agricultural bio-waste residues are extracted from various crops and utilized as reinforcement cheaply. The epoxy hybrid composite is prepared with different blending ratios of bio-degradable banana (BF) and neem (NF) fiber. Influences of chemical treatment on tensile strength and moisture absorption performance of composite are studied by ASTM standard, and results proved the fiber loading in the epoxy matrix found increased tensile strength and moisture absorption capability. Amid the combinations, the silane-treated BF/NF (3:1) composite has 1.3±0.11 g/cc density, high tensile strength of 72.45±1.1 MPa and increased moisture absorption resistance of 43.78 %. The observed silane-treated composite (BF/NF 3:1) tensile strength performance studied under the dry state is 56.19±1.1 MPa. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Phytophagous mites especially yellow mite, Polyphagotarsonemus latus (Banks) and two-spotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae Koch cause major problems in the cultivation of capsicum or green pepper under protected conditions resulting in significant yield losses. The objective of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of different biorationals and natural products against yellow mite, P.latus, infesting capsicum grown in hydroponic system in polyhouse conditions during 2019. The natural products and plant extracts were prepared indigeneously. Results revealed that among all the treatments, pepper extract @ 30ml/l followed by both Brahamastra and Agniastra at the highest doses of 50ml/l caused maximum mortality of mites. Even the PAU home made neem extract and Pongamia extract both @ 12ml/l were found more effective as compared to the Dherek extract. The bioagent, anthocorid bug, Blaptostethus pallescens @ 10 nymphs per plant reduced the mite population after two releases at weekly interval. These natural products and biorationals can be incorporated in integrated mite management programmes under protected cultivation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rapeseed- mustard is an important source of edible oil but vulnerable to attack by various insect pests. More than three dozen insect pests are known to be related with rapeseed mustard crop in India. Among them, mustard aphid, Lipaphis erysimi (Kalt.) is a major pest on rapeseed-mustard. Bio-efficacy of PAU homemade neem extract (PAU HMNE) @ 5.0, 7.5 and 10.0 L ha−1 along with standard check, Actara (thiamethoxam 25 WG) @ 100 g ha−1 was tested against L. erysimi on gobhi sarson under organic farming conditions. All treatments were applied twice, first when aphid population reached at economic threshold level, ETL (50–60 aphids per 10 cm terminal portion of the central shoot of plant) and second after 7 days of first spray. Water spray and untreated control were kept for the comparison purpose. Three replications were kept for all the treatments. Aphid incidence was recorded on 10 cm terminal portion of central shoot from 10 randomly selected tagged plants per plot. On pooled mean basis, Actara 25 WG @ 100 g ha−1 was found to be most effective against mustard aphid offering highest per cent reduction over control (PROC) viz. 85.01- 94.67 and 83.75–89.66% during 2020–21 and 2021–22, respectively, but it also registered highest predators' mortality. In contrast, a locally prepared neem extract, PAU HMNE @ 10.0 L ha−1 was next to record high PROC, i.e., 37.44 to 48.28% and 43.57 to 50.06% in 2020–21 and 2021–22, respectively, and highest predators' population. A highest seed yield of mustard (14.80 and 16.85 q ha−1) was marked in Actara 25 WG @ 10.0 L followed by PAU HMNE @ 10.0 L (13.83 and 16.24 q ha−1) over the untreated control plots with lowest seed yield (11.30 and 14.60 q ha−1) in 2020–21 and 2021–22, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The adsorption properties of magnetically modified Azadirachta indica sawdust (MAIS) on cationic methylene blue (MB) dye were studied. A number of conventional and modern analytical methods, viz., SEM/EDXS, TEM/SAED, BET, XRD, Raman, FTIR, TGA-DTG /DTA, VSM, and point of zero charge (Pozc) were used for characterization of the developed adsorbent. Batch adsorption experiments were conducted to determine how adsorption was affected by various factors like adsorbate/adsorbent contact time, medium pH, adsorbent dosage, temperature, and starting dye concentration. The experimental data were analyzed in the light of various isotherm and kinetic models. The data accompanying the adsorption of MB by MAIS were found to be best obeyed by Langmuir isotherm and Pseudo-second-order kinetic models. The maximum adsorption capacity for the Langmuir monolayer coverage was calculated to be 169.491 mg/g. The remediation of MB was found to be thermodynamically spontaneous, endothermic, and accompanied by an entropy increase. Desorption experiments suggested that HCl is an effective desorbing agent, and MAIS can be reused successfully for up to seven repeated adsorption–desorption cycles. The combined benefit of facile synthesis, low-cost, outstanding binding ability for decontaminating dye, easy separability from aqueous media, and reusability suggest that the MAIS is a cost-effective and efficient novel adsorbent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An accurate assessment of nitrate leaching is important for efficient fertiliser utilisation and groundwater pollution reduction. However, past studies could not efficiently model nitrate leaching due to utilisation of conventional algorithms. To address the issue, the current research employed advanced machine learning algorithms, viz., Support Vector Machine, Artificial Neural Network, Random Forest, M5 Tree (M5P), Reduced Error Pruning Tree (REPTree) and Response Surface Methodology (RSM) to predict and optimize nitrate leaching. In this study, Urea Super Granules (USG) with three different coatings were used for the experiment in the soil columns, containing 1 kg soil with fertiliser placed in between. Statistical parameters, namely correlation coefficient, Mean Absolute Error, Willmott index, Root Mean Square Error and Nash–Sutcliffe efficiency were used to evaluate the performance of the ML techniques. In addition, a comparison was made in the test set among the machine learning models in which, RSM outperformed the rest of the models irrespective of coating type. Neem oil/ Acacia oil(ml): clay/sulfer (g): age (days) for minimum nitrate leaching was found to be 2.61: 1.67: 2.4 for coating of USG with bentonite clay and neem oil without heating, 2.18: 2: 1 for bentonite clay and neem oil with heating and 1.69: 1.64: 2.18 for coating USG with sulfer and acacia oil. The research would provide guidelines to researchers and policymakers to select the appropriate tool for precise prediction of nitrate leaching, which would optimise the yield and the benefit–cost ratio. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Neem (Azadiracta indica) is a well-known medicinal plant having therapeutic applications in malaria and dengue. However, its use is restricted by extreme bitterness. This work presents an approach to reduce the bitterness of neem juice (NJ) by adding it (3% to 10% w/v) at 20% v/w in pharmaceutical grade sugar to which zinc sulfate (5% to 15% w/v of NJ) was added to prepare co-crystallized sugar cubes (each of 5 ± 0.5 g) using D-optimal design. The sugar cubes were evaluated for overall acceptability, bitterness, and astringency using Temporal Dominance of Sensation (TDS). The optimized sugar cubes had zinc (13 mg/cube) with good encapsulation efficiency (77%) that met 73% of its RDA. Entrapment of zinc reduced the bitterness, while that of NJ stabilized its antioxidant properties. The polyphenol content of the sugar cubes, evaluated during 75-day storage decreased with an increase in temperature (5/25/35 °C) and relative humidity (33/63/93%). