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Fuel tax levy is an appropriate measure to reduce motor vehicle pollution since the government can't directly tax drifting source of pollution. However, this action will affect every part of residents' life, we should take many factors into consideration. This paper is devoted to the environmental and economic effects of various fuel taxes for different departments based on Beijing economy-energy-environment computable general equilibrium (3E-CGE) model. Researches show that raising fuel tax rates for production & import and consumption contributes to air pollution and emission reduction. However, tax increase may hinder economic growth. Higher tax on production & import will lead to stagflation while on consumption will lead to depression. Besides, the influences on different industries also vary. My conclusion is that government should levy fuel taxes as well as pay subsidies to optimize industrial structure and decrease the impact on economy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The contradiction between China's economic development and the reduction of carbon emission is increasingly deepening along with the complex carbon emission transfer. Optimizing provincial-level carbon emission transfer in China is important for facilitating economic development and carbon emission reduction. Under these dual constraints, this study uses the slacks-based measure, marginal abatement cost, and geographically and temporally weighted regression models to measure the economic and carbon emission reduction effects and the carbon emission reduction baseline. Then, the optimization strategy and path of provincial carbon emission transfer network structure are proposed to provide policy support for achieving the dual goals of economic development and carbon emission reduction in China. This article draws the following important research conclusions. First, under the three economic development scenarios, provinces in the eastern coastal developed regions are capable of completing the expected carbon emission reduction, whereas the underdeveloped provinces in the central and northern regions are not. Second, from the perspective of the economic effect of carbon emission transfer, carbon emission transfer from most provinces promotes economic development, whereas carbon emission transfer from a few economically underdeveloped provinces hinders economic development. Third, from the perspective of the carbon emission reduction impact of carbon emission transfer, carbon emission transfer in the northeast region has a negative impact on carbon emission reduction, and carbon emission transfer in developed regions also has a negative impact on carbon emission reduction. Fourth, the optimization of the carbon emission transfer can be divided into four categories. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study experimentally investigated the thermal efficiency, collector area, weight, embodied energy, environmental CO2 emissions of Al2O3/water nanofluid flow in a flat-plate solar collector and with coiled wire turbulators. The experiments were performed at ϕ that is equal to 0.1%, 0.2% and 0.3% and volume flow rate from 120 to 300 L/h. Results indicate that the collector thermal efficiency increased with the increase of particle volume loadings and volume flow rates. The thermal efficiency of the collector with water circulate is 53%, whereas it is enhanced to 65% at ϕ = 0.3% nanofluid, and it is further enhanced to 77% for ϕ = 0.3% nanofluid with 10-mm coiled wire insert in a collector tube at a volume flow rate of 300 L/h. The collector area is declined to 8.66% (ϕ = 0.1%), 14% (ϕ = 0.2%) and 18.66% (ϕ = 0.3%) for nanofluids. The collector area is further reduced to 31.33% for ϕ = 0.3% nanofluid and with a coiled wire pitch of 10 mm. The materials embodied energy is decreased to 1144.36 MJ for ϕ = 0.3% nanofluid, and it is further reduced to 1022.6 MJ with the use of a wire coil pitch of 10 mm, but for water, it is 1451.4 MJ. The Nusselt number is increased to 23.22% with ϕ = 0.3% nanofluid, and it further enhanced to 53.56% at same particle loadings and coiled wire pitch of 10 mm over the water data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: At present, there are still many controversies regarding the treatment of papillary thyroid microcarcinoma (PTMC). It is worth noting that thermal ablation has become a viable alternative for patients at high risk of surgery or those who wish to receive more active treatment than active surveillance. Objective: To investigate the economic benefits, efficacy, and safety of thermal ablation for patients with PTMC. Methods: We searched PubMed, Cochrane Library, Web of Science, and Embase for articles published from the database establishment to August 2021. All of the studies included were retrospective cohort analyses. In addition, meta-analysis was performed using the Stata15.1 versions and Review Manager5.3. Data were extracted according to the PRISMA guidelines by two professional doctors. Results: A total of 7 articles (1582 patients) were included in our systematic review and meta-analysis. We discovered that thermal ablation could shorten the hospitalization time (SMD, −3.82[95%CI, −5.25 to −2.40]), operation time (SMD, −5.67[95%CI, −6.65 to −4.68]), cost (SMD, −3.40 [95%CI, −5.06 to −1.75]) and reduce postoperative complications (OR, 0.07 [95%CI, 0.01 to 0.44]) than surgical treatment. In addition, our study also found that compared with surgery, there was no significant difference in the recurrence rate (OR, 1.53 [95% CI, 0.63 to 3.73]) and metastasis rate (OR, 0.47 [95% CI, 0.12 to 1.86]). Conclusion: On the premise of being safe and effective, thermal ablation has better economic benefits than surgical treatment for patients with PTMC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since entering the new era, China's socialist contradiction has been transformed into the contradiction between the people's growing need for a better life and the unbalanced and inadequate development. How to improve the quality of people's life through the improvement of air quality has become an important content restricting social development and a key problem to be solved. Based on the life satisfaction (LS) method, this study takes air quality into the individual utility function, and through matching China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (CHARLS), two phases of microindividual tracking data with 122 urban environmental quality data innovatively investigate the impact of air quality on