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Salinity significantly impairs plant growth and development, and effective strategies are required to mitigate its detrimental effects. Previous studies did not document myo-inositol (MYO) influence on vital processes such as photosynthesis, methylglyoxal production, redox balance, and ion homeostasis in plants subjected to saline conditions. The literature lacks comprehensive insights into the myo-inositol-mediated modulation of pivotal tolerance mechanisms. Hence, our study fills this significant gap by elucidating the intricate role of MYO in augmenting plant resilience to salinity stress, shedding light on its multifaceted impact on key physiological pathways essential for plant adaptation and survival. This study investigated the potential of MYO as a mitigating agent against NaCl and KCl salinity in maize plants. Two maize cultivars with differential salinity tolerance (salt-tolerant cv. Pearl and salt-sensitive cv. Malka-2016) were subjected to 12 dS m‒1 salinity of NaCl and KCl. The findings revealed that MYO (25, 50, and 75 mg L‒1) enhanced plant growth under salinity by improving chlorophyll content, photosynthesis, antioxidant compounds, antioxidant enzyme activities, and nutrient acquisition. Myo-inositol promoted leaf relative water content by improving osmotic adjustment due to the accumulation of osmolytes such as proline, soluble sugars, and free amino acids. MYO significantly increased nitrate reductase activity alongside higher H2S and nitric oxide levels. These observations suggest that MYO influences plants' antioxidant capacity and metabolic responses to salinity. Notably, MYO effectively diminished reactive oxygen species generation and lipid peroxidation, thereby improving plant growth under salinity. Conclusively, MYO significantly improved growth, decreased oxidative injury and promoted photosynthesis, osmotic adjustment, and antioxidant defense system under salinity. These findings indicate that MYO is a potential growth regulator and stress mitigator, offering promising prospects for sustainable crop production in saline environments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nanomaterials offer considerable benefits in improving plant growth and nutritional status owing to their inherent stability, and efficiency in essential nutrient absorption and delivery. Cerium oxide nanoparticles (CeO2 NPs) at optimum concentration could significantly influence plant morpho-physiology and nutritional status. However, it remains unclear how elevated CO2 and CeO2 NPs interactively affect plant growth and quality. Accordingly, the ultimate goal was to reveal whether CeO2 NPs could alter the impact of elevated CO2 on the nutrient composition of spinach. For this purpose, spinach plant morpho-physiological, biochemical traits, and nutritional contents were evaluated. Spinach was exposed to different foliar concentrations of CeO2 NPs (0, 25, 50, 100 mg/L) in open-top chambers (400 and 600 CO2 μmol/mol). Results showed that elevated CO2 enhanced spinach growth by increasing photosynthetic pigments, as evidenced by a higher photosynthetic rate (Pn). However, the maximum growth and photosynthetic pigments were observed at the highest concentration of CeO2 NPs (100 mg/L) under elevated CO2. Elevated CO2 resulted in a decreased stomatal conductance (gs) and transpiration rate (Tr), whereas CeO2 NPs enhanced these parameters. No significant changes were observed in any of the measured biochemical parameters due to increased levels of CO2. However, an increase in antioxidant enzymes, particularly in catalase (CAT; 14.37%) and ascorbate peroxidase (APX; 10.66%) activities, was observed in high CeO2 NPs (100 mg/L) treatment under elevated CO2 levels. Regarding plant nutrient content, elevated CO2 significantly decreases spinach roots and leaves macro and micronutrients as compared to ambient CO2 levels. CeO2 NPs, in a dose-dependent manner, with the highest increase observed in 100 mg/L CeO2 NPs treatment and increased roots and shoots magnesium (211.62–215.49%), iron (256.68–322.77%), zinc (225.89–181.49%), copper (21.99–138.09%), potassium (121.46–138.89%), calcium (118.22–91.32%), manganese (133.15–195.02%) under elevated CO2. Overall, CeO2 NPs improved spinach growth and biomass and reverted the adverse effects of elevated CO2 on its nutritional quality. These findings indicated that CeO2 NPs could be used as an effective approach to increase vegetable growth and nutritional values to ensure food security under future climatic conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nanomaterials offer considerable benefits in improving plant growth and nutritional status owing to their inherent stability, and efficiency in essential nutrient absorption and delivery. Cerium oxide nanoparticles (CeO2 NPs) at optimum concentration could significantly influence plant morpho-physiology and nutritional status. However, it remains unclear how elevated CO2 and CeO2 NPs interactively affect plant growth and quality. Accordingly, the ultimate goal was to reveal whether CeO2 NPs could alter the impact of elevated CO2 on the nutrient composition of spinach. For this purpose, spinach plant morpho-physiological, biochemical traits, and nutritional contents were evaluated. Spinach was exposed to different foliar concentrations of CeO2 NPs (0, 25, 50, 100 mg/L) in open-top chambers (400 and 600 CO2 μmol/mol). Results showed that elevated CO2 enhanced spinach growth by increasing photosynthetic pigments, as evidenced by a higher photosynthetic rate (Pn). However, the maximum growth and photosynthetic pigments were observed at the highest concentration of CeO2 NPs (100 mg/L) under elevated CO2. Elevated CO2 resulted in a decreased stomatal conductance (gs) and transpiration rate (Tr), whereas CeO2 NPs enhanced these parameters. No significant changes were observed in any of the measured biochemical parameters due to increased levels of CO2. However, an increase in antioxidant enzymes, particularly in catalase (CAT; 14.37%) and ascorbate peroxidase (APX; 10.66%) activities, was observed in high CeO2 NPs (100 mg/L) treatment under elevated CO2 levels. Regarding plant nutrient content, elevated CO2 significantly decreases spinach roots and leaves macro and micronutrients as compared to ambient CO2 levels. CeO2 NPs, in a dose-dependent manner, with the highest increase observed in 100 mg/L CeO2 NPs treatment and increased roots and shoots magnesium (211.62–215.49%), iron (256.68–322.77%), zinc (225.89–181.49%), copper (21.99–138.09%), potassium (121.46–138.89%), calcium (118.22–91.32%), manganese (133.15–195.02%) under elevated CO2. Overall, CeO2 NPs improved spinach growth and biomass and reverted the adverse effects of elevated CO2 on its nutritional quality. These findings indicated that CeO2 NPs could be used as an effective approach to increase vegetable growth and nutritional values to ensure food security under future climatic conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The ingestion of bark has been observed across the animal kingdom and is well documented in free-ranging chimpanzees. Thus far, the best-supported hypothesis for the adaptive function of this behavior is the fallback food hypothesis, which asserts that chimpanzees consume bark and cambium when preferred foods are scarce. However, alternative explanations exist, including the essential nutrient and mineral hypothesis, the self-medication hypothesis, and the stressed-tree hypothesis. We tested whether the fallback food hypothesis can explain bark-feeding across two communities of Eastern chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii) in the Budongo Forest, Uganda. We used 13 years of the site's long-term behavioral data, 5 years of food availability data, and 8 months of direct and indirect observations. We also conducted eight 400-m line transects to collect data on the distribution of tree species across community home ranges. We employed several analyses, including Pearson correlation tests, qualitative comparisons of descriptive data and heat maps, and interpretation of behavioral anecdotes. We found varying patterns of bark-feeding seasonality across tree species, with bark-feeding on several species showing no correlation with food scarcity. We also identified differences in the amounts of bark targeted between tree species and report anecdotal evidence of chimpanzees prioritizing bark over high-value foods. Lastly, we found that bark-feeding on certain species disproportionally occurs far from community core areas, despite relative abundance of these species within the home range. As a result, we argue that the fallback food hypothesis cannot explain bark-feeding across all tree species. Instead, we present supporting evidence for several alternative hypotheses, including self-medication, thereby challenging the widely accepted function of this behavior. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Indoor hydroponic farming is an advanced cultivation technique with diverse sustainability benefits, such as facilitating local produce, minimizing transportation costs and emissions, and enabling year-round crop cultivation. To optimize crop growth for enhanced yield, improved crop quality, and reduced environmental footprint, precise monitoring and replenishment of essential nutrients within hydroponic systems is crucial. Current methods employed in most commercial farms for online nutrient supply monitoring is limited to pH and conductivity measurements. These techniques can only offer an indication of the overall change in the complex nutrient mixture and lack the capability to precisely identify the specific nutrient or quantify the nutrient content. Most of the existing techniques for measuring individual nutrient levels are expensive and invasive, necessitating sample preparation, frequent recalibration, and skilled personnel for operation. In this context, we propose and demonstrate a real-time, on-site monitoring system for the precise analysis of hydroponic nutrient supply based on laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS). We also discuss the system design considerations, parametric optimizations, limit of detection (LOD), and limit of quantitation (LOQ) of key nutrient components such as potassium (K), sodium (Na), calcium (Ca), and magnesium (Mg), using the proposed approach. The detection range of the developed LIBS-based monitoring system can encompass the typical concentration range observed in hydroponic nutrient solutions used at agricultural farms. This technique offers rapid online monitoring of individual nutrient components, providing precise, real-time analysis and the potential to enable comprehensive automation capabilities for current and future hydroponic farms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

