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A series of GeSbSe ( x = 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, and 30 mol%) chalcogenide glasses were prepared by traditional melt-quenching method. The refractive indexes, infrared transmissions, and spontaneous Raman spectra of the glass samples were measured. Based on the spontaneous Raman scattering theory and considering the measured Raman spectral data, we calculated the Raman gain coefficients of the chalcogenide glasses. The effect of Sb on the structures and Raman gain coefficients of the glass samples was then systematically investigated to understand the role of chemical composition in glass structure and Raman gain coefficient. In the GeSbSe glasses, the number of heteropolar Ge-Se, Sb-Se bonds increased, whereas that of homopolar Se-Se bonds decreased at increased Sb concentration. The Raman gain coefficients increased until it reached a maximum value (290 × 10 m/W at GeSbSe) and then decreased when the Sb concentration further increased. These results showed that the Raman gain coefficients of Ge-Sb-Se chalcogenide glasses without poisonous elements were over 300 times of that of commonly fused silica and closely correlated with the structures of the glasses, suggesting that the Raman gain coefficient can be adjusted by modifying the structures of the glasses. This work provides a new possibility for environment-friendly Raman fiber laser and amplifier materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We reported the fabrication of submicron photonic crystal with AsSeTe chalcogenide glass by resist-free thermal nanoimprint using a soft stamp. The AsSeTe glass was prepared with melt-quenching method, and measured to have broad transmission range, high linear and nonlinear refractive index, and good thermal stability. Due to the very low glass transition temperature, the thermal nanoimprint was accomplished directly on the resist-free bulk glass with the soft stamp. By choosing suitable imprint condition, submicron chalcogenide glass photonic crystal with the band gap covering telecom wavelength was obtained. Taking advantage of the high nonlinearity of AsSeTe glass, the imprinted PC structure may have potential applications for all-optical switch in optical communications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, a series of GeTeSe ( x = 0, 5, 10, 20, 30, 60, 70) chalcogenide glasses were prepared using conventional melt-quenching technique. Through absorption spectra analysis, the optical Tauc gaps were derived in detail along the increase in the Te content which can be supported by structural changing of glass network shown by Raman spectra. The third-order optical nonlinearity of the glasses at mid-infrared wavelength of 3.1 μm was investigated by traditional Z-scan method. The nonlinear refractive index of the glasses increased with the increase in the Te content, typically the measured nonlinear refractive index of GeSeTe glass increased to 8.2 ± 1.2 × 10 m/W. The relationship between the nonlinear refractive index and the optical band gap was analyzed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chalcogenide glasses of the GeSbSeI ( x = 0, 5, 10, 15, 20 at.%) system were prepared. This study was performed to examine some Ge-Sb-Se-I glass physical and optical properties, the structural evolution of the glass network, and the optical properties of the infrared glass fibers based on our previous studies. The variation process of the glass physical properties, such as transition temperature, glass density, and refractive index, was investigated from the glass of GeSbSe to the GeSbSeI glass series. The structural evolutions of these glasses were examined by Raman spectroscopy. The GeSbSeI composition was selected for the preparation of the IR fiber. The GeSbSeI glass was purified through distillation, and the intensity of the impurity absorption peaks caused by Ge-O, HO, and Se-H was reduced or eliminated in the purified glasses. Then, GeSbSeI chalcogenide glass fiber for mid-infrared transmission was fabricated using high-purity materials. The transmission loss of the GeSbSeI fiber was greatly reduced compared with that of the GeSbSe glass fiber. The lowest losses obtained were 3.5 dB/m at 3.3 μm for GeSbSeI fiber, which was remarkably improved compared with 48 dB/m of the unpurified GeSbSe fiber. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The theoretical analysis and experimental preparation of a hollow-core Bragg fiber based on chalcogenide glasses are demonstrated. The fiber has potential applications in bio-sensing and IR energy transmission. Two chalcogenide glasses with, respectively, high and low refractive indexes are investigated in detail for the fabrication of hollow-core Bragg fibers. The most appropriate structure is selected; this structure is composed of four concentric rings and a center air hole . Its band gap for the Bragg fiber is analyzed by the plane wave method. The chalcogenide glasses GeSbSI and GeSbSe are chosen to extrude the robust multi-material glass preform with a specialized punch and glass container. The glass preform is simultaneously protected