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Endophytes are microorganisms that inhabit various plant parts and cause no damage to the host plants. During the last few years, a number of novel endophytic fungi have been isolated and identified from medicinal plants and were found to be utilized as bio-stimulants and bio fertilizers. In lieu of this, the present study aims to isolate and identify endophytic fungi associated with the leaves of Anisomeles indica L. an important medicinal plant of the Terai-Duars region of West Bengal. A total of ten endophytic fungi were isolated from the leaves of A. indica and five were identified using ITS1/ITS4 sequencing based on their ability for plant growth promotion, secondary metabolite production, and extracellular enzyme production. Endophytic fungal isolates were identified as Colletotrichum yulongense Ai1, Colletotrichum cobbittiense Ai2, Colletotrichum alienum Ai2.1, Colletotrichum cobbittiense Ai3, and Fusarium equiseti. Five isolates tested positive for their plant growth promotion potential, while isolates Ai4. Ai1, Ai2, and Ai2.1 showed significant production of secondary metabolites viz. alkaloids, phenolics, flavonoids, saponins, etc. Isolate Ai2 showed maximum total phenolic concentration (25.98 mg g−1), while isolate Ai4 showed maximum total flavonoid concentration (20.10 mg g−1). Significant results were observed for the production of extracellular enzymes such as cellulases, amylases, laccases, lipases, etc. The isolates significantly influenced the seed germination percentage of tomato seedlings and augmented their growth and development under in vitro assay. The present work comprehensively tested these isolates and ascertained their huge application for the commercial utilization of these isolates both in the agricultural and industrial sectors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sugarcane must be processed quickly after being harvested because it is a destructible commodity. Harvested cane may degrade for a variety of reasons, including exposure to microbes, mechanical or manual harvesting, cultivar, maturity, cut-to-crush interval, and storage. Due to the quick loss of sucrose and deterioration after harvest, sugarcane needs to be treated at the right time and way. The higher sugar content of mature internodes offers the perfect conditions for microbial growth, which enters the harvested stalk through wounds or cut ends. The bacteria Leuconostoc spp. is primarily responsible for these post-harvest losses, which negatively affect sugar percent. The trials were carried out to assess the efficacy of Sodium metasilicate (SMS), Benzalkonium chloride (BKC), Nisin (Lactobacteria), and Neem sources on sugarcane for reducing the post-harvest degradation losses. An investigation is underway now to reveal that foliar spray of neem cake @ 5% + dried neem leaves extract @ 5% (in heaping) is the most effective and eco-friendly substance that might be able to significantly enhance sugar recovery. This treatment was comparable with the chemical formulation of SMS @ 2% (3 days before harvest) + BKC @ 2000 ppm (in heaping) which might be a consequence of controlling the proliferation of Leuconostoc spp. bacterium. Likewise, the juice obtained from these treatments has a lower rate of inclination in pH, reducing sugar, total soluble solids, titrable acidity index, invertase activity, higher sucrose, and commercial cane sugars (CCS) recovery, furthermore with relatively smaller losses in cane weight. Hence, these treatments offer a significant potential role in reducing post-harvest deterioration losses in the sugar industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nano-additives are being employed in successive generations of biodiesels to increase the performance characteristics and output of diesel engines. In this study, the impact of mixing carbon nanotubes (CNT) with three different generations of biodiesel in a diesel engine is assessed. With 100 ppm of CNT nanoparticles mixed together, pure biodiesels made from first-generation oil (soybean), second-generation oil (neem), and third-generation oil (Nannochloropsis oculata microalgae) are used for the analysis. With an engine load ranging from 0 to 100%, a one-cylinder, four-stroke, direct injection diesel engine is employed. The engine has a water-cooling system, a compression ratio of 17.5:1, and a fuel injection angle of 23° before TDC. The evaluated engines' improved performance and lower emissions serve as proof of the outcomes. The results are evidenced by the lower emissions and higher performance of the tested engines. The biodiesel containing CNT nanoparticles enhanced the cylinder pressure by 0.8–10.69%, the heat release rate (HRR) by 6.38–21.69%, and the brake thermal efficiency (BTE) by 0.32–1.62%. Subsequently, it reduced the brake-specific fuel consumption (BSFC) by 2.53–8.13%, the brake-specific energy consumption (BSEC) by 1.07–3.77%, the smoke opacity (BSN) by 6.26–12.85%, the particulate matter (PM) emissions by 11.04–18.33%, and the carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions by 2.53–8.14% at full engine load. However, an increase in 13.62–18.37% nitrogen emissions (NOx) emissions is also observed with the addition of CNT at 100% load. The investigation supports the use of CNT nano-additives in diesel engines for improved performance and reduced emissions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The decentralized standalone treatment of faecal sludge is a generally cumbersome, energy-intensive, and expensive process. Particle size enlargement, dewatering, and disinfection are the crucial unit operations that contribute to the major portion of the operational expenditure. Therefore, the present study took up the task to investigate and yield a natural alternative to each of the above-delineated unit operations. Crushed seed powders of Moringa, Guilandina bonduc, Nirmali, tamarind, soap nut, nutmeg, jackfruit, and custard apple were experimented as natural coagulants, while a double-stitched cow dung–lined jute tube was utilized as the media for solid-liquid separation. Finally, the powder of Neem and custard apple seed and leaf were considered herbal disinfectants for the separated liquid and solid fractions, respectively. The findings of the physicochemical and biological analyses of the above unit operations were compared with a conventional polymer–based Geotube-driven treatment scheme. The natural alternatives registered some promising outcomes. However, the combined treatment efficiency of 79.32% (mean value of TS, TSS, TDS, COD, and BOD percentage removal) for pollutant removal and disinfection could not exceed the value of 97.98% offered by the conventional method. Further, the financial comparison for processing a 10 KL batch of FS indicates that the conventional scheme is considerably cheaper (USD 7.95) than the herbal alternate (USD 22.1). Therefore, though the present findings depict promising alternatives for sustainable and eco-friendly faecal sludge treatment, the authors advocate conducting further research to address the existing challenges to facilitate their seamless implementation on a field-scale level. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study reports synthesis of zirconia nanoparticles (Zr) via hydrothermal method where bio-extracts of Neem gum (NG) and Pongamia pinnata plant leaves (PP) are used as capping agents. For comparison purpose, the zirconia nanoparticles (CZr) are also synthesized by chemical route without using capping agents. Synthesized zirconia nanoparticles are characterized by XRD, FTIR, HR-TEM, EDX, and DLS. The purity of the final product is checked by the energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) analysis. Interaction between surface hydroxyl groups of zirconia and functional groups of PP/NG are established by relocation of the peaks of respective functional groups in FTIR spectra. XRD studies show that the synthesized nanoparticles are of tetragonal phase. HR-TEM micrographs reveal uniform size with reduced agglomeration for PPZr and NGZr in respect to CZr. UV–Vis DRS spectra show a distinct absorption peak at approximately 225 nm, and band gaps of PPZr and NGZr are 4.96 eV and 4.75 eV, respectively. The nitrogen adsorption–desorption study confirms mesoporous nature of the material. The specific surface area of PPZr and NGZr are determined to be 80 m2/g and 100 m2/g, respectively. The zirconia nanoparticles show high dielectric constants in the lower frequency region. While, on the high-frequency side, the dielectric constant remains almost the same, owing to the space polarization effect. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nimbolide, a tetranortriterpenoid (limonoid) compound isolated from the leaves of Azadirachta indica, was screened both in vitro and in silico for its antimicrobial activity against Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense, Macrophomina phaseolina, Pythium aphanidermatum, Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae, and insecticidal activity against Plutella xylostella. Nimbolide exhibited a concentration-dependent, broad spectrum of antimicrobial and insecticidal activity. P. aphanidermatum (82.77%) was more highly inhibited than F. oxysporum f. sp. cubense (64.46%) and M. phaseolina (43.33%). The bacterium X. oryzae pv. oryzae forms an inhibition zone of about 20.20 mm, and P. xylostella showed about 66.66% mortality against nimbolide. The affinity of nimbolide for different protein targets in bacteria, fungi, and insects was validated by in silico approaches. The 3D structure of chosen protein molecules was built by homology modelling in the SWISS-MODEL server, and molecular docking was performed with the SwissDock server. Docking of homology-modelled protein structures shows most of the chosen target proteins have a higher affinity for the furan ring of nimbolide. Additionally, the stability of the best-docked protein–ligand complex was confirmed using molecular dynamic simulation. Thus, the present in vitro and in silico studies confirm the bioactivity of nimbolide and provide a strong basis for the formulation of nimbolide-based biological pesticides. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tourism has become a major socio-economic activity and one of the fastest-growing sectors of Ghana. However, this rapid expansion has contributed to detrimental effects environmentally and socio-culturally. This study was conducted to assess the impacts of human activities on the water quality and the plant species in and around the Paga crocodile pond and their implications for the sustainability of tourism in the area. The pond was divided into five grids, and five samples (20 cm depth) were collected from each grid for bacteriological and physicochemical analyses. The woody plant and low herbaceous species were assessed using visual appraisal and 1 m2 quadrat, respectively. The results showed that except for the chemical parameters (pH, Cl−, SO42−, PO42−, NO3−, total hardness, Ca2+ and DO) and TDS, the enteric bacteria load and physical parameters (colour, turbidity and EC) were above standards. This was majorly attributed to anthropogenic activities. The tree species identified on the banks were mainly Azadirachta Indica (neem), Diospyrosmespiliformis (Ebony), Acacia nilotica (Acacia), Taminaliacatapa (Indian Almond) and Ficus sp. The study recommends that proper sanitation and hygiene practices are implemented and enforced, and ensure periodic assessment of the pond's quality. Also, the protection of the vegetation within the catchment area of the pond should be integral in the management of the tourist site. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nanotechnology is one of the fastest-growing markets, but developing eco-friendly products, their maximum production, stability, and higher yield is a challenge. In this study, silver nanoparticles were synthesized using an easily available resource, leaves extract of the Neem (Azadirachta indica) plant, as a reducing and capping agent, determined their effect on germination and growth of tomato plants. The maximum production of silver nanoparticles was noted at 70 °C after 3 h of reaction time while treating the 10 ml leaf extract of Neem plant with 10 ml of 1 mM silver nitrate. The impact of the extract preparation method and solvent type on the plant mediated fabrication of silver nanoparticles was also investigated. The UV-spectrophotometric analysis confirmed the synthesis of silver nanoparticles and showed an absorption spectrum within Δ420–440 nm range. The size of the fabricated silver nanoparticles was 22–30 nm. The functional groups such as ethylene, amide, carbonyl, methoxy, alcohol, and phenol attached to stabilize the nanoparticles were observed using the FTIR technique. SEM, EDX, and XRD analyses were performed to study the physiochemical characteristics of synthesized nanoparticles. Silver nanoparticles increased the germination rate of tomato seeds up to 70% while decreasing the mean germination time compared to the control. Silver nanoparticles applied at varying concentrations significantly increased the shoot length (25 to 80%), root length (10 to 60%), and fresh biomass (10 to 80%) biomass of the tomato plant. The production of total chlorophyll, carotenoid, flavonoids, soluble sugar, and protein was significantly increased in tomato plants treated with 5 and 10 ppm silver nanoparticles compared to the control. Green synthesized silver nanoparticles are cost-effective and nontoxic and can be applied in agriculture, biomedical, and other fields. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The whitefly, Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae), is a global pest of cotton crops. The whitefly causes severe damage to plants both directly and indirectly due to its high dispersal ability, small size, and high reproductive potential. Besides all the possible factors regarding the outbreak of whitefly populations, the major one is widespread use of insecticides, which not only cause resistance development in whiteflies but also cause mortality in beneficial insects. This study reports the integration of the insecticidal crude protein extracted from Citrullus colocynthis seed, Citrullus colocynthis fruit, Azadirachta indica leaves, Azadirachta indica seed, and insecticidal crude protein of Beauveria bassiana and Metarhizium anisopliae against Bemisia tabaci mitotype Asia II-1 under lab conditions. After 24, 48, 72, and 96 h, mortality percentage was recorded. Leaf dip bioassay method were used. Citrullus colocynthis seed crude protein + A. indica seed crude protein determined the highest rate of mortality (86.3 ± 1.66%) and (82.3 ± 1.66%), followed by C. colocynthis seed crude protein + B. bassiana crude protein (83.3 ± 1.66%) and (80.6 ± 2.88%), and C. colocynthis seed crude protein + A. indica leaf crude protein (80.3 ± 2.88%) and (78.3 ± 1.66%), respectively, after 96 h against the adult and nymphal instars of whitefly mitotype Asia II-1 under control condition. This study would help in the application of integration of plant crude protein and entomopathogenic fungi crude protein as alternative techniques for management of B. tabaci in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tamarindus indica is a priority local forest food tree in the Sahel. It is an important source of income for many rural families. It is still in the wild, apart from a few specimens of the accessions recently introduced into the landscape of Sahelian villages. The objective of the present study is to investigate the performance and efficiency of three accession grafts and the effect of grafting to shorten the juvenal growth and fruiting periods for improving woody species diversity in agroforestry parklands and diversifying the sources of income of small producers. The design was a randomized complete block with 5 replications. Each block was composed of 5 grafts of three accessions (Niger 309, TB3, Sweet Thailand) and 5 seedlings propagated from wild tree seeds. Growth parameters (height, collar diameter, canopy width and primary branch number) were measured on all plants. The evaluation of fruiting potential was made on 5 plants of each accession in the first year and 10 plants in the second year. Cost–benefit analysis were carried out to assess the financial viability and economic profitability of planting these accessions of T. indica. The results show that Sweet Thailand accession had the best growth performance compared to Niger 309 and TB3. Fruiting of the three accession grafts started in the second year after planting, in contrast to seedlings which started to bear fruit from the fourth year. TB3 grafts had higher average fruit production in 2017 and 2018 (120 and 640 kg ha−1, respectively). The cost–benefit analysis shows that planting of the three accession grafts is financially viable and economically profitable. The results of the present study indicated that planting these three accessions might play an important role in food security, the resilience of small-scale farmers and the improvement of biodiversity in the landscape. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A variety of industries employ synthetic azo dyes. However, the biosphere is being damaged by the unused/leftover azo dyes, which pose a danger to all living things. Therefore, treating them to shield the environment from the potential harm of azo dyes is crucial. Bio-sorption is a cheap and effective mode for eliminating toxic dyes in the environment. The current work focused on synthesizing magnesium oxide (MgO) nanoparticles using an aqueous leaf extract of neem (Azadirachta indica). The XRD and SEM analyses of MgO nanoparticles indicated the crystalline nature of MgO nanoparticles with a cubic structure, and the size was around 90–100 nm. FTIR analysis showed the presence of a stretching frequency peak at 550 cm−1, confirming the Mg–O bond. The surface analysis revealed the cluster form of the synthesized nanoparticles. The UV–visible absorption peak for MgO nanoparticles was found at 294 nm and band gap of 4.52 eV. In order to eliminate the Reactive Red 195 dye, MgO nanoparticles were used. At pH 4, 40 °C, 0.02% dye concentration, and 0.003 g/L catalyst amount, the highest degree of decolorization (91%) was seen. Decreased total organic carbon (TOC) and the chemical oxygen demand (COD) percent were 84.33% and 81.3%, respectively. The proposed mechanism of target dye degradation was also investigated. MgO NPs were found to be effective in their catalytic behavior toward the degradation of Reactive Red 195 dye up to five cycles with almost no change in their catalytic activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In metropolitan areas, air pollution poses a significant threat, and it is crucial to carefully select plant species that can tolerate such conditions. This requires a scientific approach based on systematic evaluation before recommending them to executive bodies. This study aimed to determine the air pollution tolerance index (APTI), dust retention capacity, and phytoremediation ability of 10 plant species growing in and around a lignite-based coal thermal power station. The results showed that Ficus benghalensis L. had the highest APTI, followed by Mimusops elengi L., Ficus religiosa L., Azadirachta indica A. Juss., and Annona reticulata L. F. benghalensis also showed the highest pH of leaf extract, relative water content, total chlorophyll, and ascorbic acid content, as well as the highest dust capturing capacity. Among the ten plant species, F. benghalensis, M. elengi, F. religiosa, A. indica and F. racemosa were identified as a tolerant group that can be used for particulate matter suppression and heavy metal stabilization in and around thermal power plants. These findings can inform the selection of plants for effective green infrastructure in smart green cities, promoting the health and well-being of urban populations. This research is relevant to urban planners, policymakers, and environmentalists interested in sustainable urban development and air pollution mitigation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E. Smith) is an invasive pest, causing significant corn yield losses. Currently, its control is largely dependent on foliar spray with insecticides. Application of insecticides on the cuticular wax and linear long leaves of corn, however, is sometimes ineffective because sprayed droplets may bounce off the leaves and also S. frugiperda larvaes are deeply embedded in the corn whorl and usually emerge at night. Improving insecticide adhesion on corn leaves could increase control efficacy. In this study, three 20% chlorantraniliprole emulsifiable concentrates (CECs) were formulated using neem, sunflower, and grape seed oils. The wettability, emulsion stability, physicochemical properties, control efficiency, and absorption levels of CECs were evaluated by comparison with a 200 g L−1 chlorantraniliprole suspension concentrate (SC). Results indicated that CECs had appropriate emulsification and wetting properties. The work of adhesion of SC was over 1.4-fold higher than CECs, and the surface tension and contact angle of CECs were 1.87–1.94 and 1.69–2.05-fold lower than SC, respectively, which was effective in reducing chlorantraniliprole drift and improving the deposition. CECs and SC were used for controlling S. frugiperda larvae in corn plants in Guangzhou and Nanning, respectively. Results showed that CECs were 1.45–1.60-fold more effective than SC in reducing S. frugiperda larvae in 14 days. The enhanced control efficacy of CECs was related to its improved adhesion performance on corn leaves as chlorantraniliprole on corn leaves were significantly higher, and half-lives of CECs were longer than SC. Our study suggests that improving adhesion performance of a popular insecticide can significantly improve control efficacy of S. frugiperda larvae in corn plants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The outbreak of the fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda, in Africa has led to several recommendations of insecticides, including biopesticides. However, the effects of these products on the environment, especially on parasitoids have not been assessed under field conditions. Here, we investigated the effect of commonly used biopesticides on S. frugiperda management and larval parasitoids of S. frugiperda in northern Ghana. The experiments were conducted both on-station in Wa and Nyankpala and on-farm in Wa during the 2020 rainy season. Active ingredients tested included neem oil (3% Azadirachtin), maltodextrin (282 g/l), 55% Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) combined with 45% Monosultap, and a Pieris rapae granulosis virus combined with 5% Bt. A chemical insecticide based on emamectin benzoate and acetamiprid was used as positive control while non-treated maize plots were considered as untreated control. The two most abundant parasitoids in Wa were Coccygidium luteum and Chelonus bifoveolatus, while in Nyankpala they were C. luteum and Meteorus sp. Total larval parasitism rates on-station were 18.7% and 17.6% in Wa and Nyankpala, respectively, and 8.8% in Wa on-farm. Parasitoid species diversity and evenness indexes did not vary among treatments, but parasitism rates were significantly lower with the chemical on-station in Wa and with the virus and Bt product in Nyankpala. Untreated maize plots showed the highest larval density and plant damage, the highest cob damage, and generated the lowest yields. The other treatments showed hardly any difference in cob damage and yields, suggesting that biopesticides should be preferred over chemical pesticides for S. frugiperda control. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The search for new antimalarial drugs remains elusive prompting research into antimalarial combinations from medicinal plants due to their cheapness, efficacy and availability. Azadirachta indica (AI), Morinda lucida (ML) and Mangifera indica (MI) have all been reported as potent antimalarial plants. Purpose: This study evaluated the efficacy of an antimalarial combination therapeutics prepared from leaves of AI, ML and MI using in vitro, in vivo and molecular methods. Methods: Refined extracts of the plants combination was made by partitioning the aqueous extract of plants combinations (AI + MI, AI + ML, MI + ML, AI + MI + ML) using methanol and ethyl acetate consecutively. The resulting ethyl acetate partitioned fraction was evaluated for its antimalarial activity. Molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulation were employed to determine the possible mechanism of action of the constituent of the most active combination against four important P. falciparum proteins. Results: The result revealed that the refined extract from combinations AI + ML and MI + ML at 16 mg/kg bodyweight have the highest chemo-suppressive effect of 90.7% and 91.0% respectively compared to chloroquine's 100% at 10 mg/kg. Also, refined extract from MI + ML combination improved PCV levels significantly (p < 0.05) compared to controls. Molecular docking revealed oleanolic acid and ursolic acid as multiple inhibitors of plasmepsin II, hiso-aspartic protease, falcipain-2 and P. falciparum Eonyl acyl-carrier protein reductase with relative stability during 100 ns of simulation. Conclusion: The study unveiled the potentials of ML and MI as good candidates for antimalarial combination therapy and further established their use together as revealed in folklore medicine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using biomass materials for activated carbon preparation through a simple and expedient method is a highly appropriate approach for sustainable and green development. Here, for the first time the waste neem (Azadirachta Indica) leaf was used for the development of activated carbon in the microwave process assisted with K2CO3 as an activating agent, and its performance was checked for methylene blue dye (MB) removal. The neem leaves activated carbon (NLAC) was analyzed with sophisticated instrument, where the SEM, XRD and pHIEP results showed that NLAC surface has highly active pores, is crystalline in nature and has a pHIEP value of 6.9. The FTIR data indicated that a number of active functional groups (–OH, –COOH, etc.) were present on the NLAC surface. The BET data presented that material has a good surface area of 50.69 m2/g and a pore volume of 0.014 cm3/g. More than 96% of MB dye was removed in the obtained environments of 10 mg/L MB dye concentration, pH 7, contact time 100 min, adsorbent dose of 70 mg and temperature 80 °C, respectively. The removal data were suitably followed by Langmuir isotherm model (R2 = 0.96) having an uptake capacity of 132.52 mg/g. Kinetics data for MB removal were matched with the pseudo-second-order model with a R2 of 0.96. The adsorption process was spontaneous in nature, where Δ H and Δ S values were 0.029 kJ/mol and 0.095 kJ/Kmol. The adsorption mechanism was followed by three types of interaction, i.e., electrostatic attraction, hydrogen bonding and pi–pi interaction, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The western corn rootworm (Diabrotica virgifera virgifera LeConte) is one of the most important pests of maize in Hungary. As both larvae and imagoes are capable of causing major economic losses, their control in continuous maize cropping systems is essential. The control of larvae is costly and the related use of large doses of soil disinfectants places an increased burden on the environment. In recent years, several chemical products used as soil insecticides and seed dressings have been phased out, thus increasing the value of environmentally friendly biological products that provide effective protection against the pest. The active ingredient azadirachtin, the extract of the seeds of Azadirachta indica is one of such biological agents. In our experiments, we studied the efficacy of two azadirachtin products, Neemazal T/S (1% azadirachtin; 10 g/l) and Neemazal F (5% azadirachtin; 50 g/l) used as seed dressing against western corn rootworm larvae. The products were used in different concentrations (10–150%) in different regions and on various soil-types in Hungary. The active ingredient could effectively control the pest in its larval stage. Treatments with concentrations exceeding 50% were effective in all the replications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In urban areas around the world, air pollution introduced by vehicular movement is a key concern. However, restricting vehicular traffic during the COVID-19 shutdown improved air quality to some extent. This study was conducted out in the smart city of Bhubaneswar, which is also the state capital of Odisha, India. The study has tried to map Bhubaneswar by collecting the air quality data before, during, and after the COVID lockdown of six air quality monitoring stations present in Bhubaneswar established under "National Ambient Air Monitoring Program" (NAMP). Furthermore, plants, which are the most vulnerable to air pollution, can show a variety of visible changes depending on their level of sensitivity. Moreover, leaves of Mangifera indica, Monoon longifolium, Azadirachta indica, Millettia pinnata, Aegle marmelos were collected from nearby of six air monitoring stations to assess the "Air Pollution Tolerance Index." M. indica was found to be intermediately tolerant, and all of the other species were found to be sensitive. The structural equation modeling results also revealed a significant relationship between total chlorophyll content, relative water content, ascorbic acid content, leaf extract pH, APTI with species, air quality index, and PM10. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A polyextremophilic fungal strain, A. flavus QMS-8, previously isolated from the hypersaline soil taken from the rhizospheric region of the neem tree, Azadirachta indica (Meliaceae), was recognized as the proficient strain for decolorization of Acid Orange 52, a toxic dye employed in textile operations. A. flavus QMS-8 immobilized on Luffa cylindrica (Cucurbitaceae) attained 80.6% and consecutively complete dye degradation within a hydraulic retention time of 12–24 h in a stirred tank reactor even at salinities of 1–5% and environmental temperatures ranging in between 34 and 39 °C under optimized settings. The SEM micrographs revealed the attachment of fungal hyphae on L. cylindrica, while enzyme profiling demonstrated the participation of laccase (0.17 IU mL−1), manganese peroxidase (0.16 IU mL−1), and lignin peroxidase (0.06 IU mL−1) in the degradation of Acid Orange 52. The decolorized samples were assessed through a UV-Vis spectrophotometer and HPLC which did not provide any information about the formation of aromatic amines or any other metabolite. The values of biological oxygen demand, chemical oxygen demand, total dissolved solids, and total suspended solids were reduced from 2836, 3000, 3415, and 360 mg L−1 to 615, 1179, 916, and 145 mg L−1, respectively, and aligned closely with the established criteria set forth by the NEQ. Phytotoxicity and cytotoxicity assays of effluent treated in STR demonstrated a significant reduction in the toxic impact of dye on plants and microbial cells, suggesting that the luffa immobilized A. flavus QMS-8 employed in this study holds promise for mitigating the potentially harmful effects associated with Acid Orange 52. These results offer valuable insights into the efficacy and potential environmental benefits of the bioremediation approach for textile effluent investigated in this research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Biofuel is a sustainable and ecologically friendly energy source that evolved from the usage of non-edible oil and has witnessed substantial growth in demand in recent decades. Biodiesel is primarily made from organic sources, such as edible and non-edible vegetable oils, and is then profiled before use. This research will look into the potential of producing biodiesel from neem oil. The biodiesel was made utilizing a trans-esterification procedure that gave saponification values of 191 mg KOH/g, iodine of 10 mgl2/g, acid of 14.0 mg KOH/g, the density of 0.91 g, a viscosity of 23 mm2/s, and flash point of 266 °C. The improvement of lubricating oil characteristics is crucial for protecting engines, bearings, and machine components from friction and wear, as well as minimizing energy spent combating friction. Lubricant tribological and rheological properties are crucial for wear prevention in unchanged environments. The use of particle and filamentous nanofillers increases these properties, allowing the lubricating oil to be more stable under extreme working conditions. The purpose of this study is to investigate the improvement in neem biodiesel performance following the addition of multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) in six modest compositions, namely, 0, 0.03, 0.06, 0.09, 0.12, and 0.15 wt.