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Purpose: Colon cancer is the most common malignant tumor in the intestine. Abnormal Carboxylesterases 3 (CES3) expression had been reported to be correlated to multiple tumor progression. However, the association among CES3 expression and prognostic value and immune effects in colonic adenocarcinoma (COAD) were unclear. Patients and methods: The transcription and expression data of CES3 and corresponding clinical information was downloaded from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA). The CES3 protein expression and the prognostic value were verified based on tissue microarray data. The Cancer immune group Atlas (TCIA), Tumor Immune Dysfunction and Exclusion (TIDE) algorithm and the GSE78220 immunotherapy cohort were used to forecast immunotherapy efficacy. Finally, a prognostic immune signature was constructed and verified. Results: Compared with normal colon tissues, the expression of mRNA and protein levels of CES3 were downregulated in tumor tissues. CES3 expression was associated with TIICs. Hihg-CES3 COAD patients had better efficacy of concurrent immunotherapy. CES3-related immune genes (CRIs) were identified and were then used to construct prognostic immune signature and had been successfully verified in GES39582. Conclusion: CES3 might be a potential immune-related gene and promising prognostic biomarker in COAD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A small bandgap and light carrier effective mass (m0) lead to obvious ambipolar transport behavior in carbon nanotube (CNT) field-effect transistors (FETs), including a high off-state current and severe degradation of the subthreshold swing (SS) with increasing drain bias voltage. We demonstrate a drain-engineered method to cope with this common problem in CNT-film FETs with a sub-µm channel length, i.e., suppressing the ambipolar behavior while maintaining high on-state performance by adopting a feedback gate (FBG) structure to extend the drain region from the CNT/metal contact to the proximate CNT channels to suppress the tunneling current. Sub-400-nm-channel-length FETs with a FBG structure statistically present a high on/off ratio of up to 104 and a sub-200 mV/dec SS under a high drain bias of up to −2 V while maintaining a high on-state current of 0.2 mA/µm or a peak transconductance of 0.2 mS/µm. By lowering the supply voltage to 1.5 V, FBG CNT-film FETs can meet the requirement of standard-performance ultra large scale integrated circuits (ULSICs). Therefore, the introduction of the drain engineering structure enables applications of CNT-film-based FETs in ULSICs and could also be widely extended to other small-bandgap semiconductor-based FETs for an improvement in their off-state property. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Spatial variation of soil moisture after snow thawing in South Gurbantunggut was quantitatively studied using ANOVA and geostatistics at various scales. The results show that the soil moisture heterogeneity varies along with spatial scales. At the shrub individual scale, there is a gradient in soil moisture from shrub-canopied area to canopy margin and to the interspaces between shrubs. At the community scale, soil moisture is highly autocorrelated and the semivariogram is fitted as spherical model, with an 89.6% structural variance and a range of 4.02 m. In addition, Kringing map indicates that the soil moisture distribution pattern after snow thawing is highly consistent with the shrub patch pattern. At the typical inter-dune transect scale, soil moisture presents a pattern of high value at inter-dune depression and low value at dune, and this variation is fitted as Gaussian model with a structural variance of 95.8% and a range of 66.16 m. The range is comparable with the scale of topography zoning, suggesting that the topography pattern controls the pattern of snowmelt at this scale. The evidence indicates that the heterogeneity of soil moisture at various scales is controlled by various land surface processes after snow thawing. For Gurbantunggut Desert, the spatial heterogeneity of snowmelt at various scales is ecologically valuable, because it promotes the utilization efficiency of the snowmelt for the desert vegetation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]