More than one billion people face malnourishment worldwide and majority of them are from Asia and Africa. The nutrition insecurity challenges in the third world countries could be addressed by considering entomophagy as an alternative to increase nutritional intake and meet the increasing nutrient demands of growing populations. Crickets are the most consumed orthopteran in the world and are good sources of protein and other essential nutrients. This study was conducted to identify the edible crickets and their nutritional composition in two regions of Nigeria. The edible crickets found in the study areas are Brachytrupes membranaceus Drury 1770, Gryllus bimaculatus De Geer 1773, Teleogryllus commodus Walker 1869, Teleogryllus sp. and Scapsipedus icipe Hugel and Tanga 2018. The values of moisture in the crickets ranged from 66.34 g/100 g in Teleogryllus sp. to 76.79 g/100 g in B. membranaceus. The ash in the crickets ranged from 0.63 g/100 g in B. membranaceus to 2.35 g/100 g in G. bimaculatus. The crude protein in the crickets ranged from 16.34 g/100 g in S. icipe to 23.38 g/100 g in T. commodus. The crude protein was significantly higher in T. commodus when compared with the other crickets (p < 0.05). Among the amino acids analysed, tryptophan, valine, and methionine were significantly higher in Teleogryllus sp. than the other crickets (p < 0.05). Calcium and phosphorus contents were highest in T. commodus but only calcium was significantly higher than in the other crickets (p < 0.05). Iron ranged from 0.05 µg/100 g in G. bimaculatus to 0.10 µg/100 g in S. icipe. Magnesium contents ranged from 0.05 µg/100 g in S. icipe to 0.34 µg/100 g in B. membranaceus. The crickets analysed were rich in protein, amino acids, and other essential nutrients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Honey bees (Apis mellifera) are one of the most crucial pollinators, providing vital ecosystem services. Their development and functioning depend on essential nutrients and substances found in the environment. While collecting nectar as a vital carbohydrate source, bees routinely encounter low doses of ethanol from yeast fermentation. Yet, the effects of repeated ethanol exposure on bees' survival and physiology remain poorly understood. Here, we investigate the impacts of constant and occasional consumption of food spiked with 1% ethanol on honey bee mortality and alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) activity. This ethanol concentration might be tentatively judged close to that in natural conditions. We conducted an experiment in which bees were exposed to three types of long-term diets: constant sugar solution (control group that simulated conditions of no access to ethanol), sugar solution spiked with ethanol every third day (that simulated occasional, infrequent exposure to ethanol) and daily ethanol consumption (simulating constant, routine exposure to ethanol). The results revealed that both constant and occasional ethanol consumption increased the mortality of bees, but only after several days. These mortality rates rose with the frequency of ethanol intake. The ADH activity remained similar in bees from all groups. Our findings indicate that exposure of bees to ethanol carries harmful effects that accumulate over time. Further research is needed to pinpoint the exact ethanol doses ingested with food and exposure frequency in bees in natural conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nitrogen (N) is an essential nutrient for plants. Nitrate is often the main inorganic N form absorbed, and amino acids are the predominant organic N form transported in most plant species. Amino acid transporters (AATs) mediate the distribution of amino acids between organs, and any disturbance in this process can cause changes in crop development. To date, the OsAAP1 amino acid transporter has been characterized in the most detail during the reproductive and ripening periods in rice plants. In this study, we identified the sites of OsAAP1 expression during the early stages of rice development and determined the implications of OsAAP1 knockout on seedling establishment, nitrate–N uptake and assimilation, and the expression of genes related to N and carbon (C) metabolism. OsAAP1 is strongly expressed in the coleorhiza, radicle, and epicotyl of seedlings and in the regions of the vascular bundles of roots and leaves. OsAAP1 knockout hindered rice seedling establishment and impaired nitrate absorption. Under low N, OsAAP1 knockout results in damage to NO3− absorption, with negative effects on N assimilation and C metabolism. Under sufficient N, nitrate absorption was more strongly impaired, and downregulation of nitrate transporters and N assimilation enzymes was observed. Taken together, the data suggest that the OsAAP1 gene is essential for the early development of rice when nitrate is the predominant N source. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cadmium (Cd) poses serious threats to plant growth and development, whereas the use of plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) has emerged a promising approach to diminish Cd retention in crops. A pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of Cd tolerant strain Acinetobacter sp. SG-5 on growth, phytohormonal response, and Cd uptake of two maize cultivars (3062 and 31P41) under various Cd stress levels (0, 5, 12, 18, 26, and 30 μM CdCl2). The results revealed that CdCl2 treatment significantly suppressed the seed germination and growth together with higher Cd retention in maize cultivars in a dose-dependent and cultivar-specific manner with pronounced negative effect in 31P41. However, SG-5 strain exerted positive impact by up-regulating seed germination traits, plant biomass, photosynthetic pigments, enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants, endogenous hormone level indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), abscisic acid (ABA), and sustained optimal nutrient's levels in both cultivars but predominantly in Cd-sensitive one (31P41). Further, Cd-resistant PGPR decreased the formation of reactive oxygen species in terms of malondialdehyde (MDA) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) verified through 3, 3′-diaminobenzidine (DAB) and nitroblue tetrazolium (NBT) analysis in conjunction with reduced Cd uptake and translocation in maize root and shoots in comparison to controls, advocating its sufficiency for bacterial-assisted Cd bioremediation. In conclusion, both SG-5 inoculated cultivars exhibited maximum Cd tolerance but substantial Cd tolerance was acquired by Cd susceptible cultivar-31P41 than Cd-tolerant one (3062). Current work recommended SG-5 strain as a promising candidate for plant growth promotion and bacterial-assisted phytomanagement of metal-polluted agricultural soils. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Vitamin C plays important roles as a cofactor in many enzymatic reactions and as an antioxidant against oxidative stress. As some mammals including humans cannot synthesize vitamin C de novo from glucose, its uptake from dietary sources is essential, and is mediated by the sodium-dependent vitamin C transporter 1 (SVCT1). Despite its physiological significance in maintaining vitamin C homeostasis, the structural basis of the substrate transport mechanism remained unclear. Here, we report the cryo-EM structures of human SVCT1 in different states at 2.5–3.5 Å resolutions. The binding manner of vitamin C together with two sodium ions reveals the counter ion-dependent substrate recognition mechanism. Furthermore, comparisons of the inward-open and occluded structures support a transport mechanism combining elevator and distinct rotational motions. Our results demonstrate the molecular mechanism of vitamin C transport with its underlying conformational cycle, potentially leading to future industrial and medical applications. Vitamin C is an essential nutrient for our daily life, but how it is transported into our bodies remained unclear. Here, authors revealed multiple structures of human vitamin C transporter, providing insights into its molecular mechanisms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The global food demand cannot be met by conventional agriculture due to land scarcity, necessitating the development of new methods like hydroponics, which has a greater impact than traditional soil systems. Future research may involve larger-scale experiments to determine if the hydroponic system can satisfy market demand. Various industries and anthropogenic activities release contaminated water from various sources. In this regard, hydroponics has proven useful in various fields, including toxicological studies, native and exotic crop implementation, and traditional crop cultivation. It has been demonstrated as a method for treating contaminated water, reducing pollutant load on the environment, while the contaminants serve as essential nutrients for the plants. The authors discussed the role of hydroponics in wastewater reclamation and increased crop productivity, including several plants recommended for hydroponics. This review evaluates various studies on hydroponics as a substitute for agriculture in industrial areas and its role in wastewater management, using keyword-based searches to evaluate the advancements in hydroponics over the years. Hydroponics can restore the balance between industrial development and agriculture, reinstitute agriculture in urban areas as an alternate livelihood among natives, and assist in depleting potable water scarcity sustainably. The review article advocates for hydroponics in industrial settings, particularly in RCF's coal mining districts, to mitigate health risks from polluted wastewater, promote bioremediation, and reinstating of agriculture, thereby restoring food security. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nitrogen oxides (NOx) in the atmosphere directly affect air quality; however, their oxidation products (e.g., nitrate) are essential nutrients in terrestrial and marine ecosystems. To date, the mechanism and rate of nitrate formation in the global-scale marine boundary layer remains uncertain. Herein, aerosol nitrate isotopes covering the global ocean were analysed and observations indicated that nitrate formation was dominated by the proportion between the hydroxyl radical (daytime) and ozone (nighttime) pathways in the Northern Hemisphere (NH), whereas it changed to the BrO (Antarctic iceberg emission) pathway in the Southern Hemisphere (SH). These differences in the pathways suggested that the NOx removal (nitrate formation) efficiency was higher in the NH, which could be responsible for the much higher nitrate concentrations in the NH than in the SH (over twice). This study can assist in formulating effective policies to mitigate global NOx pollution and improve our understanding of the impact of increasing NOx concentrations on global ocean productivity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Microbial lysates, rich in protein and essential nutrients, demonstrate remarkable capabilities in forming gels and stable foams when heated and whisked, similar to liquid eggs. These characteristics make them an excellent alternative to animal-derived liquid eggs, contributing to sustainable food production and consumption while maintaining high nutritional value. Their versatility positions microbial lysates as promising ingredients in culinary applications, offering a sustainable and nutritious substitute. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Endosymbiotic relationships between ciliates and others are critical for their ecological roles, physiological adaptations, and evolutionary implications. These can be obligate and facultative. Symbionts often provide essential nutrients, contribute to the ciliate's metabolism, aid in digestion, and offer protection against predators or environmental stressors. In turn, ciliates provide a protected environment and resources for their symbionts, facilitating their survival and proliferation. Ultrastructural and full-cycle rRNA approaches are utilized to identify these endosymbionts. Fluorescence in situ hybridization using "species- and group-specific probes" which are complementary to the genetic material (DNA or RNA) of a particular species or group of interest represent convenient tools for their detection directly in the environment. A systematic survey of these endosymbionts has been conducted using both traditional and metagenomic approaches. Ciliophora and other protists have a wide range of prokaryotic symbionts, which may contain potentially pathogenic bacteria. Ciliates can establish symbiotic relationships with a variety of hosts also, ranging from protists to metazoans. Understanding ciliate symbiosis can provide useful insights into the complex relationships that drive microbial communities and ecosystems in general. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The nutrients essential for primary production are inorganic salts and it is important to fully understand nutrient dynamics in coastal oceans. There are three major sources of nutrients in the Seto Inland Sea: loadings from terrestrial run-off, advection from the open sea, and release from bottom sediments. Among these sources, information concerning release from bottom sediments has been limited due to infrequent observations. In this study, we took monthly samples over a two-year period, measuring nutrient concentrations in pore water from 0 to 12 cm at a sampling station in Harima Nada (depth 43 m), with the aim of clarifying the variation of nutrient concentrations in, and fluxes from, the sediment. Nutrient concentrations in the pore water were characterized by high concentrations of dissolved ammonium, dissolved inorganic phosphorus (DIP) and dissolved silicate (DSi), with minor amounts of nitrate and nitrite. The daily nutrient supply to the water column was 8.7 ± 4.6 mg-N m−2 day−1 for dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN), 2.5 ± 3.0 mg-P m−2 day−1 for DIP and 65.1 ± 36.7 mg-Si m−2 day−1 for DSi. DIN and DIP fluxes from sediments were compared to those of terrestrial loadings into Harima Nada, which were estimated to be comparable to or about two times higher than river loadings for DIN and more than ten times higher than terrestrial loading for DIP. Overall, the results of this study provide important basic information on nutrient dynamics from sediments and their management in Harima Nada. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mushrooms are considered a valuable food source due to their high protein and fibre and low fat content, among the other health benefits of their consumption. Selenium is an essential nutrient and is renowned for its chemo-preventative properties. In this study, batches of selenium-enriched Lingzhi mushrooms were prepared by growing mycelium and fruit in substrates containing various concentrations of sodium selenite. The mushroom fruit accumulated low levels of selenium with selenomethionine being the most abundant form in all enriched samples. Conversely, the mycelium showed significant selenium accumulation but relatively low proportions of selenomethionine. The red colour of the selenium-enriched mycelia indicated the probable presence of selenium nanoparticles, which was confirmed by single-particle inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry. Mean particle diameters of 90–120 nm were observed, with size distributions of 60–250 nm. Additional analysis with transmission electron microscopy confirmed this size distribution and showed that the biogenic selenium nanoparticles were roughly spherical in shape and contained elemental selenium. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Phosphate (Pi) is an essential nutrient, and its plasma levels are under tight hormonal control. Uphill transport of Pi into cells is mediated by the two Na-dependent Pi transporter families SLC34 and SLC20. The molecular identity of a potential Pi export pathway is controversial, though XPR1 has recently been suggested by Giovannini and coworkers to mediate Pi export. We expressed XPR1 in Xenopus oocytes to determine its functional characteristics. Xenopus isoforms of proteins were used to avoid species incompatibility. Protein tagging confirmed the localization of XPR1 at the plasma membrane. Efflux experiments, however, failed to detect translocation of Pi attributable to XPR1. We tested various counter ions and export medium compositions (pH, plasma) as well as potential protein co-factors that could stimulate the activity of XPR1, though without success. Expression of truncated XPR1 constructs and individual domains of XPR1 (SPX, transmembrane core, C-terminus) demonstrated downregulation of the uptake of Pi mediated by the C-terminal domain of XPR1. Tethering the C-terminus to the transmembrane core changed the kinetics of the inhibition and the presence of the SPX domain blunted the inhibitory effect. Our observations suggest a regulatory role of XPR1 in cellular Pi handling rather than a function as Pi exporter. Accordingly, XPR1 senses intracellular Pi levels via its SPX domain and downregulates cellular Pi uptake via the C-terminal domain. The molecular identity of a potential Pi export protein remains therefore elusive. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Malnutrition, often termed "hidden hunger," represents a pervasive global issue carrying significant implications for health, development, and socioeconomic conditions. Addressing the challenge of inadequate essential nutrients, despite sufficient caloric intake, is crucial. Biofortification emerges as a promising solution by enhance the presence of vital nutrients like iron, zinc, iodine, and vitamin A in edible parts of different crop plants. Crop biofortification can be attained through either agronomic methods or genetic breeding techniques. Agronomic strategies for biofortification encompass the application of mineral fertilizers through foliar or soil methods, as well as leveraging microbe-mediated mechanisms to enhance nutrient uptake. On the other hand, genetic biofortification involves the strategic crossing of plants to achieve a desired combination of genes, promoting balanced nutrient uptake and bioavailability. Additionally, genetic biofortification encompasses innovative methods such as speed breeding, transgenic approaches, genome editing techniques, and integrated omics approaches. These diverse strategies collectively contribute to enhancing the nutritional profile of crops. This review highlights the above-said genetic biofortification strategies and it also covers the aspect of reduction in antinutritional components in food through genetic biofortification. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Oral cancer (OC) which is the most predominant malignant epithelial neoplasm in the oral cavity, is the 8th commonest type of cancer globally. Natural products are excellent sources of functionally active compounds and essential nutrients that play an important role in cancer therapeutics. Using the structure-based virtual screening, drug-likeness, toxicity, and molecular dynamics simulation, the current study focused on the evaluation of anticancer activity of bioactive compounds from Curcumis maderaspatanus. AURKA, CDK1, and VEGFR-2 proteins which play a crucial role in the development and progression of oral cancer was selected as targets and 216 phytochemicals along with a known reference inhibitor were docked against these target proteins. Based on the docking score, it was found that phytochemicals namely 3-Benzoyl-2,4(1H,3H)-Pyrimidinedione (− 8.0 kcal/mol), 1-Cyclohexylethanol, trifluoroacetate (− 6.3 kcal/mol), and Alpha-Curcumene (− 8.9 kcal/mol) interacts with AURKA, CDK1, and VEGFR-2 with highest binding affinity. The molecular dynamics simulation demonstrated that the best docked complexes exhibited excellent structural stability in terms of RMSD, RSMF, SASA and Rg for a period of 100 ns. Altogether, our computational analysis reveals that the bioactives from C. maderaspatanus could emerge as efficacious drug candidates in oral cancer therapy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For humans, taste is essential for perceiving the nutrient content or harmful components of food. The current method of taste sensory evaluation relies on artificial sensory evaluation and an electronic tongue. The former has strong subjectivity and poor repeatability, and the latter is not sufficiently flexible. To decode people's objective taste perception, a strategy for acquiring and recognizing four classes (sour, sweet, bitter, and salty) in taste-related electroencephalograms (EEGs) was proposed. First, according to the proposed experimental paradigm, the taste-related EEGs of subjects under different taste stimulations were collected. Second, to avoid insufficient training of the model due to the small number of EEG samples, a temporal and spatial reconstruction data augmentation (TSRDA) method was proposed, effectively augmenting taste-related EEGs by reconstructing the important features in temporal and spatial dimensions. Third, a multiview channel attention (MVCA) module was introduced into a designed convolutional neural network to extract the important features of the augmented EEG. The proposed method had an accuracy of 99.56%, F1 score of 99.48%, and kappa value of 99.38%, showing the method's ability to successfully decoded sour, sweet, bitter, and salty EEG signals. In conclusion, combining TSRDA with EEG technology provides an objective and effective method for the sensory evaluation of food taste. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aspergillus fumigatus is a ubiquitous pathogenic mold and causes several diseases, including mycotoxicosis, allergic reactions, and systemic diseases (invasive aspergillosis), with high mortality rates. In its ecological niche, the fungus has evolved and mastered many reply strategies to resist and survive against negative threats, including harsh environmental stress and deficiency of essential nutrients from natural environments, immunity responses and drug treatments in host, and competition from symbiotic microorganisms. Hence, treating A. fumigatus infection is a growing challenge. In this review, we summarized A. fumigatus reply strategies and escape mechanisms and clarified the main competitive or symbiotic relationships between A. fumigatus, viruses, bacteria, or fungi in host microecology. Additionally, we discussed the contemporary drug repertoire used to treat A. fumigatus and the latest evidence of potential resistance mechanisms. This review provides valuable knowledge which will stimulate further investigations and clinical applications for treating and preventing A. fumigatus infections. Key points: • Harsh living environment was a great challenge for A. fumigatus survival. • A. fumigatus has evolved multiple strategies to escape host immune responses. • A. fumigatus withstands antifungal drugs via intrinsic escape mechanisms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mexico is one of the main diversification centers of cacti in the world, with more than 500 endemic species, most of which remain nutritionally and functionally uncharacterized. The columnar cacti of the genus Pachycereus comprise five underutilized endemic Mexican species, whose nutraceutical properties have only been studied in the P. weberi species. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the nutritional quality and bioactive properties of etcho (P. pecten-aboriginum) and giant cardon (P. pringlei) fruit. The physical, chemical, and nutritional composition of etcho and giant cardon fruits were characterized, as well as the profile and content of bioactive compounds, antioxidant activity (ABTS•+ and DPPH•), and antiproliferative capacity in cervical (HeLa) and breast cancer (MDA-MB-231, MCF-7, and T-47D) cell lines. Our results suggest that etcho and giant cardon fruits are rich sources of essential nutrients and bioactive phytochemicals (including K, Mg, P, dietary fiber, polyphenolic compounds, vitamin C, betalains, and myo-inositol) with antioxidant and anticancer potential by inhibiting the proliferation of all evaluated cell lines with IC50 values in the range of 198 to 287 µg of gallic acid equivalents/mL. Therefore, etcho and giant cardon fruits could be used for nutraceutical purposes, and their consumption could promote health benefits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Choline is an essential nutrient, and its deficiency causes steatohepatitis. Dietary phosphatidylcholine (PC) is digested into lysoPC (LPC), glycerophosphocholine, and choline in the intestinal lumen and is the primary source of systemic choline. However, the major PC metabolites absorbed in the intestinal tract remain unidentified. ATP8B1 is a P4-ATPase phospholipid flippase expressed in the apical membrane of the epithelium. Here, we use intestinal epithelial cell (IEC)-specific Atp8b1-knockout (Atp8b1IEC-KO) mice. These mice progress to steatohepatitis by 4 weeks. Metabolomic analysis and cell-based assays show that loss of Atp8b1 in IEC causes LPC malabsorption and thereby hepatic choline deficiency. Feeding choline-supplemented diets to lactating mice achieves complete recovery from steatohepatitis in Atp8b1IEC-KO mice. Analysis of samples from pediatric patients with ATP8B1 deficiency suggests its translational potential. This study indicates that Atp8b1 regulates hepatic choline levels through intestinal LPC absorption, encouraging the evaluation of choline supplementation therapy for steatohepatitis caused by ATP8B1 dysfunction. Choline is an essential nutrient derived primarily from dietary phosphatidylcholine, and its deficiency causes steatohepatitis. Here, the authors show that intestinal Atp8b1 contributes to choline metabolism through lysoPC absorption and that its dysfunction causes choline deficiency and steatohepatitis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Food consumption, which delivers fundamental energy and essential nutrients to human beings, is crucial for achieving a series of sustainable goals. Alongside rising population growth and living standards, there has been a significant increase in food cultivation demands, supply chain complexities, and waste management. Therefore, to protect human health and the environment, promoting sustainable food systems and the uptake of sustainable dietary habits are vital. Yet, information on the environmental and health impact of dietary choices remains inconsistent across multiple evaluation methods, which fail to deliver essential ideas to consumers. In this study, we formulate an integrated approach using Environmentally Extended Input-Output analysis, covering the food supply chain from production to the distribution phase, complemented with a hybrid Life Cycle Assessment for cooking and disposal processes, to quantify the carbon footprint of specific recipes. Our dataset also includes the distinct nutritional values of each recipe. This dataset not only informs the food industry and recipe platforms, enabling more sustainable choices, but also helps individuals balance nutritional value with environmental impact, leading to more informed and sustainable dietary decisions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Amino acids which are essential nutrients for all cell types' survival are also recognised to serve as opportunistic/alternative fuels in cancers auxotrophic for specific amino acids. Accordingly, restriction of amino acids has been utilised as a therapeutic strategy in these cancers. Contrastingly, amino acid deficiencies in cancer are found to greatly impair immune functions, increasing mortality and morbidity rates. Dietary and supplemental amino acids in such conditions have revealed their importance as 'immunonutrients' by modulating cellular homeostasis processes and halting malignant progression. L-arginine specifically has attracted interest as an immunonutrient by acting as a nodal regulator of immune responses linked to carcinogenesis processes through its versatile signalling molecule, nitric oxide (NO). The quantum of NO generated directly influences the cytotoxic and cytostatic processes of cell cycle arrest, apoptosis, and senescence. However, L-lysine, a CAT transporter competitor for arginine effectively limits arginine input at high L-lysine concentrations by limiting arginine-mediated effects. The phenomenon of arginine–lysine antagonism can, therefore, be hypothesised to influence the immunonutritional effects exerted by arginine. The review highlights aspects of lysine's interference with arginine-mediated NO generation and its consequences on immunonutritional and anti-cancer effects, and discusses possible alternatives to manage the condition. However, further research that considers monitoring lysine levels in arginine immunonutritional therapy is essential to conclude the hypothesis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Currently, active chlorine is considered the most effective treatment for preventing biofouling of structures in contact with seawater. This compound falls under the scope of the EU Biocidal Products Regulation, which includes since 2018 a requirement to assess all active ingredients for their potential endocrine-disrupting properties on humans and non-target organisms. Therefore, this study examines the endocrine-disrupting (ED) potential of active chlorine based on the European Chemicals Agency and European Food Safety Authority guidance (ED TGD). It includes two approaches: (i) a systematic literature review using appropriate search terms and (ii) an in silico assessment, both supported by expert judgement. Finally, the feasibility and relevance of in vitro tests were examined by considering the stability of chlorine and the applicability domain of the recommended in vitro assays. Results: No significant adversity or endocrine activity based on EATS (estrogen, androgen, thyroid, and steroidogenesis)-modalities were evidenced based on the literature data. However, these modalities remain understudied and further datasets are needed for a comprehensive assessment. The in silico approach revealed a low probability of binding between active chlorine and a set of 14 human nuclear receptors, for both agonist and antagonist effects. This is not surprising given the great structural difference between active chlorine and natural ligands. The in vitro investigation of the ED potential of active chlorine raises several operational limits, including: (i) its instability (t1/2 < 48 h) which is incompatible with a reasonable time window between collection and ex situ analysis; (ii) its rapid and complete reaction with several essential nutrients in cell culture media; (iii) its documented cytotoxicity on various cell lines; and (iv) its exclusion from the scope of certain OECD guidelines. Conclusions: Overall, neither the in silico evaluation nor the systematic literature review performed indicates a significant adversity based on EATS-mediated parameters or EATS-related endocrine activities. This study highlights the challenges of performing a comprehensive ED assessment for a data-poor chemical and questions the relevance of transposing generic methodologies to the case of unstable and inorganic molecules. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Deficiency of dietary choline, an essential nutrient, is observed worldwide, with ~ 90% of Americans being deficient. Previous work highlights a relationship between decreased choline intake and an increased risk for cognitive decline and Alzheimer's disease (AD). The associations between blood circulating choline and the pathological progression in both mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and AD remain unknown. Here, we examined these associations in a cohort of patients with MCI with presence of either sparse or high neuritic plaque density and Braak stage and a second cohort with either moderate AD (moderate to frequent neuritic plaques, Braak stage = IV) or severe AD (frequent neuritic plaques, Braak stage = VI), compared to age-matched controls. Metabolomic analysis was performed on serum from the AD cohort. We then assessed the effects of dietary choline deficiency (Ch−) in 3xTg-AD mice and choline supplementation (Ch+) in APP/PS1 mice, two rodent models of AD. The levels of circulating choline were reduced while pro-inflammatory cytokine TNFα was elevated in serum of both MCI sparse and high pathology cases. Reduced choline and elevated TNFα correlated with higher neuritic plaque density and Braak stage. In AD patients, we found reductions in choline, its derivative acetylcholine (ACh), and elevated TNFα. Choline and ACh levels were negatively correlated with neuritic plaque load, Braak stage, and TNFα, but positively correlated with MMSE, and brain weight. Metabolites L-Valine, 4-Hydroxyphenylpyruvic, Methylmalonic, and Ferulic acids were significantly associated with circuiting choline levels. In 3xTg-AD mice, the Ch− diet increased amyloid-β levels and tau phosphorylation in cortical tissue, and TNFα in both blood and cortical tissue, paralleling the severe human-AD profile. Conversely, the Ch+ diet increased choline and ACh while reducing amyloid-β and TNFα levels in brains of APP/PS1 mice. Collectively, low circulating choline is associated with AD-neuropathological progression, illustrating the importance of adequate dietary choline intake to offset disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Bees provide essential pollination services for many food crops and are critical in supporting wild plant diversity. However, the dietary landscape of pollen food sources for social and solitary bees has changed because of agricultural intensification and habitat loss. For this reason, understanding the basic nutrient metabolism and meeting the nutritional needs of bees is becoming an urgent requirement for agriculture and conservation. We know that pollen is the principal source of dietary fat and sterols for pollinators, but a precise understanding of what the essential nutrients are and how much is needed is not yet clear. Sterols are key for producing the hormones that control development and may be present in cell membranes, where fatty-acid-containing species are important structural and signalling molecules (phospholipids) or to supply, store and distribute energy (glycerides). Aim of the review: In this critical review, we examine the current general understanding of sterol and lipid metabolism of social and solitary bees from a variety of literature sources and discuss implications for bee health. Key scientific concepts of review: We found that while eusocial bees are resilient to some dietary variation in sterol supply the scope for this is limited. The evidence of both de novo lipogenesis and a dietary need for particular fatty acids (FAs) shows that FA metabolism in insects is analogous to mammals but with distinct features. Bees rely on their dietary intake for essential sterols and lipids in a way that is dependent upon pollen availability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Vitamin B6 is an essential nutrient with extensive applications in the medicine, food, animal feed, and cosmetics industries. Pyridoxine (PN), the most common commercial form of vitamin B6, is currently chemically synthesized using expensive and toxic chemicals. However, the low catalytic efficiencies of natural enzymes and the tight regulation of the metabolic pathway have hindered PN production by the microbial fermentation process. Here, we report an engineered Escherichia coli strain for PN production. Parallel pathway engineering is performed to decouple PN production and cell growth. Further, protein engineering is rationally designed including the inefficient enzymes PdxA, PdxJ, and the initial enzymes Epd and Dxs. By the iterative multimodule optimization strategy, the final strain produces 1.4 g/L of PN with productivity of 29.16 mg/L/h by fed-batch fermentation. The strategies reported here will be useful for developing microbial strains for the production of vitamins and other bioproducts having inherently low metabolic fluxes. Pyridoxine (PN), the most common commercial form of vitamin B6, has been chemically synthesized using expensive and toxic chemicals. Here, the authors employ parallel pathway engineering, protein engineering, and iterative multimodule optimization for high level PN production in E. coli. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Particle-attached (PA) and free-living (FL) bacterial communities play essential roles in the biogeochemical cycling of essential nutrients in aquatic environments. However, little is known about the factors that drive the differentiation of bacterial lifestyles, especially in flooding lake systems. Here we assessed the compositional and functional similarities between the FL and PA bacterial fractions in a typical flooding lake—the Poyang Lake (PYL) of China. The results revealed that PA communities had significantly different compositions and functions from FL communities in every hydrological period, and the diversity of both PA and FL communities was affected mainly by the water regime rather than bacterial lifestyles. PA communities were more diverse and enriched with Proteobacteria and Bacteroidetes, while FL communities had more Actinobacteria. There was a higher abundance of photosynthetic and nitrogen-cycling bacterial groups in PA communities, but a higher abundance of members involved in hydrocarbon degradation, aromatic hydrocarbon degradation, and methylotrophy in FL communities. Water properties (e.g., temperature, pH, total phosphorus) significantly regulated the lifestyle variations of PA and FL bacteria in PYL. Collectively, our results have demonstrated a clear ecological differentiation of PA and FL bacterial communities in flooding lakes, suggesting that the connectivity between FL and PA bacterial fractions is water property-related rather than water regime-related. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Over 2 billion people are unable to access safe, nutritious and sufficient food year-round. While global fisheries are considered key in providing essential nutrients to hundreds of millions of people around the globe, the specific contribution of small-scale fisheries to the nutrient supply given other available food supplies is unknown. Here, we combined multiple global databases to quantify the importance of marine small-scale fisheries to national-level nutrient supply of coastal populations. We found that, on average across assessed nutrients (iron, zinc, calcium, DHA + EPA and vitamins A and B12), small-scale fisheries contributed about 32% of overall global seafood nutrient supply, 17% of the nutrient supply from animal-sourced foods and 10% of nutrient supply from all foods. These global averages, however, underrepresent some key roles of ocean-based foods. Combining nutrient supply estimates with global estimates of inadequate nutrient intake, we found that about half of coastal countries that have a mean inadequate intake of at least 50% across assessed nutrients (iron, zinc, calcium, DHA + EPA and vitamins A and B12) rely on small scale fisheries for at least 15% of mean nutrient supply, and many rely on small scale fisheries for more than 30% of mean nutrient supply. Catch from small-scale fisheries is particularly important for the supply of vitamin B12, calcium and DHA + EPA, representing up to 100% of supply in selected countries. Our study demonstrates the significance of small-scale fisheries for nutritionally vulnerable coastal populations, emphasizing how effective fisheries management can contribute to public health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Metabolic cross-feeding plays vital roles in promoting ecological diversity. While some microbes depend on exchanges of essential nutrients for growth, the forces driving the extensive cross-feeding needed to support the coexistence of free-living microbes are poorly understood. Here we characterize bacterial physiology under self-acidification and establish that extensive excretion of key metabolites following growth arrest provides a collaborative, inter-species mechanism of stress resistance. This collaboration occurs not only between species isolated from the same community, but also between unrelated species with complementary (glycolytic vs. gluconeogenic) modes of metabolism. Cultures of such communities progress through distinct phases of growth-dilution cycles, comprising of exponential growth, acidification-triggered growth arrest, collaborative deacidification, and growth recovery, with each phase involving different combinations of