% MWCNT. Besides this, the additions of MWCNTs have been studied and documented in terms of flash and pour points, thermal conductivity, kinematic viscosity, friction coefficient, and wear. The MWCNTs were characterized using X-ray diffraction. The addition of MWCNTs raised the pour point and flash point, although there was unpredictability after the 0.09 wt.% composition. Thermal conductivity and kinematic viscosity are enhanced continuously and notably. The friction coefficient and wear scar diameter were lowered to 0.09 wt.% MWCNTs before reversing attributed to accumulation and non-uniformity. When all of the studied attributes were taken into account, a composition of 0.09 wt.% was determined to be optimal. This formulation provided improved tribo-film and hydrodynamic lubrication consistency was maintained. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An efficient heterogeneous catalyst with 51.63% palladium (Pd) content is synthesized biogenically using mango leaf extract. The phytochemicals present in plant extract are proven to be responsible for the reduction of Pd (II) to Pd (0) without the need of an external reductant. The formation of Pd (0) is confirmed by XRD, UV–Visible analysis. The as-synthesized heterogeneous Pd–NPs catalyst demonstrated a remarkable catalytic activity in the direct C–H arylation of pentafluorobenzene and Hiyama cross coupling. The Pd–NPs were found to be exhibit a superior electrocatalytic activity in the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER). The Pd–NPs catalyst required an over potential − 94 mV to achieve a current density of 10 mA/cm2. Further, the Tafel slope revealed that HER proceeds via Volmer–Heyrovsky mechanism. Additionally, the mechanistic elucidation was addressed and catalyst recyclability was examined and found to be promising. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Salinity is one of the most detrimental abiotic stresses to the productivity of crops. Saline lands can be easily transformed into commercial forest plantations by growing high value tree species. Therefore, present investigation was undertaken to assess the effect of saline irrigation (ECiw ~ 9), including control, and ten different host species (Melia dubia, Dalbergia sissoo, Azadirachta indica, Casuarina equisetifolia, Acacia ampliceps, Citrus aurantium, Punica granatum, Syzygium cumini, Phyllanthus emblica, and Leucaena leucocephala) on growth, physiological processes and salinity tolerance of sandalwood (Santalum album L.). Results revealed that hosts D. sissoo, A. indica, and M. dubia maintained high (p < 0.05) K+ /Na+ ratio and resulted in higher growth of sandalwood under salinity stress. The plant growth traits of sandalwood showed variable trends of decline with different hosts under the same conditions. The biomass of sandalwood decreased by 41–75% under salinity stress; resulting in the substantial differences for salinity tolerance varying from 25 to 59.8%. Sandalwood grown with D. sissoo produced maximum (p < 0.05) biomass under salinity stress as well as depicted higher salinity tolerance. The growth parameters (collar diameter, height, and biomass) of sandalwood exhibited a highly negative (p < 0.05) correlation with Na+ ion under salinity stress. Hosts M. dubia, D. sissoo, and A. indica showed only a slight decline in growth and biomass of sandalwood under salinity stress. Results suggested that sandalwood growth is modulated mainly by host species under both control and salinity stress, and thus have immense potential for cultivation with suitable host in the degraded saline soils. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current study was conducted around the province of Haldwani City, Uttarakhand, India, to understand the seasonal variation of ambient air pollutants (PM2.5, PM10, SO2, and NO2) and their impact on four tree species, i.e., neem (Azadirachta indica), mountain cedar (Toona ciliate), bottlebrush (Callistemon citrinus), and guava (Psidium guajava) during 2020–2021. Multiple linear regression (MLR)-based prediction analysis showed that the selected air quality variables (PM2.5, PM10, SO2, and NO2) had a significant impact on the biochemical responses of selected tree spp. including, pH, ascorbic acid (AA), total chlorophyll content (T. Chl.), relative water content (RWC), and dust deposition potential. In this, the coefficient of variance (R2) of the developed models was in the range of 0.70–0.98. The ambient air pollutants showed significant seasonal variations as depicted by using the air pollution tolerance index (APTI) and anticipated performance index (API). The tree species from polluted sites observed more pollution tolerance than the tree species from the control site. Regression analysis showed a significant positive association between the biochemical characteristics and APTI, with the highest influence by AA (R2 = 0.961) followed by T. Chl., RWC, and pH. The APTI and API score was observed as maximum for A. indica and minimum for C. citrinus. The impact of air pollutants on the morphology of foliar surface was investigated by the scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and recorded various dust deposition patterns, stomatal blockages, and damage of guard cells in the trees growing along the polluted site (S2). The present study can assist environmental managers to examine the pollution-induced variables and develop an effective green belt for combating air pollution in polluted areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigated the clinical and pathological symptoms of waterborne lead toxicity in wild Nile tilapia collected from a lead-contaminated area (the Mariotteya Canal: Pb = 0.6 ± 0.21 mg L−1) and a farmed fish after 2 weeks of experimental exposure to lead acetate (5–10 mg L−1) in addition to evaluating the efficacy of neem leaf powder (NLP) treatment in mitigating symptoms of lead toxicity. A total of 150 fish (20 ± 2 g) were alienated into five groups (30 fish/group with three replicates). G1 was assigned as a negative control without any treatments. Groups (2–5) were exposed to lead acetate for 2 weeks at a concentration of 5 mg L−1 (G2 and G3) or 10 mg L−1 (G4 and G5). During the lead exposure period, all groups were reared under the same conditions, while G3 and G5 were treated with 1 g L−1 NLP. Lead toxicity induced DNA fragmentation and lipid peroxidation and decreased the level of glutathione and expression of heme synthesis enzyme delta aminolaevulinic acid dehydratase (ALA-D) in wild tilapia, G2, and G4. NLP could alleviate the oxidative stress stimulated by lead in G3 and showed an insignificant effect in G5. The pathological findings, including epithelial hyperplasia in the gills, edema in the gills and muscles, degeneration and necrosis in the liver and muscle, and leukocytic infiltration in all organs, were directly correlated