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The explosive eruptions of Changbaishan volcano in NE China since the late Pleistocene produced large pyroclastic deposits, including the large ones from the Tianwenfeng (TWF) eruption, the Chifeng stage of the Millennium Eruption (ME-Com), and the Yuanchi stage of the Millennium Eruption (ME-Tr). In this study, we analyzed the differences among these deposits through the analyses of their juvenile components and consequently the characteristics of the magma reflected in the field stratigraphy, particle size, petrography, and geochemistry. We quantitatively analyzed pumice texture and constrained on the eruption dynamics and intensities. We discovered that the ME-Tr deposits contain two types of pumice characterized by two distinct colors: earth-yellow and black. These pumice erupted in a pulsating way during the first stage of the ME-Tr eruption. Both pumice types have trachyte compositions, but the SiO2 contents of the black pumice (59.5–60.6 wt%, ME-Tr-b) are slightly lower than those of the earth-yellow pumice (62.1–63.3 wt%, ME-Tr-a). The black pumice at the Tianwenfeng summit is speculated to be a product of the late ME-Tr eruption (ME-Tr-c). The variety of the magma compositions and temperatures indicates that there may be three main crustal magma batches (ME-Com, ME-Tr-a, and ME-Tr-b) of distinct compositions and temperatures involved during the ME. The vesicle number density of the TWF pumice was the highest, as were the calculated decompression rate (0.5–3.7 MPa/s), height of the eruption column (22–37 km), and, consequently, the mass eruption rate. The eruption intensity of the ME was high during the ME-Com (as suggested by estimated column height of 24–30 km) and slightly decreased during the ME-Tr (17–29 km). The results of this study improve our understanding of the eruption mechanisms and the hazard assessments linked to the future Changbaishan eruptions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Establishing breast MRI imaging patterns associated with neoadjuvant immunotherapy is needed to monitor response. We analyzed serial breast MRIs in patients receiving neoadjuvant chemo-immunotherapy on the I-SPY2 clinical trial. Methods: Patients with stage 2–3 HER2-negative breast cancer were randomized to weekly paclitaxel (control), weekly paclitaxel and pembrolizumab, or weekly paclitaxel, pembrolizumab and intra-tumoral injection of SD-101, a TLR9 agonist. All patients received AC. Regional lymph nodes were retrospectively evaluated on breast MRI at baseline, 3, 12 and 20 weeks by a single blinded radiologist. MRIs were assessed for development of new regional lymphadenopathy, or increase in the longest diameter or cortical thickness of the largest abnormal regional lymph node. Results: Between 12/2015 and 4/2021, a total of 43 patients enrolled in the control (n = 16) and paclitaxel + pembrolizumab ± SD-101 (n = 27) arms. 12 of 27 patients (44.4%) receiving chemo-immunotherapy experienced increased lymphadenopathy within the first 12 weeks compared to 1 of 16 patients (6.3%) in the control group (p = 0.014). Most patients with increased lymphadenopathy were in the SD101/pembro arm (n = 10, p = 0.002). Increased lymphadenopathy was observed despite concomitant decrease in breast tumor size at all time points. 11 of 12 patients with increased lymphadenopathy had pathologically negative nodes at surgery. There was no association between lymphadenopathy and lower residual cancer burden or immune-related toxicity. Conclusions: The combination of neoadjuvant paclitaxel and pembrolizumab ± SD101 intratumoral injection was associated with early increases in regional lymphadenopathy on MRI despite decreased breast tumor size. Increased lymphadenopathy was not associated with node positive disease at surgery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Volcanic hazard zoning is an effective way to reduce and mitigate volcanic risks. Due to its frequent magmatic unrest and potential for catastrophic eruption, the Changbaishan-Tianchi Volcano is currently the focus of attention for volcanic disaster prevention in China. This study uses past eruption data obtained from geological surveys and geochronological studies, to construct simulations of tephra fall, pyroclastic flows, lava flows, and lahars. Several widely accepted numerical models were adopted to simulate each hazard at different eruption scales. Hazard zoning was then conducted, producing a comprehensive hazards map of the Changbaishan-Tianchi Volcano. The map identifies areas of high, medium, and low hazard, mostly at 0–15, 15–60, 60–100 km from the edifice. This work serves as the scientific basis for the authorities and general public in the areas around the Changbaishan-Tianchi Volcano in planning for future response, as well as provides a reference for hazard zoning in other areas potentially affected by volcanic hazards. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: For patients with clinically node-positive (cN+) breast cancer undergoing neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC), retrieving previously clipped, biopsy-proven positive lymph nodes during sentinel lymph node biopsy [i.e., targeted axillary dissection (TAD)] may reduce false negative rates. However, the overall utilization and impact of clipping positive nodes remains uncertain. Patients and Methods: We retrospectively analyzed cN+ ISPY-2 patients (2011–2022) undergoing axillary surgery after NAC. We evaluated trends in node clipping and associations with type of axillary surgery [sentinel lymph node (SLN) only, SLN and axillary lymph node dissection (ALND), or ALND only] and event-free survival (EFS) in patients that were cN+ on a NAC trial. Results: Among 801 cN+ patients, 161 (20.1%) had pre-NAC clip placement in the positive node. The proportion of patients that were cN+ undergoing clip placement increased from 2.4 to 36.2% between 2011 and 2021. Multivariable logistic regression showed nodal clipping was independently associated with higher odds of SLN-only surgery [odds ratio (OR) 4.3, 95% confidence interval (CI) 2.8–6.8, p < 0.001]. This was also true among patients with residual pathologically node-positive (pN+) disease. Completion ALND rate did not differ based on clip retrieval success. No significant differences in EFS were observed in those with or without clip placement, both with or without successful clip retrieval [hazard ratio (HR) 0.85, 95% CI 0.4–1.7, p = 0.7; HR 1.8, 95% CI 0.5–6.0, p = 0.3, respectively]. Conclusion: Clip placement in the positive lymph node before NAC is increasingly common. The significant association between clip placement and omission of axillary dissection, even among patients with pN+ disease, suggests a paradigm shift toward TAD as a definitive surgical management strategy in patients with pN+ disease after NAC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study aims to investigate the potential of training efficient deep learning models by using 2.5D (2.5-Dimension) masks of sICH. Furthermore, it intends to evaluate and compare the predictive performance of a joint model incorporating four types of features with standalone 2.5D deep learning, radiomics, radiology, and clinical models for early expansion in sICH. A total of 254 sICH patients were enrolled retrospectively and divided into two groups according to whether the hematoma was enlarged or not. The 2.5D mask of sICH is constructed with the maximum axial, coronal and sagittal planes of the hematoma, which is used to train the deep learning model and extract deep learning features. Predictive models were built on clinic, radiology, radiomics and deep learning features separately and four type features jointly. The diagnostic performance of each model was measured using the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC), Accuracy, Recall, F1 and decision curve analysis (DCA). The AUCs of the clinic model, radiology model, radiomics model, deep learning model, joint model, and nomogram model on the train set (training and Cross-validation) were 0.639, 0.682, 0.859, 0.807, 0.939, and 0.942, respectively, while the AUCs on the test set (external validation) were 0.680, 0.758, 0.802, 0.857, 0.929, and 0.926. Decision curve analysis showed that the joint model was superior to the other models and demonstrated good consistency between the predicted probability of early hematoma expansion and the actual occurrence probability. Our study demonstrates that the joint model is a more efficient and robust prediction model, as verified by multicenter data. This finding highlights the potential clinical utility of a multifactorial prediction model that integrates various data sources for prognostication in patients with intracerebral hemorrhage. The Critical Relevance Statement: Combining 2.5D deep learning features with clinic features, radiology markers, and radiomics signatures to establish a joint model enabling physicians to conduct better-individualized assessments the risk of early expansion of sICH. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recycled moisture is an important indicator of the renewal capacity of regional water resources. Due to the existence of Yulong Snow Mountain, Lijiang in Yunnan Province, southeast of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, China, is the closest ocean glacier area to the equator in Eurasia. Daily precipitation samples were collected from 2017 to 2018 in Lijiang to quantify the effect of sub-cloud evaporation and recycled moisture on precipitation combined with the d-excess model during monsoon and non-monsoon periods. The results indicated that the d-excess values of precipitation fluctuated between −35.6‰ and 16.0‰, with an arithmetic mean of 3.5‰. The local meteoric water line (LMWL) was δD = 7.91δ18O + 2.50, with a slope slightly lower than the global meteoric water line (GMWL). Sub-cloud evaporation was higher during the non-monsoon season than during the monsoon season. It tended to peak in March and was primarily influenced by the relative humidity. The source of the water vapour affected the proportion of recycled moisture. According to the results of the Hybrid Single-Particle Lagrangian Integrated Trajectory (HYSPLIT) model, the main sources of water vapour in Lijiang area during the monsoon period were the southwest and southeast monsoons. During the non-monsoon period, water vapour was transported by a southwesterly flow. The recycled moisture in Lijiang area