with a polyetherimide polymer. The hollow-core Bragg fibers are finally obtained after glass preform extrusion, fiber preform fabrication, and fiber drawing. Results showed that the fiber has a transparency window from 2.5 to 14 μm, including a low-loss transmission window from 10.5 to 12 μm. The location of this low-loss transmission window matches the predicted photonic band gap in the simulation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chalcogenide glasses are known for their high transparency in the mid-infrared (IR) range, which includes two atmospheric windows that lie from 3 to 5 μm and 8 to 12 μm, respectively. Chalcogenide photonic crystal fibers have numerous potential applications in the field of IR, such as spectroscopy, microscopy, astronomy, biology, and sensing. In this paper, GeSbS chalcogenide glass was fabricated and systematically studied. Chalcogenide glass has high transmission property (>70 %), good thermal stability, and good mechanical stability. The glass transition temperature T is 296 °C, and no exothermic peak was associated with crystallization up to 500 °C, which indicates its suitability for fiber drawing. As a result of its excellent mechanical properties, preforms with a variety of geometrical patterns were fabricated by using mechanical drilling. The near-field intensity distribution image of the drawn fiber shows a strong light propagation confinement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nanoscale HZSM-5 zeolite was hydrothermally treated with steam containing 0.8 wt% NH3 at 773 K and then loaded with La2O3 and NiO. Both the parent nanoscale HZSM-5 and the modified nanoscale HZSM-5 zeolites catalysts were characterized by TEM, XRD, IR, NH3-TPD and XRF, and then the performance of olefins reduction in fluidized catalytic cracking (FCC) gasoline over the modified nanoscale HZSM-5 zeolite catalyst was investigated. The IR and NH3-TPD results showed that the amount of acids of the parent nanoscale HZSM-5 zeolite decreased after the combined modification, so did the strong acid sites deactivating catalysts. The stability of the catalyst was still satisfactory, though the initial activity decreased a little after the combined modification. The modification reduced the ability of aromatization of nanoscale HZSM-5 zeolite catalyst and increased its isomerization ability. After 300 h onstream, the average olefins content in the gasoline was reduced from 56.3 vol% to about 20 vol%, the aromatics (C7–C9 aromatics mainly) and paraffins contents in the product were increased from 11.6 vol% and 32.1 vol% to about 20 vol% and 60 vol% respectively. The ratio of i-paraffins/n-paraffins also increased from 3.2 to 6.6. The yield of gasoline was obtained at 97 wt%, while the Research Octane Number (RON) remained about 90. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Two kinds of step-index As-S fibers have been fabricated by an isolated extrusion method with a numerical aperture (NA) of 0.52, but with different core size of 10 or 50 µm. With a femtosecond laser pumping, their supercontinnum (SC) generation spectra were recorded in order to testify the effect of high-order modes on SC generation. The spectra spanning from 1.0 to 6.7 µm and from 1.5 to 8.6 µm can be obtained in a 16-cm-long fiber with 10 µm-core diameter pumping by central wavelength of 2.9 and 4.0 µm, respectively. The results show that high-order modes would deplete the spectra spanning in red-shifting part. The SC generation in small-core fiber is much more efficient than that in large-core fiber. This is the first comparative investigation on the SC generation from the quasi single- and multi-mode ChG fibers under the same conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Compared with the traditional fluoride fibers and tellurite fibers that can work in the near-infrared region, suspended-core fibers based on chalcogenide glasses have wider transmitting regions and higher nonlinear coefficients, thus the mid-infrared supercontinuum generations can be achieved easily. Rather than adopting the traditional fabrication technique of hole-drilling and air filling, we adopted a totally novel extrusion technique to fabricate As2S3 suspended-core fibers with four holes, and its mid-infrared supercontinuum generation was investigated systematically by integrating theoretical simulation and empirical results. The generalized nonlinear SchrÖdinger equation was used to simulate the supercontinuum generation in the As2S3 suspended-core fibers. The simulated supercontinuum generation in the As2S3 suspended-core fibers with different pump wavelengths (2-5 µm), increasing powers (0.3-4 kW), and various fiber lengths (1-50 cm) was obtained by a simulative software, MATLAB. The experimental results of supercontinuum generation via femtosecond optical parametric amplification (OPA) were recorded by changing fiber lengths (5-25 cm), pump wavelengths (2.9-5 µm), and pump powers (10-200 kW). The simulated consulting spectra are consistent with the experimental results of supercontinuum generation only if the fiber loss is sufficiently low. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]