residents' LS and its income substitution effect. The results show that air quality significantly reduces residents' LS, among which, different air pollutants and comprehensive air quality AQI have significant negative effects. And PM10 has the highest marginal effect on different LS evaluation, SO2 has the smallest marginal effect, and AQI marginal effect is close to PM10. In terms of group heterogeneity, NO2 and SO2 have group influence differences in age group, regional economic group, gender group, and family per capita income group. But PM10 and AQI do not show group influence heterogeneity, and air quality has significant negative effect on LS of different groups. In addition, the interaction between air quality and income level shows that air quality strengthens the difference of residents' LS caused by income level difference. According to the equilibrium condition of residents' individual utility function, the improvement of air quality by 1% is equivalent to the improvement of residents' LS by 23.4402% of income. Firstly, air quality has an important impact on residents' LS, and different air pollutants have different effects. Secondly, the impact of air quality on LS of different groups is heterogeneous and mainly diversified in age group, regional economic group, gender group, and family per capital income group. Finally, there is substitution effect between air quality and regional GDP growth and household income, which affects residents' LS. Thirdly, the conclusion shows that the improvement of air quality is difficult to be replaced by other ways. Good air quality can not only directly improve residents' LS, but also has economic effect. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Arctic Oscillation and the North Atlantic Oscillation are the dominant patterns of the atmospheric circulation except the tropics in the northern region. In winter, the Arctic Oscillation and the North Atlantic Oscillation have a great influence on the climate of most regions except the tropics, and it has an organic integration with the North Atlantic sea surface temperature. It is still used by many departments and institutions to judge and predict atmospheric circulation according to the set sea surface temperature. However, the short-term climate judgment is greatly affected by different sea surface temperatures, and the understanding of the otherness is still lacking. Therefore, it is the main way for China to predict the climate of relevant regions through the prediction experiments of several different sea surface temperatures for atmospheric circulation climate carried out by the National Climate Center and the analysis of relevant data information through the experiments. It is still the main way to strengthen the development of trade, especially the development of import and export trade, by reducing tariffs. But it is inevitable that the reduction of tariffs will also reduce the country's government revenue. By studying the impact of tariff reduction on finance on the basis of theory, to enhance the level of fiscal revenue of each country. Import trade is the main content of international trade, and its scale and form have a significant impact on the development of a country. Research shows that we should strengthen the import of high-tech products. Improving the import structure of general products and paying attention to the import of consumer goods play a very important role in stabilizing the country's economic growth level and improving the country's economic income. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A technique for use in calculating the rational diameter of a pipeline by means of which the diameter of a pipe may be selected to achieve a minimally possible total cost of construction and operation of the pipeline in the case of a given flow rate of fluid assuming a designated period of operation is presented. The technique is constructed on the basis of two equations, an analytic equation of continuity of flow (Darcy−Weisbach equation) and equations for use in calculating the friction coefficient in rough tubes. The following parameters are taken into account here: the variation of the total cost of transporting the flow of fluid as a function of the diameter of the pipe with assigned volumetric flow rate of fluid, assigned period of operation of the pipeline, and the cost of a single linear meter of pipeline. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As an important component of China' transportation systems, for a long time, the insufficient performance of transport in Qinghai- Tibet Plateau (QTP) was a bottleneck restricting the economic growth and social development in this area. Nevertheless, the implementation of the western development strategy has accelerated the preliminary construction of comprehensive transport network since 2000. Due to the large area and significant geographical heterogeneity, there is a growing need to understand the relationship between transportation and economic development based on the perspective of spatial difference. By using GIS-based raster analysis and Geographically Weighted Regression (GWR) model, we investigated the spatial-temporal distribution of highway, railway and airport accessibility, respectively, and estimated the correlation and heterogeneity between transport accessibility and the level of economic development. Results revealed that: (1) Transport accessibility in the QTP improved by 53.38% in the past 15 years, which is specifically embodied in the improvement of both highway and railway. (2) Accessibility presented prominent differentiation in the space, increasing from west to east and reducing with the rise of elevation, specifically, the best accessibility area of the highway is below 4000m above sea level, while the area with an altitude of over 4000 m has the lowest aviation time cost. (3) In general, the long weighted average time cost to critical transport facilities posed significantly negative effect on county economic growth in QTP, more positively, the adverse effect gradually weakened over time. (4) Obvious heterogeneity exists at the influence of different transport accessibility factors on the level of economic development, reflecting both in the horizontal space and altitudinal belt. Therefore, region-specific policies should be addressed for the sustainable development of transport facilities as well as economy in the west mountain areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper considers the issues associated with the practical problem of optimal life cycle of a lengthy heat supply network section. We present a mathematical model and basic algorithms yielding optimal maintenance graphs for one or two collocated lengthy heat supply network sections. The optimal repair times are calculated and the corresponding economic effect is estimated by an example of four collocated sections. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Geothermal energy is a clean energy source that can potentially mitigate greenhouse gas emissions, as its use can lead to a lower mitigation cost. However, research on the economic impacts of the geothermal industry is scarce. This paper describes the effect of the geothermal industry, its economic input and output, using Beijing as a case study. This paper adopts the input–output model. The results show that the demand for and input use of the geothermal sector vary greatly across industrial sectors: electricity, heat production, the supply industry and general equipment manufacturing have the greatest direct consumption coefficient for the geothermal industry. When considering direct and indirect demand, it is clear that the geothermal industry has a great effect on different industrial sectors in diverse ways. Its influence coefficient and sensitivity coefficient are 1.2167 (ranked 11th) and 1.2293 (ranked 8th), respectively, revealing that it exerts obvious demand-pulling and supply-pushing effects on the regional economy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, we carry out an empirical analysis on how electronic word-of-mouth (hereinafter “e-WOM”) marketing on e-WOM websites and electronic-commerce websites on the Internet boosts consumption on a macro-level. In our analysis, we conduct a model analysis of consumer behavior using data composed of more than 30,000 questionnaire surveys and quantitatively find the elasticity coefficient of the boost to consumption by performing a two-step GMM (generalized method of moments), which uses instrumental variables. The results of the analysis show e-WOM significantly increased expenditures in six fields: computers, electrical appliances, etc.; music; hobbies; clothing, accessories, etc.; beauty products, etc.; and goods for everyday life, etc. Furthermore, there was no field that had a significantly negative value. These results showed that, in the majority of the target fields, e-WOM had not only the effect of winning customers from the competition, but also the effect of boosting consumption on a macro-level. In addition, even from people’s subjective evaluations, there were many in all the generational groups who said that e-WOM boosted expenditures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The history of the creation of the St. Petersburg Flood Protection Barrier System, and the economic effect of the adopted design decisions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is shown that the water temperature ranges in cooling towers given in the regulatory documents are not consistent with the standardized heat loads. It is also demonstrated that the existing criteria for estimating the effect from retrofitting of cooling towers are far from being perfect. The notions of cooling tower efficiency index and their operating characteristics with the nominal values of the main parameters are introduced. A procedure for determining these quantities is developed. An algorithm for directly calculating the economic effect from reconstruction of cooling towers is proposed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Methods are proposed for utilization of the heat of heated air emerging from the air channel of smokestacks. Numerical calculations for a 240-m-high smokestack at the Samara thermal power plant are used to determine the economic effect of recirculating the air heated in the air heater. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Seismic data structure characteristics means the waveform character arranged in the time sequence at discrete data points in each 2-D or 3-D seismic trace. Hydrocarbon prediction using seismic data structure characteristics is a new reservoir prediction technique. When the main pay interval is in carbonate fracture and fissure-cavern type reservoirs with very strong inhomogeneity, there are some difficulties with hydrocarbon prediction. Because of the special geological conditions of the eighth zone in the Tahe oil field, we apply seismic data structure characteristics to hydrocarbon prediction for the Ordovician reservoir in this zone. We divide the area oil zone into favorable and unfavorable blocks. Eighteen well locations were proposed in the favorable oil block, drilled, and recovered higher output of oil and gas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The results of studies concerning the determination of the economic effect of mergers and acquisitions (M&A) for companies engaged in the production of nonferrous metals are presented. The issues of the synergistic effect and decomposition are considered, as are the efficiency criteria and specifics of transactions involving the restructuring of companies. Algorithms are proposed for calculating the effect that M & A have on participants in these types of transactions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Societal unrest and similar events are important for societies, but it is often difficult to quantify their effects on individuals, hindering a timely and effective policy-making in emergencies and in particular localized social shocks such as protests. Traditionally, effects are assessed through economic indicators or surveys with relatively low temporal and spatial resolutions. In this work, we compute two behavioral indexes, based on the use of credit card transaction data, for measuring the economic effects of a series of protests on consumer actions and personal consumption. Using data from a metropolitan area in an OECD country, we show that protests affect consumers’ shopping frequency and spending, but in noticeably different ways. The effects show strong temporal and spatial patterns, vary between neighborhoods and customers of different socio-demographical characteristics as well as between merchants of different categories, and suggest interesting subtleties in purchase behavior such as displaced or delayed shopping activities. Our method can generally serve for the real-time monitoring of the effects of major social shocks or events on urban economy and consumer sentiment, providing high-resolution and cost-effective measurement tools to complement traditional economic indicators. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]