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The stress state is critical to the reliability of structures, but existing ultrasonic methods are challenging to measure local stress. In this paper, zero-group-velocity (ZGV) Lamb mode was proposed to measure the local stress field in thin aluminum plates. The Lamb wave's dispersive characteristics under initial stress were analyzed based on the Floquet-Bloch theory with Murnaghan hyperelastic material model. The obtained dispersion curves show that higher-order Lamb wave modes near the cut-off frequencies are sensitive to applied stress across the plate, indicating that the S1-ZGV mode has a rather high sensitivity to stress. Similar to conventional ultrasonic stress measurement, it is found that the frequency of the S1-ZGV mode changes near-linearly with the amplitude of applied stress. Numerical experiments were conducted to illustrate the feasibility of local stress measurement in a thin aluminum plate based on the S1-ZGV mode. Single and multiple localized stress fields were evaluated with the S1-ZGV method, and reconstructed results matched well with actual stress fields, proving that the ZGV Lamb wave method is a sensitive stress measurement technique in thin plates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The excitation and propagation of an electromagnetic field is a very complex problem in Stratified conductive structures (SCS) because of their complicated physical properties. In single air-cored coil above multilayered conductive structures, the impedance of an eddy-current coil is calculated based on the electromagnetic field. This paper provides insight into eddy current models for stratified conductive structures using three types of analytical approaches, including Cheng's matrix method, Truncated region eigenfunction expansion (TREE) method, and the innovative method based on the reflection and transmission theory of the electromagnetic waves. The analytical expressions of the three models are discussed and compared. Numerical simulation of an FEM model is performed, and the experimental results verify the developed models. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The anti-corrosive metal coatings on ferromagnetic tubes are the important components in power plants and need non-destructive evaluation (NDE) techniques to measure their thickness precisely. The objective of this research is to develop pulsed eddy current (PEC) technique for measuring the coating thickness accurately. PEC signals are investigated for the evaluation of coating thickness using a differential PEC probe, which consists of a driving coil and two pickup coils. The characteristics of PEC signals for coating thickness variations show that the related features, such as the time-to-peak and peak value, change linearly with thickness change. A new feature, called as time to the rising point, related to the propagation time of electromagnetic field in conductive metals is adopted for coating thickness measurement. These features can be used to inspect the coating thickness within the accuracy of 0.02 mm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A number of interesting phenomena at fluid-solid interfaces can be observed when the incident angle approaches the Rayleigh angle, including Schoch displacement and leaky Rayleigh waves. Besides the experimental and theoretical research on these problems, numerical tools have been more and more widely used for these complex problems. Based on previous experimental and numerical researches, a 2D finite element model has been built to reproduce the Schoch effects. With the same model, the minimum reflection profile is investigated for the feasibility of material characterization, especially for residual stress evaluation. Residual stress is one of the important properties for structures, and its measurement is a popular research topic in nondestructive evaluation. However, it is not possible to put the residual stress into the numerical model directly. According to the relation of residual stress with mechanical properties, the material damping and wave speed have been alternatively adopted in this work. The influence of minimum reflection profile by residual stress has been shown by the change of wave speed and damping factor. Simulation results show that the minimum reflection profile is a potential method for residual stress evaluation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper proposes an analytical approach that can describe the Pulsed Eddy Current Testing (PECT) of stratified conductive structures by a single air-coil used for detecting and sizing of metal loss due to interlayer corrosion. Specifically for a single air-cored coil above a multilayered conductive structure, the coil impendance response of the cylindrical eddy-current probe is calculated based on the truncated region eigenfunction expansion (TREE) method using the generalized matrix coefficients in series form. Analytical modeling of pulsed eddy current is developed using the Fourier series for multilayered conductive structures. A simulation study is carried out for demonstrating the capability of the proposed approach for sizing the metal loss in a two-layer specimen. Furthermore, the experiment is set up to confirm the simulating results of the analytical model for multilayered steels. Good agreement between the theoretical results and measured signals is observed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]