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Forests are essential for the ecological functioning providing critical habitats for biodiversity and hold large biomass, which are affected by bioclimatic and topographical variables. This study investigated the topographic factor (elevation) that play an important role in forest diversity and biomass distribution. The present study examined the relationship between topographical (viz. elevation, slope, aspects) and Bioclimatic variables (temperature/ precipitation) with measured biomass of Tropical forests. The study area selected is Sariska Tiger Reserve (STR), a tropical forest with high conservation priorities with fewer disturbances. Earth observation datasets such as ALOS-PALSAR, SRTM, and GEDI aboveground biomass density (AGBD) are retrieved in the Cloud computing platform (GGE) to generate outcomes. The study also utilized Bioclimatic variables such as maximum, minimum and mean temperature during warmest/coldest month and warmest, coldest, wettest, driest Quarters. GEDI derived mean biomass was observed to be 1.3 to 95 Mg/ha ± (0.68–5.88 SD). The data was statistically analyzed using correlation coefficient (R) for topographic and bioclimatic variables. Results specified six Biodiversity indices (BDI), and six bioclimatic variables during analysis. Correlation coefficient (R) indicated strong positive relationship of three biodiversity indices with elevation for Shannon - Weiner index (R = 0.71) followed by Margalef richness index (R = 0.65) and reciprocal Simpson index (R = 0.61). While Buzas and Gibson Index (R=−0.45), Berger dominance index (R=−0.27), and Menhinick index (R=−0.51) showed negative correlation with elevation. Overall, topographic and bioclimatic variables are governed by elevation for biomass and carbon stocks (with r=−0.41). Similarly, correlation coefficient (R) of elevation against max temperature during Warmest month (MTMW), Warmest Quarter (MTWarQ) and Wettest Quarter (MTWetQ) indicated strong negative correlation with R value of −0.88, −0.88, and − 0.87 respectivelry. It is followed by MTColdest Quarter (R=−0.85) and MinTCM (R=−0.84). while lowest correlation was shown by Min Temp during Driest Quarter with R=−0.23. Outcomes showed declining trends of biomass stocks ranged from 129.44 mg/t to 7.07 mg/t with significantly increasing trends till mid elevation and thereafter decreasing trends of tree biomass with increasing elevation. Highest biomass of 95 mg/t (GEDI derived) and Field measured Biomass of 129.44 mg/t was observed at intermediate elevation of 530 m after that showed decline in biomass distribution. Elevation can act as a dominant determinant for AGB in tropical forest for several reasons, such as topographic variations, temperature variations, precipitation patterns, soil nutrient availability, species adaptation, disturbance regimes, and most influencing one is human activities. Therefore, elevation can be a crucial predictor in conjunction with other factors to influence biomass at undisturbed places with high slopes and controlled species richness, distribution and biomass accumulation in tree species. Highlights: 1. Elevation effects species distribution and richness (in conjunction with bioclimatic factors). 2. Highest biomass of 95 mg/t (GEDI derived) and Field measured Biomass of 129.44 mg/t was observed at intermediate elevation of 530 m after that declining trend in biomass distribution (elevation ranges from 262 m to 721m). 3. Topographical and Bioclimatic variables' relationship against biomass and biodiversity index. 4. Cloud computing applications (GGE) provide datasets for fast analysis and outcomes for local and global scales. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The contribution of belowground plant residues to soil carbon stock is estimated and the main factors potentially influencing the stock of root detritus are analyzed in 67 test plots situated in different natural-climatic zones of the Krasnoyarsk region and mountain forests of the western and eastern Cisbaikalia (Irkutsk oblast and Republic of Buryatia). The studies involve both the undisturbed old-growth forests and the forest ecosystems affected by clear cutting, wildfires, and aerotechnogenic pollution. The carbon stock in root residues is comparable to that in the forest litter and is even 1.3–1.9-fold larger in some cases, accounting for 3.6–167% of the carbon stock in soil humus. This stock and its contribution to the soil carbon pool of organic matter depend on the forest-forming species, soil type, and natural- climatic zone and can significantly increase as a result of impacts that disturb the aboveground vegetation and the pool of plant residues on soil surface. The underestimation of this component when assessing the forest ecosystem carbon budgets can lead to the underestimation of total soil carbon stock by 5–32% in undisturbed forest ecosystems and up to 40% after various disturbances. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The rapid increase in carbon and other greenhouse gases is likely to change the regional and global temperature, and planning of these gases is needed. The present study focused on National Highway-16 of the Srikakulam district, which was upgraded from 4 to 6 lane standards to facilitate traffic. This study intended to compute the carbon sequestration and storage capacity of above and belowground biomass. This helps in the comparison and impact of the road project on flora and its carbon pool, from where future tree stock changes can be prepared. A total of 1930 plots were constructed of criss-crosses of equal size (2 × 100 m). All woody trees with dbh ≥ 30 cm were considered and their diameters were measured. A total of 29 tree species belonging to 13 families were identified; the quantity of macrobiotic carbon sequestered as a whole, i.e., above and below ground, was 768,890.29 tC and 199,911.48 tC, respectively. The mean sequestration rate of carbon as biomass above ground was 1.19 tC/tree, and that below ground was 0.31 tC/tree. The estimated average C-Stock per tree was 1.5 tC; however, the mean C-Stock per quadrate was 250.2 tC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tibetan Plateau, as one of the most carbon intensive regions in China, is crucial in the carbon cycle, and accurately estimating its vegetation carbon density (CVEG) is essential for assessing regional and national carbon balance. However, the spatial distribution of regional CVEG is not available remains highly uncertain due to lack of systematic research, especially for different organs. Here, we investigated the spatial distribution patterns and driving factors of CVEG among different plant organs (leaf, branch, trunk and root) by systematically field grid-sampling 2040 field-plots of plant communities over the Tibetan Plateau from 2019 to 2020. The results showed that the carbon content of plant organs ranged from 255.53 to 515.58 g kg–1, with the highest in branches and the lowest in roots. Among the different plant functional groups, the highest CVEG was found in evergreen coniferous forests, and the lowest in desert grasslands, with an average CVEG of 1603.98 g m–2. CVEG increased spatially from northwest to southeast over the Tibetan Plateau, with MAP being the dominant factor. Furthermore, the total vegetation carbon stock on the Tibetan Plateau was estimated to be 1965.62 Tg for all vegetation types. Based on the comprehensive field survey dataset, the Random Forest model effectively predicted and mapped the spatial distribution of CVEG (including aboveground, belowground, and the total biomass carbon density) over the Tibetan Plateau with notable accuracy (validation R2 values were 71%, 56%, and 64% for CAGB, CBGB, and CVEG, respectively) at a spatial resolution of 1 km × 1 km. Our findings can help improve the accuracy of regional carbon stock estimations and provide parameters for carbon cycle model optimization and remote sensing calibration in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Implementing large-scale carbon sink afforestation may contribute to carbon neutrality targets and increase the economic benefits of forests in rural areas. However, how to manage planted forests in China to maximize the joint benefits of timber production and carbon sequestration is still unclear. Therefore, the present study quantified the effects of different rotation lengths, thinning treatments, site quality (SCI), stand density (SDI), and management costs on the joint benefits of carbon sequestration and timber production based on a stand-level model system developed for larch plantations in northeast China. Results: The performances of the different scenarios on carbon stocks were satisfactory, where the variations in the outcomes of final carbon stocks could be explained by up to 90%. The joint benefits increased significantly with the increases of SDIs and SCIs, regardless of which rotation length and thinning treatments were evaluated. Early thinning treatments decreased the joint benefits significantly by approximately 131.53% and 32.16% of middle- and higher-SDIs, however longer rotations (60 years) could enlarge it by approximately 71.39% and 80.27% in scenarios with and without thinning when compared with a shorter rotation length (40 years). Discount rates and timber prices were the two most important variables affecting joint benefits, while the effects of carbon prices were not as significant as expected in the current trading market in China. Conclusions: The management plans that promote longer rotations, higher stand densities, and no thinning treatments can maximize the joint benefits of carbon sequestration afforestation and timber production from larch plantations located in northeast China. Highlights: A compatible model of stand volume and carbon for larch plantations was developed. Thinning decreased the joint benefits of higher SDIs, but longer rotations enlarged it. Discount rates and timber prices predominated the joint benefits. The effects of carbon prices on the joint benefits were unconspicuous. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mangroves are an important coastal ecosystem in the global cycle of carbon and climate change mitigation. Unfortunately, a significant loss of mangrove forests has significantly increased carbon emissions over recent years. This research aims to measure the carbon stocks and potential carbon storage of the Tuntang Estuary mangrove forest. Sixteen quadrant plots at six sites were used to collect data on above- and below-ground carbon (roots and sediment). Several published allometric formulas were used for estimating the above and below-ground (root) carbon, while the Walkley and Black method was used to analyze sediment organic carbon. This study showed that the potential of total carbon stocks in this mangrove forest was approximately 0.08 × 106 (± 0.02) Mg C or equivalent to 0.29 × 106 (± 0.05) Mg CO2e. The largest average percentage of carbon stocks (62%) was stored in sediment, 24.57% in mangrove tree biomass, and 13.43% in root biomass. This study discovered that coastal abrasion has a natural effect on mangrove forests and that human activities, particularly aquacultures, also contribute to the low total stock of carbon. The ecotourism site had the highest overall stock of carbon due to the extensive conservation efforts of all stakeholders, including visitors. This study highlights the crucial role of conserving mangroves as a strategy for achieving sustainable development goals, particularly in the context of climate change mitigation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study analysed the spatiotemporal changes in carbon stocks and Net Ecosystem Productivity (NEP) in Zoige County, Upper Yellow River, from 2000 to 2020 in response to China's ecological civilization ideology and sustainable development. The carbon stock module of the InVEST model and carbon source/sink calculation formula were employed, and GeoDetector was used to analyze driving forces and spatial distributions. The findings were as follows: (1) The land use in Zoige County had undergone significant changes over the past two decades, characterized by a reduction in grassland area due to its conversion into woodland and peat wetland. (2) The carbon stock in Zoige County had consistently increased, accumulating 5.19 × 106 tons. (3) Zoige County had functioned as net ecosystem productivity (NEP) over the past two decades, with increasing trends, averaging 3.335 kg C/m2. (4) The primary driving force behind changes in carbon stock and NEP were identified as 'biological abundance'. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