with lead concentration. Thus, the aqueous application of NLP at 1 g L−1 reduced oxidative stress and lowered the pathological alterations induced by lead toxicity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aedes aegypti is responsible for the spread of various public health diseases and mostly synthetic insecticides are being used for its control. However, regular and over use of these substances has lead to mosquito resistance and environment contamination. Plant based products are natural alternatives to replace the commercial synthetic insecticides. This study was conducted to assess the ovicidal, larvicidal and pupicidal potential of the extract prepared from dried neem seed kernels against Aedes aegypti. Larvicidal activity of neem seed kernel extract (NSKE) was tested using five different concentrations viz., 100, 200, 300, 400 and 500 ppm against all four instars of Ae. aegypti. Ovicidal and pupicidal activity was evaluated by exposing fresh viable eggs and pupae to three concentrations of NSKE, below its effective larvicidal concentration i.e. 200, 300 and 400 ppm. Calculated values for LC50 were recorded as 49.96, 66.39, 77.19 and 83.57 ppm and for LC90 values were 186.53, 228.86, 286.69 and 358.02 ppm, respectively for LI, LII, LIII and LIV instars of Ae. aegypti till 48 hours of exposure to NSKE. Treatment of NSKE with 300 and 400 ppm showed 100% ovicidal activity and significant mortality of both male and female pupae in comparison to control sets. These results indicate that NSKE could be used as larvicidal, ovicidal and pupicidal plant based agent for the efficient control of Ae. aegypti in future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study evaluated the effects of neem seed biochar, poultry manure, and their combinations at varying rates of 15 and 25% (w/w) on potentially toxic elements (PTEs) in soils. Afterward, the suitability of Manihot esculenta and Jatropha curcas in removing Cd, As, Zn, Pb, and Hg from mine spoils were appraised in a 270-day outdoor pot experiment. Using ICP–Mass Spectrometry, the elemental contents of target PTE in the shoot, root, and soil specimens were determined for each treatment. The obtained average values were further subjected to a nonparametric test of samples using IBM SPSS Statistic 29. The applied organic amendments resulted in significant differences p < 0.05 in PTE availability for plant uptake after the Independent-Samples Kruskal–Wallis Test was made. Nonetheless, applying a 25% (w/w) mixture of neem seed biochar and poultry manure was efficient in immobilizing more PTEs in soils which caused lower PTEs presence in plants. Organic amendments further significantly enhanced the fertility of the mine soils leading to about a 6– 25.00% increase in the biomass yield (p < 0.05) of both plants. No significant difference (p > 0.05) was however observed between the phytoremediation potentials of both plants after the Independent-Sample Mann–Whitney U test. Even that, Manihot esculenta was averagely more efficient in PTE uptake than Jatropha curcas. Larger portions of the bioaccumulated PTEs were stored in the roots of both plants leading to high bioconcentration factors of 1.94– 2.47 mg/kg and 1.27– 4.70 mg/kg, respectively, for Jatropha curcas and Manihot esculenta. A transfer factor < 1 was achieved for all PTEs uptake by both plants and indicated their suitability for phytostabilization. Techniques for easy cultivation of root-storing PTEs are required to enhance their large-scale use as their biomass could further be used in clean energy production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The treatment of contaminated groundwater using integrated bone char and biochar beds has been studied. The bone char and biochar were made in a locally built double-barrel retort utilising cow bones, coconut husks, bamboo, neem trees, and palm kernel shells at 450 °C and were graded into 0.05- and 0.315-mm sizes. Eight groundwater treatment experiments (BF2-BF9) were performed in columns with bed heights of 8.5–16.5 cm to remove nutrients, heavy metals, microorganisms, and interfering ions from groundwater using bone char, biochar, and a combination of bone and biochar. The water samples were analysed for twenty-one water quality parameters including pH, total dissolved solids, conductivity, turbidity, fluoride, chloride, sodium, and potassium. The rest were total coliforms, faecal coliforms, total heterotrophic bacteria, Escherichia coli, manganese, and total iron. The effectiveness of the treatment processes was assessed using the Ghana standard authority and the World Health Organisation's recommended values for drinking water quality. The results were shared using a simplified single-factor index, Nemerow's pollution index, and a heavy metal pollution index with decision-makers as a technology for groundwater treatment in rural communities in Africa. Bone char was more effective in removing total heterotrophic bacteria than any of the other treatment agents tested. This is because of its compact nature and small particle size. The quality of water treated by BF3, BF5, BF6, BF7, BF8, and BF9 was fit for drinking based on the single-factor and heavy-metal pollution evaluation because they have the lowest level of pollution. However, Nemerow pollution analysis found only BF5 to be the most suitable for public use. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present research was envisaged to synthesize different grades of a novel, nontoxic, and tissue-compatible neem gum based polyvinyl acetate grafted neem gum amphiphilic graft copolymer (NG-g-PVAc) using the microwave-assisted free radical technique and it was further optimized for drug delivery applications. Grafting was confirmed for the optimized grade G7, using analytical techniques like, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), 13C NMR, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), x-ray diffraction (XRD), and optical contact angle measurement (OCA). The critical micelle concentration (CMC) of G7 exhibited very low values displaying surfactant characteristics. Invitro release study revealed that about 95.05% of curcumin CUR) was released from the prepared tablet with G7 for 10 h, showing Korsmeyer–Peppas model indicating sustained release property. The permeability of curcumin was found to be 13.87% using the amphiphilic graft copolymer. The prepared amphiphilic graft copolymer displayed anti-microbial activity against Staphylococcus aureus indicating its application in wound healing. The optimized grade G7 enhanced fibroblast and collagen growth when inserted under the skin hypodermis in a mice model indicating the polymer can be used for tissue regeneration. Hemocompatibility studies suggested G7 to be biocompatible. Thus, the novel amphiphilic graft copolymer displays a promising future as a polymer scaffold for tissue regrowth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hypertension prevalence, the adverse effects of synthetic antihypertensives, and the key role angiotensin-1 converting enzyme (ACE) and oxidative stress play in hypertension pathophysiology, have led to the search for novel and multipotent ACE inhibitory and antioxidant peptides from safer and cheaper sources like plants. The study evaluated the antioxidant and angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitory activities of Azadirachta indica seed protein hydrolysates and their ultrafiltration peptide fractions. Neem seed protein isolate (NSPI) was hydrolysed using pepsin, pancreatin, and trypsin enzymes to obtain neem seed protein hydrolysates (NSPHs). Afterward, fractionation into < 1, 1–3, 3–5, and 5–10 kDa molecular weight (MW) peptides was done using ultrafiltration membranes. The kinetics of ACE inhibition by the peptide fractions were also determined. NSPHs and their peptide fraction had strong 2,2’-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS), 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), and superoxide radical scavenging and ACE inhibitory activities. The smaller peptides with < 3 kDa size had better antioxidant and ACE inhibitory activities than peptides with MW greater than 3 kDa. Analysis of the Lineweaver–Burk plot confirmed that the < 1 kDa peptide fraction of pepsin NSPHs inhibited ACE non-competitively, while the 1–3 kDa peptides of pancreatin and trypsin NSPHs inhibited competitively. The study concluded that NSPI is rich in peptides with antioxidant and antihypertensive activity. The study shows the potential use of neem seed protein hydrolysate peptide fractions in the management of oxidative stress-related diseases including hypertension. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study was designed to develop neem oil nanoemulsion of tea tree oil (TTO-NO-NE) using design of experiment based Box–Behnken design, which provided thermodynamic stable NE with globule size of 174 nm, and PDI 0.28, respectively. Whereas the zeta potential of optimized NE has occurred as − 20 mV with spherical and non-segregated in shape. Next, TTO-NO-NE-loaded nanogel and conventional gel were prepared, and initially, a comparative evaluation was performed for homogeneity, pH, spreadability, extrudability, and drug content. Furthermore, in vitro release pattern, ex vivo dermatokinetic profile, in vivo skin safety study, and stability of nanogel was determined. Comparative in vitro release study showed significantly sustained release of drug from nanogel (p < 0.005) when compared to the conventional gel. Simultaneously, a comparative ex vivo dermatokinetic study demonstrated significantly maximum drug deposition for nanogel (p < 0.05) than conventional gel. Moreover, in vivo skin safety study exhibited no signs of toxicity in terms of zero scoring for nanogel and was considered safe for future use. Finally, a stability study showed no significant (p > 0.05) variation in the pH, spreadability, extrudability, and drug content of optimized nanogel, which claims good stability for nanogel after 6 months of storage in prescribed environmental conditions. Thus, it can be concluded that the developed novel nanogel is a promising therapeutic asset that can mitigate dermal infections effectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This review article encircles the adsorptive characteristics of different parts of neem biomass for the removal of heavy metal ions and dyes from the aqueous medium. Neem is easily available and exhibits different functional groups such as carboxylic and hydroxyl groups. These groups are involved in the extraction of heavy metal ions and dyes from the aqueous medium due to established electrostatic interactions. Change in the reaction conditions such as pH, adsorbate concentration, adsorbent dosage, contact time, adsorbent particles size and temperature of medium also influence the adsorptive capacity of the biomass. Due to ionization of functional groups with the change of pH, pollutants uptake capacity of biomass also changes depending upon the nature of adsorbate and adsorbent. Small particles size provides large surface area for the adsorption of pollutants from the aqueous medium due to the availability of large number of exposed active sites, while temperature change tunes the thermal properties of biomass and alternatively tunes their adsorption capacity. Among different isotherm models, neem biomass-metal adsorption phenomenon mostly follows the Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm models. Adsorption of metal ions or dyes on the surface of neem biomass follows the pseudo-second-order kinetics which illustrates the dependence of adsorption rate on the concentration of adsorbate and adsorbent. Yet, this review article also describes that neem biomass can be modified by different chemical methods to enhance the number of functional groups or active sites to increase its adsorptive potential for the pollutants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A low concentration of thidiazuron (TDZ) (1 µM) is effective in the induction of somatic embryos (SEs) on different parts of seedlings of Azadirachta indica A. Juss (Neem). Somatic embryogenesis is a consequence of the inhibition of root formation and inhibition in the elongation of hypocotyls and epicotyl. This is suggestive that TDZ is effective in the induction of 'stress-ethylene'. The putative role of ethylene and consequently its functions during induction upon stress on the somatic embryos of neem became clear with the exogenous application of ethylene-action inhibitors like AgNO3, or inhibitors of ethylene-biosynthesis such as CoCl2 or salicylic acid (SA). Of these, the ethylene biosynthesis inhibitors (CoCl2 and SA) were found to be more effective as inhibitors of regeneration than AgNO3. The inhibition of somatic embryogenesis was more significant when KMnO4 or KOH, the effective absorbers of ethylene, were added to the culture media. This research paper focuses on the stimulation of somatic embryogenesis in neem by TDZ-induced stress ethylene and later its inhibition by using ethylene inhibitors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this research work, carbon dots (CDs) were synthesized from the renewable leaves of an indigenous medicinal plant by the one-pot sand bath method, Azadirachta indica. The synthesized CDs were characterized for its optical properties using UV–Vis, Fluorescence and Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectrophotometry and for structural properties using dynamic light scattering (DLS), X-ray Diffraction (XRD) and high resolution Transmission electron microscopy (HR-TEM). The synthesized CDs exhibited concentration dependent biocompatibility when tested in mouse fibroblast L929 cell line. The EC50 values of biomedical studies, free radical scavenging activity (13.87 μgmL−1), and total antioxidant capacity (38 μgmL−1) proved CDs were exceptionally good. These CDs showed an appreciable zone of inhibition when examined on four bacterial (two gram-positive and gram-negative) and two fungal strains at minimum concentrations. Cellular internalisation studies performed on human breast cancer cells (MCF 7- bioimaging) revealed the applicability of CDs in bioimaging, wherein the inherent fluorescence of CDs were utilised. Thus, the CDs developed are potential as bioimaging, antioxidants and antimicrobial agents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effect of including the premix extract of the brown Sargassum ilicifolium, Nizimuddinia zanardini, Cystoseira indica, and Padina australis (MPE) macroalgae in the diet on the growth performance, survival, nutritional values, phytochemical, and antioxidant state of whiteleg shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) was investigated in this study, where in 1200 post larvae with an average weight of 57.53 ± 0.47 mg were distributed randomly by categorizing 100 pieces into 4 groups (three tank iterations per group). The control group was only fed with the concentrated feed (MPE0), while the other groups were fed with a basic diet that consisted of MPE5 (MPE5), 10 (MPE10), and 15 (MPE15) g kg−1 of feed for 8 weeks. According to the results, the highest final weight, specific growth ratio, weight gain, and protein efficiency ratio were recorded for the MPE15 group. The lowest feed conversion ratio was observed in the group fed with MPE15 (P < 0.05). The highest level of crude protein was recorded for the groups fed with MPE10 and MPE15 (P < 0.05). The highest amount of PUFA, total sterols, phenol, flavonoid, catalase (CAT), and glutathione was observed in shrimps fed with MPE15. The results are generally indicative of the positive effect of the premix aqueous extract of the brown S. ilicifolium, N. zanardini, C. indica, and P.australis macroalgae at the 15 g kg−1 of MPE feed level on the growth, nutritional value and phytochemical, and antioxidant status of L. vannamei. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]