physiological states of individual species. Our findings challenge the steady-state view of ecosystems commonly portrayed in ecological models, offering an alternative dynamical view based on growth advantages of complementary species in different phases. Microbes can cooperate and share resources via metabolic cross-feeding. Here, the authors show that excretion of key metabolites following acid stress provides a collaborative, inter-species mechanism of stress resistance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Iron, supplemented as iron-loaded transferrin (holotransferrin), is an essential nutrient in mammalian cell cultures, particularly for erythroid cultures. The high cost of human transferrin represents a challenge for large scale production of red blood cells (RBCs) and for cell therapies in general. We evaluated the use of deferiprone, a cell membrane-permeable drug for iron chelation therapy, as an iron carrier for erythroid cultures. Iron-loaded deferiprone (Def3·Fe3+, at 52 µmol/L) could eliminate the need for holotransferrin supplementation during in vitro expansion and differentiation of erythroblast cultures to produce large numbers of enucleated RBC. Only the first stage, when hematopoietic stem cells committed to erythroblasts, required holotransferrin supplementation. RBCs cultured in presence of Def3·Fe3+ or holotransferrin (1000 µg/mL) were similar with respect to differentiation kinetics, expression of cell-surface markers CD235a and CD49d, hemoglobin content, and oxygen association/dissociation. Replacement of holotransferrin supplementation by Def3·Fe3+ was also successful in cultures of myeloid cell lines (MOLM13, NB4, EOL1, K562, HL60, ML2). Thus, iron-loaded deferiprone can partially replace holotransferrin as a supplement in chemically defined cell culture medium. This holds promise for a significant decrease in medium cost and improved economic perspectives of the large scale production of red blood cells for transfusion purposes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Multiple nutritional deficiencies (MND) confound studies designed to assess the role of a single nutrient in contributing to the initiation and progression of disease states. Despite the perception of many healthcare practitioners, up to 25% of Americans are deficient in five-or-more essential nutrients. Stress associated with the COVID-19 pandemic further increases the prevalence of deficiency states. Viral infections compete for crucial nutrients with immune cells. Viral replication and proliferation of immunocompetent cells critical to the host response require these essential nutrients, including zinc. Clinical studies have linked levels of more than 22 different dietary components to the likelihood of COVID-19 infection and the severity of the disease. People at higher risk of infection due to MND are also more likely to have long-term sequelae, known as Long COVID. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite copper (Cu) being an essential nutrient for the growth and development of all living organisms, the yield and tolerance mechanisms of fragrant rice under Cu-induced stress have not been reported. In this study, we tested two fragrant rice cultivars (Meixiangzhan and Yuxiangyouzhan) at the heading stage, with four Cu doses (CuSO4·5H2O), i.e., 0 (CK), 20 (T1), 40 (T2), and 60 mM (T3) in a pot experiment. Our results showed that T2 treatment improved the yield of Meixiangzhan and Yuxiangyouzhan by 8.33% and 18.51%, respectively, by improving grains per panicle and the seed-setting rate. Moreover, Yuxiangyouzhan had the highest yield in T2 treatment, indicating that it had better Cu-tolerance than Meixiangzhan. Both cultivars had a similar response to Cu dose treatments. While T1 and T2 improved leaf pigment contents, antioxidant enzyme activities, and soluble protein content in plant tissues, T3 treatment instead promoted higher malondialdehyde (MDA) content accumulation and regulated antioxidant attributes. Overall, low-level Cu dosing significantly improved the fragrant rice yield via modulation of the antioxidant attributes. Therefore, this study provides supporting evidence for utilizing Cu reagent or assessing Cu toxicity in fragrant rice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In concert with oxygen, soil alkalinity strongly restricts the availability of iron, an essential nutrient with a multitude of functions in living organisms. In addition to its role in mitochondrial energy metabolism and as a cofactor for enzymes, in plants iron also plays key roles in photosynthesis and is required for chlorophyll biosynthesis. The ability to thrive in calcareous soils, referred to as calcicole behaviour, is the readout of an amalgam of traits of which efficient foraging of iron is a decisive factor. Recently, the well-established concept of two distinct iron uptake strategies, phylogenetically separating grasses from other land plants, was expanded by the discovery of auxiliary mechanisms that extend the range of edaphic conditions to which a species can adapt. Secretion of a tailor-made cocktail of iron-mobilising metabolites into the rhizosphere, the composition of which is responsive to a suite of edaphic and internal cues, allows survival in calcareous soils through a competitive iron acquisition strategy, which includes intricate interactions with the consortium of associated microorganisms in, on, and around the roots. This versatile, reciprocal plant-microbiome interplay affects iron mobilisation directly, but also collaterally by impacting growth, fitness, and health of the host. Here, we review the mechanisms and the multifaceted regulation of iron acquisition in plants, taking into consideration the specific constraints associated with the uptake of iron from alkaline soils. Knowledge on how plants extract iron from such soils sets the stage for a better understanding of essential ecological processes and for combatting iron malnutrition in humans. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Honey, a natural healthy liquid bee product, is rich in amino acids, vitamins, and other essential nutrients. Different origin honeys also varied in organic acids. The objective of this study is to establish an efficient solid-phase extraction-gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (SPE-GC–MS) method to eliminate interference of sugar and other impurities for accurately estimating 22 organic acids in honey by optimizing extraction, purification, derivatization, and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) analytical conditions. After being extracted, purified and derivatized, organic acids in honey were qualified and quantified by GC–MS. This method was evaluated experimentally, and the results showed that, within a certain concentration range, the standard curve linear relationship was satisfactory (R2 > 0.9942), and the target organic acid recovery rate was 86.74% ~ 118.68%. Besides, precision (relative standard deviation, RSD = 2.98% ~ 13.42%), detection limit (LOD = 0.002 ~ 0.2 mg kg−1), and quantification limit (LOQ = 0.008 ~ 0.5 mg kg−1) met the target requirements. Also, based on this analytical method, the organic acids in five types of honey (acacia, jujube, vitex, canola and linden honey) were estimated. Notably, they all contained 22 different kinds of organic acids, and significant differences (p < 0.05) in the organic acid content and composition among different honey varieties were observed. PCA analysis showed that the five honeys could be differentiated based on the content of 22 organic acids. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to the annual increase in wastewater treatment in most Chinese cities, a major environmental issue has arisen: safe treatment, disposal, and recycling of municipal sludge. Municipal sludge has a high content of carbon and essential nutrients for plant growth; hence, it has gained interest among researchers as a soil fertilizer. This study discusses the potential usage of municipal sludge as soil fertilizer (indicators include nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and trace elements) along with its shortcomings and drawbacks (potentially toxic elements (PTEs), organic matter (OM), pathogens, etc.) as well as reviews the latest reports on the role of municipal sludge in land use. The use of municipal sludge as a soil fertilizer is a sustainable management practice and a single application of sludge does not harm the environment. However, repeated use of sludge may result in the accumulation of harmful chemicals and pathogens that can enter the food chain and endanger human health. Therefore, long-term field studies are needed to develop ways to eliminate these adverse effects and make municipal sludge available for agricultural use. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The soil-borne fungus Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense tropical race 4 (Foc TR4) causes Fusarium wilt of banana (FWB), which devastates banana production worldwide. Biocontrol is considered to be the most efficient approach to reducing FWB. Here we introduce an approach that spatiotemporally applies Piriformospore indica and Streptomyces morookaensis strains according to their respective strength to increase biocontrol efficacy of FWB. P. indica successfully colonizes banana roots, promotes lateral root formation, inhibits Foc TR4 growth inside the banana plants and reduces FWB. S. morookaensis strain Sm4-1986 secretes different secondary compounds, of which xerucitrinin A (XcA) and 6-pentyl-α-pyrone (6-PP) show the strongest anti-Foc TR4 activity. XcA chelates iron, an essential nutrient in pathogen-plant interaction that determines the output of FWB. 6-PP, a volatile organic compound, inhibits Foc TR4 germination and promotes banana growth. Biocontrol trials in the field demonstrated that application of S. morookaensis lead to improvement of soil properties and increase of rhizosphere-associated microbes that are beneficial to banana growth, which significantly reduces disease incidence of FWB. Our study suggests that optimal utilization of the two biocontrol strains increases efficacy of biocontrol and that regulating iron accessibility in the rhizosphere is a promising strategy to control FWB. Spatiotemporal application of two biocontrol strains, Piriformospore indica and Streptomyces morookaensis, inhibits the soil-borne fungus Foc TR4 growth and reduces Fusarium wilt of banana. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ectomycorrhiza (ECM) is a symbiotic relation between plant and fungi that is essential for nutrient uptake of many stand forming trees. There are two conflicting views about the evolution of ECM in fungi suggesting (1) relatively few transitions to ECM followed by reversals to non-ECM, or (2) many independent origins of ECM and no reversals. In this study, we compare these, and other, hypotheses and test the impact of different models on inference. We assembled a dataset of five marker gene sequences (nuc58, nucLSU, nucSSU, rpb1, and rpb2) and 2,174 fungal taxa covering the three subphyla: Agaricomycotina, Mucoromycotina and Pezizomycotina. The fit of different models, including models with variable rates in clades or through time, to the pattern of ECM fungal taxa was tested in a Bayesian framework, and using AIC and simulations. We find that models implementing variable rates are a better fit than models without rate shift, and that the conclusion about the relative rate between ECM and non-ECM depend largely on whether rate shifts are allowed or not. We conclude that standard constant-rate ancestral state reconstruction models are not adequate for the analysis of the evolution of ECM fungi, and may give contradictory results to more extensive analyses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Plant-soil interactions directing plant growth are governed by chemical communications among the microorganisms, and between the plants and microbes. A study was conducted to evaluate the effects of seed biopriming with native plant-growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) on growth parameters of wheat. Rhizospheric bacteria isolated from drought-exposed fields were characterized on morphological, biochemically and molecular basis and screened for PGP traits. Nine isolates were able to solubilize essential nutrients, produce plant growth hormone indole acetic acid (IAA), and most of the isolates were positive for siderophore, ammonia, hydrogen cyanide (HCN), and hydrolytic enzyme production. Considerable and varying amounts of exopolysaccharides (EPS) constituted of proteins (amide I, II, III), polysaccharides, nucleic acids and peptidoglycan were produced by few strains that helped in formation of biofilm matrix. Biopriming wheat seeds with selected bacterial isolates brought significant increase in wheat germination, growth, and yield parameters. Correlation analysis revealed that the phytohormone, phosphate solubilization and EPS-producing abilities were the most obvious PGP traits of bacteria related to the growth and yield of wheat plants. Among all the nine bacterial isolates tested, two isolates, viz. Pseudomonas azotoformans JRBHU5 and Burkholderia seminalis JRBHU6, with good colonizing abilities enhanced plant vigor at early stage thereby augmenting wheat growth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Trees have a large impact on the topsoil chemistry and the strength and direction of this impact depend on the identity of the tree species. Tree species with nutrient-poor litter have the potential to degrade soil fertility, which is characterized by high acidity, low availability of essential nutrients for plant growth, and high levels of available Al and Fe. In contrast, species with more easily decomposing, nutrient-rich litter can ameliorate the soil quality. In this study, we are investigating the effects of tree species identity on topsoil chemistry on a small spatial scale. Our study site, situated in Białowieża Forest in Poland, replicates mature monocultures and two-species mixtures, using a pool of four tree species. Soil was sampled at a metre distance to the base of a tree and in the centre along a transect between two trees. We found that the total C concentration, plant available P and base cation concentration, and C/N ratio were all larger close to the tree. The pH was unaffected by the distance. We identified clear species identity effects on this distance effect. In particular, we found that the pH and base cations were affected more negatively by the proximity to a tree nearby nutrient-poor trees in comparison with nutrient-rich trees. However, no non-additive diversity effects in mixtures could be distinguished. Our results highlight the ameliorating effects of admixing nutrient-rich species with nutrient-poor species and the importance of tree species choice in regard to the topsoil chemical composition on a small within-stand scale. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Phosphorus (P) is an essential plant nutrient. Most rice growing lands lack adequate P, requiring multiple P fertiliser applications to obtain expected yields. However, P fertiliser is environmentally damaging, and already unaffordable to the marginal farmers. This warrants developing P-efficient rice varieties that require less P to produce the expected yield. However, genetic factors underlying P-use efficiency (PUE) in rice remain elusive. Here, we conducted comparative transcriptome analysis using two rice varieties with contrasting PUE; a P-efficient landrace DJ123 and a P-inefficient modern cultivar IR64. We aimed to understand the transcriptomic responses in DJ123 that allow it to achieve a high PUE under low P conditions. Our results showed that both DJ123 and IR64 had replete tissue P concentrations after 48 h of P deprivation. Yet, DJ123 strongly responded to the external low P availability by inducing P starvation-inducible genes that included SPX2, PHO1, PAPs and SQDs, while these genes were not significantly induced in IR64. We envisage that the ability of DJ123 to rapidly respond to low P conditions might be the key to its high PUE. Our findings lay a valuable foundation in elucidating PUE mechanism in rice, thus will potentially contribute to developing P-efficient modern rice variety. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Improving phosphorus (P) crop nutrition has emerged as a key factor toward achieving a more resilient and sustainable agriculture. P is an essential nutrient for plant development and reproduction, and phosphate (Pi)-based fertilizers represent one of the pillars that sustain food production systems. To meet the global food demand, the challenge for modern agriculture is to increase food production and improve food quality in a sustainable way by significantly optimizing Pi fertilizer use efficiency. The development of genetically improved crops with higher Pi uptake and Pi-use efficiency and higher adaptability to environments with low-Pi availability will play a crucial role toward this end. In this review, we summarize the current understanding of Pi nutrition and the regulation of Pi-starvation responses in plants, and provide new perspectives on how to harness the ample repertoire of genetic mechanisms behind these adaptive responses for crop improvement. We discuss on the potential of implementing more integrative, versatile, and effective strategies by incorporating systems biology approaches and tools such as genome editing and synthetic biology. These strategies will be invaluable for producing high-yielding crops that require reduced Pi fertilizer inputs and to develop a more sustainable global agriculture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sulfur (S) fertilization is necessary to overcome the low availability of this essential nutrient in agricultural soils. Although elemental sulfur (S8) pellets are often used, they tend to be poorly effective due to their low oxidation rate to sulfate, the form assimilated by plants. Here we designed highly porous polysulfide pellets (PolyS-porous) as S fertilizers with higher surface area for oxidation, aiming to improve sulfate delivery. A porosity of nearly 50% was achieved via inverse vulcanization of soybean oil and S8 in the presence of a salt porogen. A culture medium test with S-oxidizing bacterium Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans revealed PolyS-porous had a faster initial oxidation than S8-pellet, reaching respectively 57% and 20% at the end of 10 days. Sulfate released from PolyS-porous in soil was 3 times higher than from S8-pellet in 30 days, and PolyS-porous co-application with A. thiooxidans achieved twice as much. Overall, the results from this study demonstrated the potential of porous polysulfide pellets as sulfur fertilizers with improved efficiency, especially when combined with A. thiooxidans. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rare microbial taxa [bacterial and archaeal operational taxonomic units (OTUs) with mean relative abundance ≤ 0.001%] were critical for ecosystem function, yet, their identity and function remained incompletely understood, particularly in arsenic (As) contaminated rice soils. In the present study we have characterized the rare populations of the As-contaminated rice soil microbiomes from West Bengal (India) in terms of their identity, interaction and potential function. Major proportion of the OTUs (73% of total 38,289 OTUs) was represented by rare microbial taxa (henceforth mentioned as rare taxa), which covered 4.5–15.7% of the different communities. Taxonomic assignment of the rare taxa showed their affiliation to members of Gamma-, Alpha-, Delta- Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria, and Acidobacteria. SO42−, NO3−, NH4+and pH significantly impacted the distribution of rare taxa. Rare taxa positively correlated with As were found to be more frequent in relatively high As soil while the rare taxa negatively correlated with As were found to be more frequent in relatively low As soil. Co-occurrence-network analysis indicated that rare taxa whose abundance were correlated strongly (R > 0.8) with As also had strong association (R > 0.8) with PO42−, NO3−, and NH4+. Correlation analysis indicated that the rare taxa were likely to involved in two major guilds one, involved in N-metabolism and the second involved in As/Fe as well as other metabolisms. Role of the rare taxa in denitrification and dissimilatory NO3− reduction (DNRA), As biotransformation, S-, H-, C- and Fe-, metabolism was highlighted from 16S rRNA gene-based predictive analysis. Phylogenetic analysis of rare taxa indicated signatures of inhabitant rice soil microorganisms having significant roles in nitrogen (N) cycle and As-Fe metabolism. This study provided critical insights into the taxonomic identity, metabolic potentials and importance of the rare taxa in As biotransformation and biogeochemical cycling of essential nutrients in As-impacted rice soils. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Alcohol intake, particularly to cope up with stress and depression experienced by commercial drivers during the peak of the COVID-19 pandemic, is alarming as a rise in sales has been reported in certain countries during the quarantine. Alcoholism leads to malnutrition, either because those involved consume an insufficient amount of essential nutrients or because alcohol and its metabolism prevent the body from properly absorbing, digesting, and using those nutrients. This study was carried out to assess the association of alcohol use and dietary lifestyle of commercial motor drivers during the pandemic. Results: The anthropometric studies revealed that 69.5% of the respondents fall within the range of 18.5–24.49 indicating that they have normal weights. 63.5% reported daily consumption of alcohol, and 51% claimed that it does not affect their appetite, while 64.5% of the respondent stated that alcohol does not present them with any health problems. There was no significant association between the consumption of alcohol and nutritional status (p > 0.05), but a significant association between dietary lifestyle patterns and the nutritional status of participants was recorded (p < 0.05). Conclusion: It is, therefore, essential that commercial drivers are given adequate information and guidance on improving their dietary lifestyle. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Discovered in 2004, carbon dots have garnered a major attention due to their unique optical properties, nanoscale size, and cost-effectiveness. Their potential uses are applicable for bioimaging, electronics, and the food industry. Carbon dots are promising tools for detecting contaminants, identifying harmful bacteria, and monitoring essential nutrients. Here, we review the safety risks associated with applying carbon dots in the food industry, focusing on their integration into global food safety frameworks. We highlight recent advancements in the detection capabilities of carbon dots, showcasing their sensitivity and specificity in identifying foodborne pathogens and contaminants. We discuss strategies to mitigate potential health risks, such as optimizing carbon dot synthesis to minimize their toxicity and ensuring thorough regulatory assessments. Current research shows that carbon dots improve food safety, but research is needed to address safety concerns and ensure consumer confidence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and aims: Drought has a substantial adverse impact on maize growth during the jointing stage. Nitrogen (N) is an essential nutrient that fosters the growth and yield of maize. However, the underlying mechanisms behind the connection between N and drought tolerance require elucidation.In this study, we explored the effects of drought and N application on maize during the jointing stage using soil column cultivation. The investigation includes phenotypic analyses, measurements of physiological indexes, microstructural observations, and proteomics analyses.The impacts of N on maize plants under drought stress were as follows: (1) The supply of N enhanced the root water uptake capacity by reducing the biosynthesis of lignin in the root endodermis and increasing the proportion of deep nodal roots; (2) N reduced the inhibition of photosynthate assimilation caused by drought, resulting in increased leaf area, chlorophyll content, biomass and higher levels of growth-promoting hormones; (3) N improved drought tolerance in maize plants, probably caused by N strengthening the root antioxidant system and thus maintaining reactive oxygen species (ROS) homeostasis.The physiological mechanisms of N in alleviating drought in maize at the jointing stage, as explored in this study, provide a theoretical foundation and potential strategies for dryland maize cultivation or the selection and design of new drought-tolerant maize lines.Methods: Drought has a substantial adverse impact on maize growth during the jointing stage. Nitrogen (N) is an essential nutrient that fosters the growth and yield of maize. However, the underlying mechanisms behind the connection between N and drought tolerance require elucidation.In this study, we explored the effects of drought and N application on maize during the jointing stage using soil column cultivation. The investigation includes phenotypic analyses, measurements of physiological indexes, microstructural observations, and proteomics analyses.The impacts of N on maize plants under drought stress were as follows: (1) The supply of N enhanced the root water uptake capacity by reducing the biosynthesis of lignin in the root endodermis and increasing the proportion of deep nodal roots; (2) N reduced the inhibition of photosynthate assimilation caused by drought, resulting in increased leaf area, chlorophyll content, biomass and higher levels of growth-promoting hormones; (3) N improved drought tolerance in maize plants, probably caused by N strengthening the root antioxidant system and thus maintaining reactive oxygen species (ROS) homeostasis.The physiological mechanisms of N in alleviating drought in maize at the jointing stage, as explored in this study, provide a theoretical foundation and potential strategies for dryland maize cultivation or the selection and design of new drought-tolerant maize lines.Results: Drought has a substantial adverse impact on maize growth during the jointing stage. Nitrogen (N) is an essential nutrient that fosters the growth and yield of maize. However, the underlying mechanisms behind the connection between N and drought tolerance require elucidation.In this study, we explored the effects of drought and N application on maize during the jointing stage using soil column cultivation. The investigation includes phenotypic analyses, measurements of physiological indexes, microstructural observations, and proteomics analyses.The impacts of N on maize plants under drought stress were as follows: (1) The supply of N enhanced the root water uptake capacity by reducing the biosynthesis of lignin in the root endodermis and increasing the proportion of deep nodal roots; (2) N reduced the inhibition of photosynthate assimilation caused by drought, resulting in increased leaf area, chlorophyll content, biomass and higher levels of growth-promoting hormones; (3) N improved drought tolerance in maize plants, probably caused by N strengthening the root antioxidant system and thus maintaining reactive oxygen species (ROS) homeostasis.The physiological mechanisms of N in alleviating drought in maize at the jointing stage, as explored in this study, provide a theoretical foundation and potential strategies for dryland maize cultivation or the selection and design of new drought-tolerant maize lines.Conclusions: Drought has a substantial adverse impact on maize growth during the jointing stage. Nitrogen (N) is an essential nutrient that fosters the growth and yield of maize. However, the underlying mechanisms behind the connection between N and drought tolerance require elucidation.In this study, we explored the effects of drought and N application on maize during the jointing stage using soil column cultivation. The investigation includes phenotypic analyses, measurements of physiological indexes, microstructural observations, and proteomics analyses.The impacts of N on maize plants under drought stress were as follows: (1) The supply of N enhanced the root water uptake capacity by reducing the biosynthesis of lignin in the root endodermis and increasing the proportion of deep nodal roots; (2) N reduced the inhibition of photosynthate assimilation caused by drought, resulting in increased leaf area, chlorophyll content, biomass and higher levels of growth-promoting hormones; (3) N improved drought tolerance in maize plants, probably caused by N strengthening the root antioxidant system and thus maintaining reactive oxygen species (ROS) homeostasis.The physiological mechanisms of N in alleviating drought in maize at the jointing stage, as explored in this study, provide a theoretical foundation and potential strategies for dryland maize cultivation or the selection and design of new drought-tolerant maize lines. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Circular use of resources implies developing mild processes to transform food by-products into value-added products, without using organic solvents or extensive washing and drying steps. Refined ingredients are commonly used in gluten-free bakery resulting in high levels of saturated fatty acids and sugars as well as a lack of essential nutrients like dietary fibres. The objective of this study was (i) to compare the nutritional composition and the water retention capacity (WRC) of an upcycled orange fibre dried by hot air combined with microwave (HAD+MW) and a commercial orange fibre obtained by different methods (COM), and (ii) to compare the nutritional, texture and sensory profile of gluten-free biscuits formulated with HAD+MW and with COM fibres. The total dietary fibre content (72.0 ± 3.0%) and WRC (21.1 ± 2.7 gwater/ g) of HAD+MW fibre did not differ from the nutritional composition of the control orange fibre (COM). However, for HAD+MW fibre, protein (+2.34 fold), fat (−4.75 fold), ash (−2.31 fold), sugars (−1.42 fold) and moisture content (+11.5 fold) was different from COM. Instrumental texture analysis showed that biscuits with HAD+MW fiber resulted in less hardness (26%) than those with COM fiber. However, this difference was not perceived by panellists (p > 0.05). Exterior colour, cereal, vanilla and citrus aroma-flavour, and granularity were slightly more intense in HAD+MW biscuits but still similar to the commercial control fiber. Thus, the HAD+MW drying method can be used for upcycling orange by-products, obtaining less refined and more nutritious and sustainable ingredients for fiber-enrichment of gluten-free biscuits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]