At the end of the last century, European Union (EU) energy policies encouraged the use of dedicated short rotation forestry (SRF) plantations in member countries in which fast-growing woody species are grown for energy purposes. Recently, in Italy some SRF plantations developed in the 90s have been abandoned or managed more extensively for economic and environmental reasons. However, these abandoned plantations can play a key role in biodiversity conservation and carbon storage. The present study is aimed to estimate carbon stock (C-stock) in living biomass and deadwood in three abandoned SRF plantations in Central Italy. The C-stock was estimated in three different 20-years SRF plantations (hybrid poplar, willow, black locust) located on the same site and unmanaged for 15 years. The results show a C-stock considering three of five C pools equal to: 47.30 MgC ha−1 for hybrid poplar (65.3% in biomass and 34.7% in deadwood respectively), 23.02 MgC ha−1 for willow (77.6% and 22.4% respectively), and 80.41 MgC ha−1 for black locust (95.9% and 4.1% respectively). Outcomes of this research offer support for the forest restoration practices of similar abandoned SRF plantations. The application of extensive management techniques and the development of the naturalization process will ensure the role of biodiversity reservoir of these plantations, helping their evolution toward semi-natural systems mainly oriented to biodiversity conservation and climate change mitigation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Forested areas provide various services, including crucial carbon sequestration for climate change mitigation. The Madhupur Sal Forest (MSF) in Bangladesh was studied extensively for its ecosystem services and carbon sequestration potential. Research conducted from February to August 2023 in Gaira and Dokhola villages assessed local community benefits and biodiversity. Interviews with 50 respondents and analysis of 20 plots were conducted to study carbon sequestration in the MSF. Twenty identified ecosystem services range from fuel and wood to cultural and economic advantages. Eight tree species, totaling 401 trees, were identified, with Ficus hispida being the most effective in annual carbon sequestration. Shorea robusta showed less efficacy in carbon sequestration, resulting in a total forest capture of 12 004 657.8 pounds per year. The study highlights the MSF's significant contribution to global climate change mitigation. Emphasis is placed on the need for enhanced carbon sequestration through forest management, reforestation, and afforestation projects in deforested areas. Despite diverse ecosystem services, the MSF faces threats, necessitating collaborative conservation efforts, sustainable management practices, and community involvement for its vitality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Assessment of soil organic carbon (SOC) stock and identification of the factors influencing its spatial variation are crucial for adopting appropriate mitigation and adaptation strategies under changing climatic conditions. The present study aims to measure SOC content and stock and identify the factors contributing to SOC variation in India's sub-tropical, dry sub-humid Eastern Plateau Region (EPR). It also aims to recognize the potential land uses for enhancing the C stock in the region. Soil samples were collected from two soil depth layers—0 to 10 cm and 10 to 20 cm, from locations under different soil type, land use, and topographic conditions. The Walkley-Black method was used to determine the SOC content of the samples. Ordinary kriging based on an exponential semi-variogram model was employed to analyze the spatial variability of SOC concentration and its relationship with the sampling strata. The study shows that the topsoil variation in SOC depended mainly on the land use type and the corresponding soil properties viz. pH and texture. Cultivated areas, especially those of the lowland, recorded higher SOC than other land use classes. The findings of the present study are useful for defining agricultural management practices and carbon sequestration strategies for the region in the context of climate change. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Carbon (C) sink and stock are among the most important ecosystem services provided by forests in climate change mitigation policies. In this context, old-growth forests constitute an essential reference point for the development of close-to-nature silviculture, including C management techniques. Despite their small extent in Europe, temperate old-growth forests are assumed to be among the most prominent in terms of biomass and C stored. However, monitoring and reporting of C stocks is still poorly understood. To better understand the C stock amount and distribution in temperate old-growth forests, we estimated the C stock of two old-growth stands in the Dinaric Alps applying different assessment methods, including direct and indirect approaches (e.g., field measurements and allometric equations vs. IPCC standard methods). This paper presents the quantification and the distribution of C across the five main forest C pools (i.e., aboveground, belowground, deadwood, litter and soil) in the study areas and the differences between the applied methods. Results: We report a very prominent C stock in both study areas (507 Mg C ha− 1), concentrated in a few large trees (36% of C in 5% of trees). Moreover, we found significant differences in C stock estimation between direct and indirect methods. Indeed, the latter tended to underestimate or overestimate depending on the pool considered. Conclusions: Comparison of our results with previous studies and data collected in European forests highlights the prominence of temperate forests, among which the Dinaric Alps old-growth forests are the largest. These findings provide an important benchmark for the development of future approaches to the management of the European temperate forests. However, further and deeper research on C stock and fluxes in old-growth stands is of prime importance to understand the potential and limits of the climate mitigation role of forests. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Quantifying soil attributes in agroforestry reflects its productivity and carbon dynamics which indicates a healthier ecosystem functioning toward achieving sustainable production of coffee in the Southern region of Chhattisgarh. The present study was carried out in the coffee-based agroforestry system (AFs) of the Darbha Block, Bastar region in Chhattisgarh. The objective of this paper was to analyze soil properties and carbon dynamics of soil under five varietal treatments of coffee-based AFs. Silver oak cultivation was added to the AFs as it protects coffee and helps in sustainable coffee production. The soil was collected randomly using the auger from two different depths viz., 0–15 and 15–30 cm under coffee-based AFs. The value of N, P, K, S, B, Zn, C, Fe, Mn, OC%, and SOC stock were higher in San Ramon (T3) based AFs. The values of bulk density (BD), pH, and EC were recorded as highest under control treatment (To), respectively. Soil organic carbon (SOC) stock ranged between 10.21 (T0)–13.86 (T3) and 0.34 (T0)–0.59 (T3) t ha−1 for surface and sub-soil, respectively. Data analysis revealed the isolation of six PCA (principle component analysis) from the various soil attributes. The first component reflected maximum variability for both layers. Further, correlation studies revealed a strong association between the soil attributes. Therefore, the present work highlights the importance of agroforestry systems towards improving soil quality along with sustainable production of coffee. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Forests' capability to sequester and store a large amount of carbon makes it imperative to assess the carbon stocked in them. The present study aimed to map the tree aboveground carbon stock of sal (Shorea robusta) forests of Doon valley, India using object-based image analysis (OBIA) of WorldView-2, a very high resolution satellite imagery (VHRS). The study evaluated different pan-sharpening techniques for improving the spatial resolution of WorldView-2 multispectral imagery and found that the high pass filter resolution merge technique was better compared to others. OBIA was used for image segmentation and classification. It enabled the delineation of tree crowns and canopy projection area (CPA) calculation. The overall accuracy of image segmentation and classification were found to be 72.12% and 84.82% respectively. The study unveiled that there exists a strong relationship between diameter at breast height and the CPA of trees as well as CPA and tree carbon. The average forest carbon density in the study area was found to be 108 Mg ha−1. The study highlighted that OBIA of VHRS imagery coupled with field inventory can be efficiently used to quantify and map the tree carbon stock. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Agroforestry plays a pivotal role in mitigating greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and addressing the challenges posed by climate change. While carbon sequestration efforts have primarily centred on forests, it is imperative to acknowledge the contribution that non-forest ecosystems, such as agroforestry, can offer. This study investigated the influence of agroforestry systems on the variation of biomass carbon stocks in the Sahelo-Sudanian and Sudanian regions of the Senegalese Groundnut basin. Three primary agroforestry systems were studied: silvopastoral, agrisilvicultural, and agrosilvopastoral. Forty-six (46) 100 m × 100 m plots were sampled, within which 1 × 1 m2 subplots were used to sample understory biomass across three agroforestry systems in the two climatic zones. Analysis of variance was performed to assess the influence of agroforestry systems and climatic zones on biomass carbon stocks. The findings showed that in the Sahelo-Sudanian region, the agrisilvicultural system exhibited the highest AGC + BGC stocks, averaging 43.42 ± 21.61 tCha−1. In contrast, the silvopastoral system showed significantly higher AGC + BGC stocks, which amounted to 36.33 ± 12.27 tCha−1 in the Sudanian region. On the other hand, understory carbon stocks were significantly higher (p < 0.01) in the agrisilvicultural and agrosilvopastoral systems than in the silvopastoral system in both climatic zones. Agroforestry systems had a significant effect on AGC + BGC stocks within climatic zones. Nevertheless, the effect was less pronounced when comparing across climatic regions. These results underscore the importance of specific land management practices interacting with local climatic conditions to influence AGC + BGC stocks. Therefore, policy makers should carefully consider the interaction of these factors when implementing carbon management practices and planning mitigation strategies in West Africa. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The cocoa tree (Theobroma cacao L.), widely distributed in southern and central Mexico, has many economic and ecological functions. However, there is a lack of data and information regarding the aboveground biomass (AGB) of this species in Mexico, which hampers understanding of its carbon sequestration potential. The objectives of this study were (1) to develop allometric equations to estimate AGB and (2) to determine the relationships of AGB components in cacao trees. Twenty-one trees were destructively sampled and separated into components (trunk, branches, leaves) at the Chontalpa subregion of Tabasco, a large cocoa production area. Samples of biomass cocoa trees were used to determine their carbon content. A typical cacao tree in our study area is 6.64 m in height, with a diameter at breast height (dbh) of 13.29 cm and with dry aboveground biomass of 37.02 kg. We found that about 50% of the biomass of a cacao tree is concentrated in the trunk while stems of different sizes, leaves, and fruits account for the other 50%. Seven AGB models were designed using dbh, basal diameter at 30 cm (d30), total height (h), canopy area (Ac), canopy height (Ch), and crown width (Cw) as biomass predictors. The dbh was the best-correlated independent variable with all AGB components. Selected models showed adequate fit and performance with high R2 (ca. 95%) in estimating AGB, but the most appropriate allometric equation was Ln (TB) = − 4.20 + 1.19 * ln(dbh) + 2.34 * ln(h) because this model had higher R2, lower Akaike criterion, and Mallow’s cp values. We recommend the use of this model to calculate aboveground biomass and carbon content for cacao trees in agroforestry systems similar to those of our study area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sustainable development goals (SDGs) 2 (zero hunger), 6 (clean water and sanitation), and 15 (life on land) are related to the human-water-soil nexus. Soil organic carbon and nutrients can be removed and transported to waterways through runoff and drainage. The main goals of this study are to quantify the water quality for irrigation and assess the dissolved organic carbon (DOC) contents in streams in the northern Nile Delta, Egypt. A 4-year water quality monitoring program is accomplished by collecting 35 irrigation and drainage water samples per year from the study area. The measured water quality parameters are as follows: salinity, pH, Na, SAR, Cl, and NO3–N. In addition, the DOC content is accessed. The salinity hazard ranged from moderate, for most irrigation samples, to high and very high for drainage samples. All collected water samples have low to medium sodium hazards. Results indicate that average DOC contents in irrigation canals are 2.32 and 2.93 mg L−1 for the summer and winter, respectively. The respective means of DOC concentration in drainage canals for the summer and winter seasons are around 3.96 and 5.09 mg L−1. This study revealed significant differences in EC, pH, Na, Cl, and SAR, as water quality parameters, between irrigation and drainage canals. Additionally, the studied agroecosystem has seasonal variability in DOC concentration in irrigation and drainage canals between summer and winter. Overall, reusing drainage water for irrigation in the study area requires the selection of suitable crops and site-specific management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Shrubbery and young plantations, with a large number of tree species, take up a broad area in subtropical Chinese forests and contribute a significant part to forest biomass and carbon (C) stocks. However, the biomass and C stocks of shrubbery and young plantations were generally underestimated or excluded in forest biomass calculations due to the scarce of standard equations for estimating biomass. The aim of this study was to develop appropriate regression equations for biomass estimation of shrubbery and young plantations. A total of 108 individuals of 15 most widespread shrub and young tree species were sampled by destructive harvesting, and the dry weight of each component of trees, i.e., foliage, branch, stem and root were obtained. The dry biomass of each component was correlated with plant height (H), basal diameter of stem (D), crown area (CA) and their composite variables D2H and CV (CA × H) by using seemingly uncorrelated regression, and the best fitted model was chosen according to the determination coefficient (R2), root mean squared error (RMSE), Akaike's information criterion (AIC) and percent relative standard errors (PRSE) less than 25%. In the species-specific equations, H, D or D2H were used as the appropriate independent variables in most of the equations, and only a few of them were CA or CV. In the multiple species equations, H was an important variable to predict the biomass, but the predictors of biomass equation for different functional groups or life forms were different due to diversity of external morphology. The species-specific equations had low biases, while the general equations for functional groups and life forms showed comparable biases, and the general equations for all species had the highest prediction biases. Therefore, general equations for functional groups or life forms are recommended to estimate biomass for species without species-specific allometric equations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Land use and management are key factors affecting the transformation of soil organic matter. Indeed, stocks of decomposing organic matter are not always sufficiently replenished under current production. This study presents an assessment of the biomass and carbon stock in the Sudano-Sahelian savannah of Laf, Cameroon. Following a floristic inventory of the main land use types in the locality, the above-ground biomass was estimated and the carbon stock deduced. Biomass measurements were carried out in plots of 2500 m2 (50 m × 50 m) in the four main land use of the locality (tree stratum, shrub stratum, cultivared land, and fallow). Shrub biomass and ground litter mass are estimated in 10 m × 10 m plots, while the biomass of herbaceous is estimated in five 1 m × 1 m subplots, delimited at each top and in the center of the 10 m × 10 m plot. The carbon stock in the soil was assessed in the square plots of 25 cm × 25 cm, in the center of each subplot at a depth of 50 cm in five intervals of 10 cm each. The results of the floristic inventories revealed that the tree stratum is the richest in species (32 species). In the four main land use type of Laf, 20 family and 46 woody plant species were determined, and Combretum micranthum with 15.23% is the most frequent species. The total tree biomass is 242.65 t/ha and fallow (140.69 ± 11.96 t/ha) is the highest land use type. In the soil, the results showed that the 0–10-cm depth contains the highest amount of carbon. The fallow soils are also the richest in carbon with a content of 1.32 ± 0.31 tC/ha in the 0–10-cm depth. The carbon stock decreases with depth in the different land use types. The results obtained show that fallowing and the rational use of land make it possible to obtain good agricultural yields. Thus, this study is a contribution to the carbon stock assessment in the world in order to prevent famine in poor localities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The manifestation of modern global climate change is increasingly intensifying, affecting anthropogenic and natural systems. Bioclimatic models predict significant shifts in biome boundaries, including a reduction in the portion of forests in the forest-steppe areas. This process may also affect carbon stocks. The aim of this work is to assess the impact of climate and its changes on the values and variations of carbon stocks in the phytomass of forest stands by data of repeated surveys of permanent test plots. Eight forests have been selected in the southern regions of European Russia (ER), and test plots are laid in them. Repeated surveys were performed on the test plots in 2010–2011, 2014–2015, and 2019–2020. The carbon reserves of living and dead components of forest stands were calculated according to taxation characteristics. The litter carbon stocks were determined by the gravimetric method. Meteorological data from the meteorological stations closest to the study objects were analyzed. The mean annual temperature for 1991–2020 increased as compared to 1961–1990 by 1.13°C, which was 2.5 times greater than the global mean. Annual precipitation decreased from 448.2 to 445.4 mm. The mean value of G.T. Selyaninov's hydrothermal coefficient (HTC) for May–September was 0.85 during the period of 1961–1990 and 0.79 in 1991–2020. The stock of the phytomass carbon in the studied forest stands varied from 38.5 ± 7.4 t C ha–1 to 270.6 ± 52.8 t C ha–1. Repeated surveys revealed both increases and decreases in phytomass carbon stocks, which ranged from –23.8 to 31.9 t C ha–1 over a 5-year period. The analysis of phytomass carbon stocks and climatic characteristics revealed a statistically significant correlation with the HTC for May–September. However, the comparison of changes in phytomass with variations in the mean annual temperature, annual precipitation, and the HTC for May–September did not reveal significant dependencies. The absence of significant correlations between changes in phytomass carbon and in climatic parameters may be explained by the stability of forest ecosystems, which ensures the preservation of their functions during several-year-long periods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Backgorund: Forest plays an important role in the global carbon cycle by sequestering carbon dioxide and thereby mitigating climate change. In this study, an attempt was made to investigate the effects of land use/land cover (LULC) change (1989–2017) on carbon stock and its economic values in tropical moist Afromontane forests of the Majang Forest Biosphere Reserve (MFBR), south-west Ethiopia. Systematic sampling was conducted to collect biomass and soil data from 140 plots in MFBR. The soil data were collected from grassland and farmland. InVEST modelling was employed to investigate the spatial and temporal distribution of carbon stocks. Global Voluntary Market Price (GVMP) and Tropical Economics of Ecosystems and Biodiversity (TEEB) analysis was performed to estimate economic values (EV) of carbon stock dynamics. Correlation and regression analyses were also employed to identify the relationship between environmental and anthropogenic impacts on carbon stocks. Results: The results indicated that the above-ground carbon and soil organic carbon stocks were higher than the other remaining carbon pools in MFBR. The mean carbon stock (32.59 M tonne) in 2017 was lower than in 1989 (34.76 Mt) of MFBR. Similarly, the EV of carbon stock in 2017 was lower than in 1989. Elevation, slope, and harvesting index are important environmental and disturbance factors resulting in major differences in carbon stock among study sites in MFBR. Conclusions: Therefore, the gradual reduction of carbon stocks in connection with LULC change calls for urgent attention to implement successful conservation and sustainable use of forest resources in biosphere reserves. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Understanding the variations in plant diversity, soil physico-chemical characteristics, and biomass storage under an age chronosequence of farm forests is crucial to advance our knowledge of their potential role in biodiversity conservation, soil management and climate change mitigation. The present work was conducted from September 2018 to February 2020 in randomly selected young unmanaged farm forests categorized into ≤ 5, 5–10 and 10–15 years old age classes with standard procedures of estimating diversity indices, biomass, carbon and soil physico-chemical parameters. Overall species richness of the plantations was 28, of which 11 were trees, 9 herbs, 3 shrubs, 3 climbers and 2 ferns. The quantitative vegetation parameters and diversity indices estimated indicate that the farm forests' plant assemblages constitute mainly native species. Based on IVI values, herbs were the most critical species, followed by shrubs and trees. With the increasing farm age, the species richness, the vegetative parameters and diversity indices decreased. The soil of the plantations was inconsistant nature and unstable characteristics as they did not exhibit any discrete trend with plantation age. Total biomass and organic carbon storage increased with increasing farm age. The overall mean total plant biomass, soil organic carbon, and ecosystem carbon storage in the farm forests were 87.94, 39.62 and 80.96 Mg ha− 1, respectively. Every subsequent increase of farm age by five years increased the ecosystem carbon stock by 33.22% and 4.09%, respectively while; the total increment was 38.67% from lowest to highest age class. The quantum of carbon storage in these farm forests was less than those reported for the native forests. Still, it can convert an unutilized agricultural landscape to a net carbon sink or even earn carbon credits. Moreover, the vegetation heterogeneity developed in these farm forests within a short span of 15 years can develop into semi-natural secondary forests with multiple social and ecological benefits in the long run. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A field investigation was conducted at Sugarcane Research Institute, RPCAU, Pusa, Bihar, India during 2020–2022 on sugarcane plant–ratoon system to investigate the effect of trash mulching treatments applied either alone or activated with urea (25 kg N ha−1)/farmyard manure (5 t ha−1)/vermicompost (2.5 t ha−1)/Trichoderma viride/Azotobacter + PSB inoculated trash and direct incorporation of trash in soil with no trash control. The dose of chemical fertilizer for plant and ratoon was applied as per recommendation in all the treatments. The results revealed that the CO2 evolution decreased continuously with the advancement of crop growth. The very labile (1.62–2.76 g kg−1), labile (1.09–2.17 g kg−1), less labile (1.55–2.21 g kg−1) and non-labile carbon (2.18–2.95 g kg−1) varied significantly after two crop cycles. The carbon fractions were in order of non-labile-C > very labile-C > less labile-C > labile-C. The mean soil TOC (6.26–9.79 g kg−1), organic carbon stock (14.70–20.76 Mg ha−1), SMBC (110.73–265.16 mg kg−1) and microbial quotient (1.77–2.71%) differed significantly due to trash mulching treatments after harvest of ratoon. The CPI (1.00–1.57) and CMI (138.36–238.30) varied significantly in trash-treated plots than no trash. The results revealed that mean cane yield of plant (65.96–83.31 t ha−1) and ratoon crop (54.20–71.99 t ha−1) differed significantly among the treatments. The mean sugar yield varied significantly in plant (7.22–9.97 t ha−1) and ratoon crop (5.78–8.58 t ha−1) due to various trash mulching treatments. The positive relationship was found among cane and sugar yield with TOC and CMI. Our findings suggest that trash mulching (10 t/ha) treatments either activated with urea/vermicompost/FYM or inoculated with Trichoderma viride significantly improved soil carbon pool parameters, fractions of carbon and carbon stock over the two crop cycles with improvement in the carbon indices, viz. carbon pool index and carbon management index. It brings significant enhancement in quality of soil and productivity of sugarcane plant–ratoon system in subtropics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The impact of the construction and expansion of the highway system on the surrounding soil ecosystem was investigated based on field surveys and experimental analysis during the years 2016 and 2017. In the proposed study, soil available nutrients (N, P, K), heavy metal toxicity, and carbon stock were evaluated spatially by considering horizontal distances of 0–5 m, 5–10 m, and > 20 m and seasonally during pre-monsoon and post-monsoon months. The concentration of soil available N, P, K ranged from 278.22 to 297.64 kg ha−1, 34.93 to 46.73 kg ha−1, and 233.91 to 265.22 kg ha−1 and was observed to be low in the soils adjacent to road construction activities (0–5 m) as compared to control site (> 20 m), which significantly indicated that soils nearby roads were more degraded. Seasonal variation played a significant impact on soil chemical properties; especially, a higher concentration of available macronutrients was observed during the post-monsoon season. The highly disturbed soil at 0–5 m registered higher heavy metal concentrations (Cd, Cr, Pb, Zn, and Fe) as compared to the control site and followed the decreasing order: Fe > Zn > Pb > Cr > Cd. In addition, highway expansion activities decreased soil organic carbon by 30% in the roadside soils in comparison to the control site. A significant loss of soil carbon stock of 1058.82 Mg C ha−1 was observed, leading to a reduction in the carbon sequestration potential of the region. Moreover, the study notices that highway transportation and construction activities are of potential risk for degrading soil quality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Even though, the blue carbon ecosystems are gaining keen research interest around the globe, the carbon stock of South-West coast of India was poorly reported, and this study is a pioneer attempt and will be an important document for filling the gaps in uncertainties in global carbon stock assessment and also will increase knowledge on biomass variability among mangrove species and mangrove habitats. The study also highlighted the vital role of biomass carbon pool for long-term soil carbon burial. We estimated the above and below-ground biomass carbon stock of 13 mangrove species using two common allometric equations and species-specific equations and reported a very high mean total living biomass carbon stock of Kochi mangroves at 237.19 ± 113.82 Mg C ha−1, 295.78 ± 143.14 Mg C ha−1, and 272.42 ± 132.78 Mg C ha−1 according to Chave's, Komiyama equation and species-specific equation respectively corresponding to carbon dioxide equivalent (CO2e) of approximately 4,37,774.51 Mg CO2e. The biomass stock was significantly differed between the stations (p = 0.000) and also within species (p = 0.020). Among the mangrove species, Avicennia officinalis contributed highest and Bruguiera sexangula contributed least. Variation was observed for biomass stock of mangroves with large trunk diameter while comparing different allometric equations and therefore projected the need for the development of site- and species-specific equations for solving the uncertainty in global mangrove carbon stock. The study observed that dominant mangrove vegetation type, salinity and also the geomorphology of mangrove habitat had strong influence on variability in biomass stock within a small regional area. The study also suggests that understanding the structure and biomass carbon storage of each regional mangrove habitats can be wisely used in mangrove restoration and conservation programmes and in turn for nature-based solutions for climate change mitigation efforts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Wood specific gravity (WSG) is one of the important variables in biomass and carbon stock estimation through non-destructive method. Present study was conducted in a tropical dry deciduous forest in central India. A non-destructive method was adopted for biomass estimation. Habitat specific WSG of all the species present in the study area was determined using maximum moisture content method. Reported WSG values of the same species were procured from global wood density database. The present paper deals with the comparison of biomass and carbon stock of mature individuals estimated using habitat specific WSG and WSG procured from the database for the same species. Further, comparison was made among biomass and carbon values estimated using habitat specific WSG and without WSG for juvenile individuals. Procured WSG from database for different tree species were found to be higher in most cases than the WSG determined in the habitat. Results envisage that biomass estimates using non habitat specific WSG (database) over-estimate the biomass and carbon stock. Total biomass (including both mature and juvenile individuals) per hectare was 24.2% higher with reported WSG for mature individuals and without WSG for juvenile individuals than using habitat specific WSG for both mature and juvenile individuals. It is calculated that using WSG from data base may result in increased AGB by 1.5 × 108 Mg and 6.6 × 108 Mg at state and national level respectively. We suggest the consideration of habitat specific WSG for biomass and carbon estimation in non-destructive method for both mature and juvenile individuals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The annual average increase in carbon dioxide (CO2) concentration is touching new heights every year. Global climate change and warming are twin outcomes of record-breaking CO2 levels. The trees outside forests (TOF) are the most promising and suitable components in the ecosystem for combating global warming via carbon (C) sequestration. Urban university campuses are the hotspot regions of TOF. We have attempted to quantify the C stock, C sequestration potential, and C credit value of dominant tree species at Maharshi Dayanand University (MDU), Rohtak. Different volumetric and biomass equations were used for biomass computation. We assessed a total of 29,442 trees (top 10) for measuring phytosociological parameters like total tree count, age, height (H), and diameter at breast height (DBH) to quantify the amount of C stored. The total C stock, C sequestration rate, and monetary value were 78.67 (Mg C ha−1), 19.05 (Mg CO2 ha−1 year−1), and 23,101.59 $ year−1, respectively. Eucalyptus globulus is the most dominant tree species on the campus and topped almost all the quantitative characteristics like total tree count (~40 %), age (25 years), density (D) (55.35 trees ha−1), and total C stock (16.06 ± 9.90 Mg C ha−1). Tree basal area (BA), D, diversity, and H positively affected the total C stocks. When the C market becomes operational, these C credits can be traded while generating additional income for the university. The results from this study can also help calculate the total C footprint of the campus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The foremost role of forest vegetation in storing biomass and carbon (C) stock constitutes one of the main nature-based solutions to mitigate climate change. In this study, we aimed to quantify biomass and C stock partitioning in multiple vegetation strata (tree, shrub, herb, and ground floor layers) of major forest types in Jammu and Kashmir, Western Himalaya, India. We used a stratified random cluster sampling strategy to collect field data in 96 forest stands of 12 forest types (altitudinal range: 350 to 3450 m) in the study region. We evaluated the degree to which the carbon stock of the entire ecosystem was dependent on the multiple vegetation strata using the Pearson method. Across all the forest types, the average total ecosystem-level biomass was estimated to be 181.95 Mgha−1 (range: 60.64–528.98). Forest strata-wise, the maximum biomass of 172.92 Mgha−1 (range: 50.64-514.97) was found in the tree vegetation, followed by 5.58 Mgha−1 (range: 2.59–8.93) in understory vegetation (shrubs and herbaceous), and 3.44 Mgha−1 (range: 0.97 and 9.14) in the forest floor. The total ecosystem-level biomass showed a peak at mid-elevation coniferous forest types, whereas the lowest was observed in low-elevation broad leaved forest types. At the ecosystem-level, on average, the understory contributed 3% and the forest floor 2% to the total C stock across the forest types. The shrub layer contributed up to 80% of total understory C, with the herbaceous layer accounting for the remaining 20%. The ordination analysis clearly shows that anthropogenic and environmental variables significantly (p ≤ 0.002) influence the forest types' C stock in the region. Our findings have significant implications for conserving natural forest ecosystems and restoring degraded forest landscapes in this Himalayan region, which in turn can lead to better carbon sequestration and climate mitigation outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Road construction will have a large impact on the ecosystem in the road area, and carbon stock, as an important indicator to measure the scale and quantity of primary productivity of the ecosystem, will also change, but the specific pattern is not clear. It is important to study the impact of road construction on carbon stock for regional ecosystem protection and sustainable economic and social development. Based on the InVEST model, this paper quantifies the spatial and temporal changes of carbon stocks in Jinhua, Zhejiang Province, from 2002 to 2017, using remote sensing image classification data land cover types as model driving data, geodetector, trend analysis, and buffer zone analysis methods, explores the driving effect of road construction on carbon stocks, and analyzes the spatial and temporal impacts of road construction on carbon stocks within the buffer zone. Results indicate that the total carbon stock in the Jinhua area showed a decreasing trend during the 16 years, decreasing by about 8.58 × 106 t. The spatial changes in the areas with higher carbon stocks were not significant. The explanatory power of road network density on carbon stock reaches 37%, and the anisotropic effect of road construction on carbon stock is strong and had a significant driving effect on carbon storage reduction. The new highway construction will accelerate the rate of carbon stock decline in the buffer zone, and the spatial situation is generally "the farther away from the highway, the higher the carbon stock." [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Forest biomass, being the main indicator of ecosystem productivity, is used in assessing the global carbon cycle and modeling climate change. The aim of the research is to assess the reserves of carbon and terrestrial biomass in forest ecosystems, using satellite images. In the method of obtaining data of terrestrial biomass and carbon stock based on the integration of ground-based (field, desk) forest studies, remote sensing of the Earth is considered. An assessment of carbon stocks and terrestrial biomass in forest ecosystems adjacent to Lake Talkas, located on the eastern slopes of the Southern Urals, was carried out. We used regression analysis to predict AGB. Studies have shown the reserves of aboveground biomass in the sample areas to be closely correlated with the values of the vegetation index, NDVI. The closeness of the relationship between the NDVI values at the study points with aboveground biomass is characterized by a correlation coefficient equal to 0.877. The NDVI values in the tested areas vary from 0.60 to 0.80. The highest indicator of terrestrial biomass was 245.69 t/ha, the lowest—4.42 t/ha. Estimated carbon reserves using NDVI in the studied forest areas growing along Lake Talkas ranged from 2.07 t/ha to 115.47 t/ha with an average CO2 reserve of 40.2 t/ha. It can therefore be concluded that the use of the NDVI is a reliable method for assessing AGB and carbon stocks in forest ecosystems.Highlights: Forest biomass is an important indicator of ecosystem productivity. Hyperspectral data can improve the prediction of compared forest biomass. Proper management can increase the ability of forests to absorb more carbon. The research used a modern Sentinel-2 satellite to map the reserves of terrestrial biomass and carbon. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: In Ethiopia, highland bamboo has been cultivated in various niches: farmlands, riverbanks, woodlot boundaries, and homesteads, and agroforestry systems. However, the biomass and carbon storage of potential of bamboo forests across niches is not well characterized in Ethiopia. Therefore, this study was conducted to estimate the biomass and carbon storage potential of highland bamboo plantations in northwestern Ethiopia. To this end, a total of 60 circular plots measuring 100 m2 with a radius of 5.64 m were randomly established on the homestead, woodlot, and riverbank plantation niches to conduct the inventory. The biomass storage of bamboo was calculated based on previously published allometric equations. Biomass and carbon stock variations among age-classes and niches of bamboo forests were analyzed using analysis of variance (ANOVA) and subsequent pairwise means comparisons of carbon stocks among niches were performed via post hoc Tukey test at p < 0.05. Results: Results showed that the mean aboveground biomass (AGB) ranged from 150.18 – 191.42 Mg ha−1 in the entire niches. The highest amount of AGB was stored in the homestead niche (191.42 Mg ha−1) followed by the woodlot (180.11 Mg ha−1) and riverbank niche (150.17 Mg ha−1), respectively. The highest carbon stock (111.56 Mg C ha−1) was found in the homestead niche while the smallest amount was recorded in the riverbank niche (87.52 Mg ha−1). The homestead bamboo plantation has the highest biomass storage due to the application of manure and natural fertilizer, regular harvesting and management of culms, and protection from illegal harvesting and grazing. Conclusion: This study highlights the importance of bamboo plantations in climate change mitigation. Hence, bamboo plantation should be promoted; and natural resource management and forestry departments of the government, Universities, research centers, the International Bamboo and Rattan Organization (INBAR), and other partners should work with local communities to expand bamboo plantation on their homesteads and degraded lands. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Herbaceous entity plays a significant role in the structural dynamics of natural ecosystems and its responsibility increased by many times in case of agricultural systems. The present study has been performed to assess the ecological performance, biomass, carbon stock, and CO2 mitigation potential of the herbaceous layer in Central Himalayan agroecosystems of India. Four different altitudes have been selected viz. very low altitude (< 450 m; VLA), low altitude (450–900 m, LA), mid altitude (900–1500 m; MA) and high altitude (1500–2200 m, HA) and samples studied in a stratified manner (4 altitudes × 3 agroecosystems × 3 replicates × 3 seasons = 108 samples). A total of 41 herbs (21 cultivated + 20 wild) species belonging to 16 families were recorded within agroecosystems and results depicted that maximum species encountered during the rainy season (30) followed by summer (18) and winter season (12). The regression analysis between herb density and diversity depicted that the diversity (MA > HA > VLA > LA) showed just inverse pattern of herb density (LA > VLA > HA > MA), which indicates that increasing density may results in the dominance of one or two species thus downgrading the diversity. Brassica oleracea spp., Eleusine coracana, Solanum tuberosum, Solanum lycopersicum, Pisum sativum, etc. were common and proliferated cash crops towards higher altitudes, while low altitude agroecosystems were dominated by grain and pulse crops (Oryza sativa, Triticum aestivum, Zea mays, Glycine max, Vigna mungo, etc.). These crops are responsible for the higher biomass and higher C stock in agroecosystems, together with they are fulfilling the multifarious needs of adjacent communities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Semarang-Demak coastal area is the current location for giant sea wall construction, which also functions as a toll road across two regions. The construction process reduces mangrove land areas that may have ecological destruction. As we know, mangrove areas play an important role in the Semarang-Demak regions as the carbon sink for global warming mitigation. Hence, this study aims to (1) analyze the current capacity of the carbon stock, (2) mangrove vegetation profiling, and (3) develop a sustainable mangrove ecosystem management model in the coastal area of Semarang-Demak. The research was conducted using descriptive exploratory with a non-destructive test using an allometric equation determined based on mangrove tree stands. The results showed that the total above-ground biomass (AGBs) or the potential above-surface biomass content at the study site ranges from 34.72 ± 6.51 Mg/ha up to 101.06 ± 13.71 Mg/ha. Potential carbon stocks (C-stock) at the research site (lowest C-stock) were 16.32 ± 3.06 MgC/ha or ranging from the lowest 59.83 ± 11.21 MgC/ha to the highest 174.17 ± 23.63 MgC/ha for CO2−e (carbon dioxide equivalent emissions). For this reason, an integrated effort is needed between components for the sustainability of the mangrove ecosystem in the coastal area of Semarang-Demak. The coastal area of Semarang-Demak is currently the location for the construction of the sea embankment toll road project. This development has an impact on reducing mangrove land which has been one of the important ecosystems in the Semarang-Demak area, one of which is a carbon sink for mitigating global warming. The research design in this study is descriptive exploratory with research methods non-destructive test with allometric equation determined based on mangrove stands. It is found that the total Above-ground Biomass (AGBs) or the potential above-surface biomass content at the study site ranges from 34.72 ± 6.51 up to 101.06 ± 13.71 Mg/ha. With a range of potential carbon stocks (C-stock) at the research site, it is known that the lowest C-stock is 16.32 ± 3.06 MgC/ha. The total C-stock, when converted to CO2–e or carbon dioxide equivalent emissions, ranged from the lowest 59.83 ± 11.21 MgC/ha and the highest 174.17 ± 23.63 MgC/ha. For this reason, an integrated effort is needed between components for the sustainability of the mangrove ecosystem in the coastal area of Semarang-Demak. Findings in this research are an additional database for the sustainable management of mangrove ecosystems in the coastal area of Semarang-Demak, Indonesia. As in the diagram developed, mangrove ecosystem management needs to always involve the community in mangrove management, stakeholders, and research institutions and universities to monitor and evaluate environmental components so that the existing database can be managed properly and sustainably. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Temperate forests are major carbon sinks because of their high storage potential and low decomposition processes. We quantified tree carbon (TC) storage from 143 plots distributed across three major forest types of Kashmir Himalaya, relative to differences in ecological factors. Combined regression and Random Forest (RF) analysis were used to examine the distribution of TC stock along ecological gradients and recognize the role of driving factors on TC stocks. Results: Among the three forest types, sub-alpine (SA) forest was the primary TC sink, accounting for 228.73 t ha−1 of carbon, followed by mixed conifer (MC; 181.29 t C ha−1) and blue pine (BP; 133.04 t C ha−1) forests. The distribution of TC stocks among the three forest types differed significantly (χ2 = 18.87; P = 0.000). Relative carbon stock analysis demonstrated that Abies pindrow and Pinus wallichiana accounted 91% of TC stocks across the landscape. Basal area, mean diameter at breast height (DBH), elevation, disturbance and precipitation had significant effects on TC stocks in bivariate regression models. The RF model explained 86% of the variation; basal area interpreted 30.15%, followed by mean DBH (17.96%), disturbance complex (10.64%), precipitation (8.00%) and elevation (7.34%). Conclusions: Kashmir Himalayan forests are significant carbon sinks as they store a substantial quantum of carbon in trees. Forest carbon, an essential climatic indicator, is determined by a complex interaction of other ecological variables, particularly stand structural features. The study provides insights into the role of these natural forests in climate change mitigation and in REDD+/national commitments to offset the carbon. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to assess the effects of land-use changes on the carbon storage capacity and some soil properties of The Sultan Marshes, a wetland partially drained and converted to other land uses during the middle of the last century. Undisturbed soil sampling was performed in different land-use types (rangelands, shrubs, marsh, agriculture, and dried lake area) in the wetland area at depths of 0–50 cm, and soil organic carbon (SOC), bulk density, and carbon stocks of soils for each land use type were calculated at 10 cm soil depth levels. Furthermore, disturbed soil samples were taken at two soil depths (0–20 cm and 20–40 cm), and the particle size distribution, pH, electrical conductivity (EC), aggregate stability and dispersion ratio (DR) properties of the soils were analyzed. Data were processed using ANOVA, Duncan’s test, and Pearson’s correlation analysis. The soil properties affected by the land-use change were SOC, carbon stock, pH, EC, aggregate stability, clay, silt, sand contents, and bulk density. SOC and carbon stocks were high in rangeland, marsh, and shrub land, while low in agriculture and drained lake areas. As the soil depth increased, SOC and carbon stock decreased. The organic carbon content of the soils exhibited positive relationships with aggregate stability, clay, and carbon stock, while it showed a negative correlation with bulk density, pH, and DR. The results showed that s drainage and conversion of the wetland caused a significant decrease in the carbon contents of the soils. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bananas are a worldwide cultivated crop and one of the main agricultural activities in Brazil. The banana orchards cultivated in the region of São Paulo State are under native areas of the Atlantic Forest biome. The Atlantic Forest has suffered agricultural and urban pressure for many years. Banana crops require soil management and superficial vegetation removal in the first cycles. We conducted a study aiming to understand the impact of long-standing banana cultivation in the Atlantic forest region. Soil samples in banana plantations (EBP) and forest remnants (FR) were collected from trenches with 0- to 100-cm layers. The soil bulk density in EBP until 30-cm depth was 12.76% higher than that in FR. Quantifications of macropores and micropores in FR reached values higher than those in EBP. The results showed that carbon stocks decreased from the top to the deeper layers. Thirty years after the conversion, the FR treatment accumulated 28.23% more carbon than EBP. Considering our results, it was evident that changes in physical and chemical properties reflected the negative impacts of the banana plantations, cropped through conventional management, when converted from forest even in regard to a remnant one. These findings, showed for the first time, lead us to understand the soil management of banana plantations, following conventional agriculture systems, as a potential carbon stock reducer and a factor resulting in the loss of soil quality in the region. Additionally, our data can be used by environmentalists and government policymakers to promote environmental sustainability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Agroforestry, a sustainable land use practice adopted as a strategy under Kyoto Protocol, plays a crucial role to mitigate the inevitable climate change with a promising potential of carbon sequestration in their biomass and utilization of their numerous resource. Agroforestry is crucial for reducing greenhouse gas emissions, sustaining livelihoods, and partial solutions for biodiversity conservation. Worldwide, agroforestry is practiced by more than 1.2 billion people, on around 1 billion hectares (ha) of land area, while in India, around 25.32 million hectares area comes under agroforestry. Agroforestry system is the enhancement of overall farm productivity, soil enrichment through litter fall, above and below ground carbon sequestration, maintaining environmental services. Different agroforestry systems are adapted at the global level and periodic monitoring and estimation of area under agroforestry, monitoring of tree and soil carbon stocks is still a challenging task due to the lack of uniform methodology. The review analyzes the potential of agroforestry systems for climate adaptation and mitigation as well as their implications for the livelihood of human well-being. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mangrove ecosystems have high carbon storage and sequestration rates and become substantial sources of greenhouse gases when disturbed by land-use change. Thus, they are extremely valuable for inclusion in climate change mitigation and adaptation strategies. However in Kerala, a west coast state of India, has lost 95% of its mangroves in the last three decades, posing a serious threat to global climate. The regional carbon stock data of mangroves that are at risk of depletion are rarely reported, despite the fact that they are crucial for mitigating and managing climate change impacts. In response, the study estimated the ecosystem carbon stocks and soil organic carbon sources of three different estuarine mangrove habitats of Kerala. The mean total ecosystem carbon stock of Kerala mangroves was estimated to be 218.98 ± 169.86 Mg C ha− 1 which is equivalent to 803.66 ± 621.47 Mg CO2 ha− 1, contributing a substantial amount of carbon to the global ecosystem carbon. Further 88% of the estimated ecosystem carbon stock was represented by vegetation biomass and 22% by the soil carbon stock. The stable isotopic signatures revealed that the accumulated autochthonous mangrove source attributed to the organic carbon in the soils of site 1 (Munroe island) and site 3 (Vypin) while the suspended organic matter in tidal water contributed to the soil organic carbon of site 2 (Ayiramthengu) mangroves. Mangrove structure, salinity, soil pH and bulk density were found to be the correlating factors for the carbon stock variations across the study sites. Hence, the understanding of the amount of carbon stocks in the mangroves of Kerala coupled with other ecosystem services they offer highlights their importance in the creation of conservation, restoration and climate change mitigation plans in the country. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Empirical analyses were common methods for forest biomass estimation. Lately, satellite images are popularly used to study different attributes of forest vegetation. Sentinel-2 image provides a significant improvement in spectral coverage, spatial resolution and temporal frequency in assessing forest biomass. This study examined the potential use of multispectral (MS) bands, vegetation indices and biophysical variables derived from Sentinel-2 images in modeling above-ground biomass (AGB) in tropical afro-montane forest of the Yayu biosphere reserve. A coupled method of remote sensing and statistics was applied to establish a biomass estimation model using spectral data generated from Sentinel-2 image and AGB data measured from the field. Multispectral bands, vegetation indices and biophysical variables were extracted from the Sentinel-2 image. Forest stand parameters such as DBH and tree height were measured from sampling plots to calculate AGB using allometric equations. The strength of correlation between the measured biomass and the MS bands, indices and biophysical variables were examined using Pearson's product-moment correlation coefficients. A regression analysis was iteratively applied to identify the determinant variables for predicting AGB. The prediction results were validated based on the magnitude of coefficients of determination between the observed and the predicted values and the magnitude of the Root Mean Square Error (RMSE). A strong correlation (r ranging from 0.65 to 0.74) was observed between the biophysical variables from Sentinel-2 image and the measured AGB from the field. The MS Band 4 (red band), vegetation variables LAI, FCOVER and FAPAR, and band combination index IRECI yielded better results and are good predictor variables for forest AGB. The model goodness of fit between the observed and predicted AGB showed a coefficient of determination (r2) of 0.74 and RMSE of 0.16 ton C/pixel, which shows strong performance of the prediction model. Vegetation indices derived from Sentinel-2 imagery are good predictors of AGB in tropical afro-montane forests. Sentinel-2 image has improved the reliability of biomass estimation from remotely sensed data. Since field sampling plots were few in this study, the level of accuracy will likely improve with more number of field sample measurements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

No-till (NT) contributes to improving soil quality. This study aimed to quantify the organic carbon (C) content of light SOM fractions at sites under pasture, native forest, or NT for different periods and assess the influence of management systems on C and nitrogen (N) stocks and C/N ratio in a Ferralsol in Paraná State, Brazil. Soil samples were collected from the 0–5, 5–10, 10–20, 20–30, 30–40, 40–50, and 50–60 cm layers at sites managed under NT for 6, 14, or 22 years (NT6, NT14, and NT22, respectively); a site under NT management for 12 years, followed by 4 years of Brachiaria intercropping (NT12 + B); a permanent pasture (PP); and a native forest (NF) site. A density fractionation was carried in 0–5 and 5–10 cm layers and then were obtained the organic C contents in fLF (fLF-C) and oLF (oLF-C). The stocks of fLF-C, oLF-C and total C stocks in the light fraction were then calculated. It was also determined the natural abundance of 13C and 15N and the contents of C and N were used to calculate the C/N ratio of each layer. Management systems promoted changes in C dynamics in light SOM fractions, δ13C, δ15N, and C/N ratio. Differences in 13C isotopic composition were observed only at depths greater than 30 cm, with the NF site differing from the others (− 25‰ δ13C). For NT6, NT14, NT22, NT12 + B, and NF, δ15N values indicated isotopic enrichment with depth. At the PP site, there was a decrease in isotopic enrichment with depth, ranging from just over 12‰ δ15N in topsoil to 10‰ δ15N in the 60 cm layer. Multivariate analyses were used to group sites according to the analyzed variables. In the 0–5 cm layer, PP soil was associated with 15N isotopic composition, whereas NT6, NT14, NT22, and NT12 + B had a strong correlation with C/N ratio. NF showed a strong association with C contents and stocks in light fractions. In the 5–10 cm layer, PP had a strong correlation with δ13C and C/N ratio. For NF soil, there was a correlation with light fraction C stock, free light fraction C content and stock, and δ15N isotopic composition. In contrast to the other management systems, NT12 + B was strongly correlated with occluded light fraction C content and stock in the 5–10 cm layer. These results underscore the importance of evaluating labile SOM fractions when assessing the quality of anthropized environments and how management practices adopted over time can affect the SOM light fraction dynamics. The introduction of other crops, such as Brachiaria, during the production cycle becomes a solution for increasing C stocks in cultivated soils. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pars Special Economic Energy Zone (PSEEZ) in the north of the Persian Gulf has made major changes to the landscape of the Nayband mangrove forest in Iran, but there have been very few studies on the carbon in mangrove forests of the region. To study the carbon stock of the mangrove forests in Bushehr, and to compare it according to the distance from PSEEZ, some mangrove forests, including 6 stations in Asalouyeh, 2 stations in Basatin (close to PSEEZ), and 1 station in Malegonzeh (far from the PSEEZ) were sampled in November 2018. The carbon of trees was calculated by allometry equations and the carbon of sediment was measured by the Walkley and Black method. The results showed a significant difference between the forests in biomass, carbon of vegetation, and sediments (P < 0.05). The carbon stock of the mangrove vegetation was 34.92, 12.50, and 27.54 t ha−1 in Asalouyeh, Basatin, and Malegonzeh forests, respectively, while the carbon stock of sediments was 867.4, 728.4, and 612.6 t ha−1 in the mentioned forest, respectively. The highest total carbon was observed in the Asalouyeh and the lowest was observed in the Malegonzeh. The pattern of carbon was different in the sediment depth profile in the three forests. The rate of the carbon storage was 6.6 t ha−1 y−1 and 3.33 t ha−1 y−1 in Asalouyeh and Basatin, respectively. The carbon and CO2 sequestration rate in Basatin was lower than Asalouyeh. According to the results, mangrove forests in the area can act as a carbon sequestration service against the CO2 emitted by PSEEZ, if their habitats are not destroyed. The rate of the CO2 sequestration was 22.46 t ha−1 y−1 in Nayband forest. The carbon stock was 640.14–902.32 t ha−1, which was equal to and greater than the carbon stock of the other mangroves in the world. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the perspective of using cocoa as a response to climate change, a preliminary carbon stock assessment was conducted in cocoa agroforests of the Bengamisa-Yangambi forest landscape in the north-east of Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC). Data were collected in 25 plots of 2500 m2 each, spread over 16 villages. Above-ground carbon stock assessment on cocoa trees and their associated plants revealed that cocoa agroforests store on average 44.48 Mg ha−1 of above-ground carbon of which, cocoa-associated plants represent 83.68%. The diversity (species richness) of cocoa associated plants determine the level of above-ground carbon stored in cocoa agroforests. Trees less than 50 cm in diameter stored a larger amount of above-ground carbon. Cocoa agroforests with associated plants dominated by forest species (Model F) store 1.76 and 1.72 times more carbon, respectively, than those where associated plants are dominated by oil palm (Model P) and a mixture of plant types (forest species mixed with oil palm plants, or Model FP). Associated plants inside cocoa agroforests also play additional roles to support livelihoods such as health care, household consumption and timber. Therefore, beyond carbon storage, cocoa agroforest is an important reservoir of some local species and thus useful for biodiversity conservation and local livelihoods. As cocoa agroforests in DRC are recognized as one of the main responses to climate change, this study constitutes an early contribution to the process of reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation (REDD +) in forest landscapes in this country of the Congo Basin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Forest fire monitoring, assessment, and management are important aspects of the tropics because of their significant ecological, economic, and social impact. Soil is considered one of the most important natural resources. Wildfire alters the soil nutrient status and pool through volatilization, erosion, leaching, oxidation, and ash transport. Little information is available on how soil properties, carbon stock, nitrogen stock, and soil microbial biomass carbon vary along depth and fire severity (high, medium, low, and no fire). In order to address this question, soil was sampled from 0–10 to 10–20 cm depths from different fire zones (high, medium, low, and no fire zone) of Bhoramdeo Wildlife Sanctuary of Chhattisgarh, India. The level of macronutrients, carbon stock, nitrogen stock, and microbial biomass carbon was higher at no-fire zone than in the rest of the sites (high, medium, and low severity fire zones). Total soil carbon stock (0–20 cm soil depth) was highest in no-fire zone (69.51 ton ha−1) followed by medium (66.55 ton ha−1) or low fire severity (53.69 ton ha−1). The total soil nitrogen stock across the sites ranged between 2.60 and 4.08 ton ha−1, and it was higher in the no-fire zone followed by the medium or high fire severity. Soil microbial biomass carbon reflected a similar trend with higher values in no-fire zone followed by the medium fire severity, high fire severity and low fire severity zones. Such information on wildfire and soil attributes is essential for the preparation of better management and action plan to regulate the forest soil quality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Allometric equations are used to estimate biomass and carbon stock of forests. In Ethiopia, despite the presence of large floral diversity, only a few site-specific allometric equations have been developed so far. This study was conducted in the Omo-Gibe woodland of south-western Ethiopia to develop an allometric equation to estimate the Above-ground Biomass (AGB) of the four Acacia species (Senegalia polyacantha, Vachellia seyal, Vachellia etbaica and Vachellia tortilis). Fifty-four (54) Acacia trees were sampled and measured within 35 temporarily established square plots. In each plot, dendrometric variables were measured to derive the models based on combinations of Diameter at Breast Height (DBH), height, and wood density as predictor variables. Model performance was evaluated using goodness-of-fit statistics. The biomass was compared using four allometric biomass models that have been widely used in the tropics. Results: The model containing DBH alone was more accurate to estimate AGB compared to the use of multiple predictor variables. This study, therefore, substantiated the importance of site-specific allometric equations in estimating the AGB of Acacia woodlands. This is because a site-specific allometric equation recognizes the environmental factors, vegetation types and management practices. Conclusions: The results of this study contribute to a better understanding of allometric equations and an accurate estimate of AGB of Acacia woodlands in Ethiopia and similar ecosystems elsewhere. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Climate change is a major issue across the globe. Therefore, carbon (C) assimilation and storage is the key management strategy for mitigating climate change. The present investigation was carried out in two riparian sites i.e., Maini and Machhli river of northern Chhattisgarh, India, through stratified random sampling. Results reveal that vegetation beside Maini river was represented by 22 species of tree, 17 species of saplings, 12 species of seedlings, 5 shrub species and 15 herb species and total density value was 1410–460,000 individuals/ha. The vegetation in Machhli river was represented by 14 species of tree, 15 species of sapling, 14 species of seedling, 10 shrub and herb species each and the total density value was 830–440,000 individuals/ha. The diversity indices were higher for tree and herb layer in Maini river while in Machhli river the diversity indices value were higher for sapling, seedling and shrub layer. Terminalia arjuna, Shorea robusta and Mangifera indica contributed maximum total biomass (58.23%) at Maini river. In Machhli river, 73% of total biomass was contributed by Terminalia arjuna, Leucana leucocephala and Ficus heterophylla. Higher biomass accumulation, C stock and CO2 mitigation were found in 30–50 cm girth class in both sites. The total C stock and CO2 mitigation ranged between 60.54–77.58 t/ha and 222.10–284.84 t/ha for both the sites, respectively. Results reveal significant contribution of riparian vegetation towards biomass accumulation, C storage and CO2 mitigation. Such study under tropical condition would help to formulate policy towards restoring degraded riparian vegetation and combating climate change. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Alnus acuminata Kunth. (alnus) is widely used in agroforestry systems across the globe and is believed to provide multiple ecosystem services; however, evidence is lacking in agroforestry literature to support the perceived benefits, particularly in Rwanda. To understand carbon sequestration potential and other benefits of alnus, a household survey, tree inventory and destructive sampling were conducted in north-western Rwanda. Over 75% of the respondents had alnus trees in their farms. The trees provide stakes for climbing beans, firewood and timber. They also improve soil fertility and control soil erosion. Farmers had between 130 and 161 alnus trees per hectare with an average height of 7.7 ± 0.59 m and diameter at breast height of 16.3 ± 1.39 cm. The largest biomass proportion was found in stems (70.5%) while branches and leaves stock about 16.5 and 13% of the total biomass, respectively. At farm level, aboveground biomass of alnus trees was estimated to be 27.2 ± 0.7 Mg ha−1 representing 13.6 Mg of carbon (C) per hectare. Biomass carbon increased with tree size, from 7.1 ± 0.2 Mg C ha−1 in 3 years old trees to 34.4 ± 2.2 Mg C ha−1 in 10 years old trees. The converse was observed with elevation; biomass carbon decreased with increasing elevation from 21.4 ± 1.29 Mg C ha−1 at low (2011–2110 m) to 9.6 ± 0.75 Mg C ha−1 in the high elevation (> 2510 m). In conclusion, alnus agroforestry significantly contributes to carbon sequestration, although the magnitude of these benefits varies with tree age and elevation. Planting alnus trees on farms can meet local needs for stakes for climbing beans, wood and soil fertility improvement, as well as the global need for regulation of climate change. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Mangrove plantations exhibit a high potential for biomass carbon sequestration, however, their effects on soil organic carbon (SOC) accumulation remains unclear. We examined the dynamics of community structure and ecosystem carbon accumulation along a chronosequence of Sonneratia apetala plantations on Qi'ao Island, China. Methods: To reveal the self-thinning pattern of S. apetala plantations, 114 quadrats were randomly established in the S. apetala plantations. Four quadrats were selected for soil sampling from differently-aged (4, 9, and 15 years) S. apetala plantations, a 15-year-old S. apetala + Bruguiera gymnorrhiza plantation and a 40-year-old mature Kandelia obovate community. Results: We found that the self-thinning process happened in these S. apetala plantations. The vegetation biomass was found to significantly increase with forest age and the 15-year-old S. apetala and 15-year-old S. apetala + Bruguiera gymnorrhiza plantations had similar total biomass as the 40-year-old K. obovate community. Notably, SOC content and stocks only showed a minor increment along the chronosequence of S. apetala plantations, and SOC stock of the 15-year-old S. apetala community was less than 60% of that of the 40-year-old K. obovate community. The 15-year-old S. apetala + B. gymnorrhiza community had a similar biomass value as the 15-year-old S. apetala community, but the former community had a significant higher SOC stock than the latter. Conclusion: Biomass increment and SOC accumulation are unsynchronized with mangrove plantation development, and monospecific mangrove plantations may not be able to significantly accelerate SOC sequestration in the early plantation stage. Multi-specific plantations may facilitate SOC accumulation more than monospecific plantations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Earthworms are natural soil quality indicators that are highly responsive to their living environment. Due to the recent rapid expansion of oil palm in tropical countries, there are raised concerns on possible negative impacts on the soil environment. This study aims to examine the earthworm distribution through the shallow soil profile and its relation to soil characteristics using oil palm and rubber plantations, compared with a natural forest in Galle District, Sri Lanka, to understand impacts of vegetation alterations. Soil samples were collected from 0 to 10, 10–20, and 20–30 cm depths (9 points/layer/site). The earthworm count was taken manually to determine the earthworm density (EWD). The C stock of forest soil in three soil layers was significantly higher than that of rubber and oil palm. In all sites, the topsoil showed the highest C stock, however, the differences between layers were not significant. Forest soils showed the highest EWD, although there was no significant difference between the three sites. The topsoil layer of all sites showed significantly higher EWD. In forest soil, EWD showed a strong negative correlation (R2 = 0.81) with bulk density, a strong positive correlation with porosity (R2 = 0.78), and a moderate positive correlation (R2 = 0.57) with organic matter content. The EWD in rubber and oil palm soils showed positive correlations with organic matter content, which were not statistically significant. Literature shows that the earthworm abundance has strong positive correlations with N fertilizer. The forest has intact soil environments while the tested oil palm and rubber plantations annually receive high amounts of N. Accordingly, the creation of a favorable soil environment for the growth and development of earthworms with the addition of N fertilizer might be the reason for these results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: National and international institutions periodically demand information on forest indicators that are used for global reporting. Among other aspects, the carbon accumulated in the biomass of forest species must be reported. For this purpose, one of the main sources of data is the National Forest Inventory (NFI), which together with statistical empirical approaches and updating procedures can even allow annual estimates of the requested indicators. Methods: Stand level biomass models, relating the dry weight of the biomass with the stand volume were developed for the five main pine species in the Iberian Peninsula (Pinus sylvestris, Pinus pinea, Pinus halepensis, Pinus nigra and Pinus pinaster). The dependence of the model on aridity and/or mean tree size was explored, as well as the importance of including the stand form factor to correct model bias. Furthermore, the capability of the models to estimate forest carbon stocks, updated for a given year, was also analysed. Results: The strong relationship between stand dry weight biomass and stand volume was modulated by the mean tree size, although the effect varied among the five pine species. Site humidity, measured using the Martonne aridity index, increased the biomass for a given volume in the cases of Pinus sylvestris, Pinus halepensis and Pinus nigra. Models that consider both mean tree size and stand form factor were more accurate and less biased than those that do not. The models developed allow carbon stocks in the main Iberian Peninsula pine forests to be estimated at stand level with biases of less than 0.2 Mg∙ha− 1. Conclusions: The results of this study reveal the importance of considering variables related with environmental conditions and stand structure when developing stand dry weight biomass models. The described methodology together with the models developed provide a precise tool that can be used for quantifying biomass and carbon stored in the Spanish pine forests in specific years when no field data are available. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Community-based forest management provides an opportunity to build a sustainable link with ecology for meeting future needs. A study was carried out to understand the effect of management strategies on the biodiversity, soil nutrient, and carbon stock of two community forests practiced by Jamatia (JCF) and Halam (HCF) tribes of Tripura, northeast India. The forest managed by Jamatia is community conserved, whereas the Joint Forest Management (JFM) regulation issued by the Government of India was implemented in Halam community-based forest. JCF showed higher tree diversity (2.741) than HCF (2.176), while there was no significant variation in the total number of species in these forests. Anogeissus acuminata, Schima wallichii, and Terminalia bellirica were the most dominant species in JCF and HCF. A relatively higher amount of organic matter, nitrogen, and phosphorus content was found in JCF soils. JCF showed higher carbon stock (342.9 Mg C ha–1) than HCF (158.7 Mg C ha–1). A positive and significant correlation of SOC concentration was observed with soil moisture, SOM, and soil nutrient content. The results show that both stands were at developmental stages; however, regular extraction of biomass from HCF was attributable to lower carbon stock. We found that the Jamatia communities are proactively involved in the conservation of forests and sustainable management of biodiversity under their control. The results reveal that the agent of management can play a vital role in enhancing tree diversity, soil properties, and carbon stock in community forests. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]