between March and October 2017 was 10.62%. Large variations were observed between the monsoon and non-monsoon seasons, with values of 5.48% and 25.65%, respectively. These differences were primarily attributed to variations in the advection of water vapour. The recycled moisture has played a supplementary role in the precipitation of Lijiang area [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Although brain glymphatic dysfunction is a contributing factor to the cognitive deficits in Parkinson's disease (PD), its role in the longitudinal progression of cognitive dysfunction remains unknown. Objective: To investigate the glymphatic function in PD with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) that progresses to dementia (PDD) and to determine its predictive value in identifying individuals at high risk for developing dementia. Methods: We included 64 patients with PD meeting criteria for MCI and categorized them as either progressed to PDD (converters) (n = 29) or did not progress to PDD (nonconverters) (n = 35), depending on whether they developed dementia during follow-up. Meanwhile, 35 age- and gender-matched healthy controls (HC) were included. Bilateral diffusion-tensor imaging analysis along the perivascular space (DTI-ALPS) indices and enlarged perivascular spaces (EPVS) volume fraction in bilateral centrum semiovale, basal ganglia (BG), and midbrain were compared among the three groups. Correlations among the DTI-ALPS index and EPVS, as well as cognitive performance were analyzed. Additionally, we investigated the mediation effect of EPVS on DTI-ALPS and cognitive function. Results: PDD converters had lower cognitive composites scores in the executive domains than did nonconverters (P < 0.001). Besides, PDD converters had a significantly lower DTI-ALPS index in the left hemisphere (P < 0.001) and a larger volume fraction of BG-PVS (P = 0.03) compared to HC and PDD nonconverters. Lower DTI-ALPS index and increased BG-PVS volume fraction were associated with worse performance in the global cognitive performance and executive function. However, there was no significant mediating effect. Receiver operating characteristic analysis revealed that the DTI-ALPS could effectively identify PDD converters with an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.850. Conclusion: The reduction of glymphatic activity, measured by the DTI-ALPS, could potentially be used as a non-invasive indicator in forecasting high risk of dementia conversion before the onset of dementia in PD patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To be more realistic, this paper considers the pursuit of maximizing relative profits by firms, establishes a Cournot duopoly game model with quantum entanglement, and investigates how quantum entanglement influences decisions made by the firms. Following that, the Jacobi matrix and Jury criterion are used to examine the local stability of the Nash equilibrium. Additionally, the impact of various model parameters on system stability is investigated by implementing a numerical experiment. It has been found that limiting the adjustment speed and squeezing parameter to an appropriate range contributes to the long-term stability of the market. The coexistence of attractors is then fully investigated by means of the basin of attraction. The coexistence of attractors provides insights into the complexity and diversity of dynamic systems, shedding light on their nonlinear nature and sensitivity to initial conditions. Finally, the critical curve and the noninvertible map allow us to examine the global dynamics of the system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Heat action plans should be urgently formulated to enable urban managers, planners, and designers to take appropriate actions for mitigation and adaptation. However, few studies have been conducted to investigate the societal needs and knowledge gaps regarding heat mitigation and adaptation. To address such research gaps, this paper presents an empirical study of 574 questionnaires in Chengdu, China, to explore heat-related impacts, public responses, and driving mechanisms. The results indicated that outdoor activities and work/study were more sensitive to extreme heat than transportation, sleep/rest, and diet. Heat-related impacts on physiological health were at the same level as those on psychological health, where digestive system illness and emotional irritability were the most prevalent physiological and psychological symptoms. Respondents' knowledge of heat-related threats, adaptation awareness, and adaptation knowledge were insufficient, compared with heat severity. The payment willingness among the respondents was not strong and payment amount was not high. Poorer, healthier, and the less affected in outdoor activities were positive groups in payment willingness, while the group which experienced heat-related impacts on outdoor activities could pay more compared with other groups. Overall, these results help to shape the main contents of heat action plans. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the major subtype of gastrointestinal malignancy and involves cancer-related genes and signaling pathways to regulate ferroptosis. The present study was conducted to analyze the role of alkB homolog 5 (ALKBH5) in the ferroptosis of CRC cells and provide novel targets for CRC treatment. Methods: The transcriptional and protein levels of ALKBH5 and solute carrier family 7 members 11 (SLC7A11) in tissues and cells were determined by qRT-PCR and Western blot assay. HCT116 and SW620 cells were transfected with ALKBH5 overexpression vectors to determine cell viability and levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS), Fe+, glutathione, and glutathione peroxidase 4 using cell counting kit-8, colony formation, fluorescence probe, assay kits, and Western blot assay. The N6-methyladenosine (m6A) level and the enrichment of m6A on SLC7A11 mRNA were measured by m6A quantitative analysis and m6A methylated RNA immunoprecipitation-qPCR, and the mRNA stability was determined after actinomycin D treatment. CRC cells were treated with the combination of SLC7A11 and ALKBH5 overexpression vectors to confirm the mechanism. Nude mice were subcutaneously injected with CRC cells overexpressing ALKBH5. Results: ALKBH5 was downregulated in CRC and ALKBH5 overexpression promoted ROS release and ferroptosis. ALKBH5 erased the m6A modification on SLC7A11 mRNA to reduce the mRNA stability of SLC7A11, further reducing SLC7A11 expression. SLC7A11 overexpression reversed the promotive role of ALKBH5 overexpression in ferroptosis. ALKBH5 upregulation mitigated tumor growth in vivo. Conclusions: ALKBH5 reduced SLC7A11 transcription by erasing m6A modification, thus promoting the ferroptosis of CRC cells. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Acute cerebrovascular accidents, long-term hypoperfusion, and/or remote neuronal degeneration may lead to structural alterations in patients with moyamoya disease (MMD). This study sought to comprehensively investigate the distribution characteristics of subcortical gray matter volume and their correlations with angiographic changes in the intracranial artery in patients with MMD. Method: One hundred forty-two patients with MMD and 142 age- and sex-matched healthy controls underwent 3-dimensional high-resolution structural magnetic resonance imaging. Volumes of subcortical gray matter and subregions of the hippocampus and amygdala were calculated, and the degree of stenosis/occlusion of intracranial arteries in patients with MMD was evaluated on MR angiography. Results: Volume reductions in the thalamus, caudate, putamen, hippocampus, amygdala, pallidum, and nucleus accumbens were found in patients with MMD. Hippocampal subfields and amygdala subnuclei in patients with MMD showed distinct vulnerability, and morphological alterations in specific subregions were more obvious than in the whole hippocampus/amygdala. Volume loss in several subcortical areas was related to disease duration and intracranial arterial changes. Conclusions: Our findings revealed structural alteration patterns of subcortical gray matter in MMD. The specific atrophy in subregions of the hippocampus and the amygdala suggested potential cognitive and affective impairments in MMD, which warrants further investigation. Chronic cerebral hemodynamic alterations in MMD may play a pivotal role in morphological changes in subcortical areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: This study aims to longitudinally explore whether and how rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder (RBD), depression, and anxiety mediate the association between dopaminergic replacement therapy (DRT) and impulse control disorders (ICDs) in patients with Parkinson's disease (PD). Methods: Subjects were selected from the Parkinson's Progression Markers Initiative. After excluding missing data, 268, 223, 218, 238, and 219 patients with PD diagnosed at 12, 24, 36, 48, and 60 months prior, respectively, were included. We used the Questionnaire for Impulsive-Compulsive Disorders, RBD Screening Questionnaire, Geriatric Depression Scale, and State-Trait-Anxiety Inventory to assess ICBs, RBD, depression, and anxiety, respectively. We constructed three causal mediation analysis models to infer potential contingent pathways from DRT to ICD mediated by depression, anxiety, and RBD separately. Results: DRT was associated with an increased risk of PD incidence. Aggravation of ICDs was partly explained by improvements in depression (the average causal mediation effect accounted for 8.0% of the total effect) and RBD (the average causal mediation effect of RBD accounted for 16.4% of the total effect). This suggested that anxiety (the average causal mediation effect accounted for 12.7% of the total effect) plays a mediating role. Conclusions: Focusing on changes in RBD, depression, and anxiety associated with hyperdopaminergic status should be an essential part of strategies to prevent ICDs in patients with Parkinson's disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fuel starvation can occur and cause damage to the cell when proton exchange membrane fuel cells operate under complex working conditions. In this case, carbon corrosion occurs. Oxygen evolution reaction (OER) catalysts can alleviate carbon corrosion by introducing water electrolysis at a lower potential at the anode in fuel shortage. The mixture of hydrogen oxidation reaction (HOR) and unsupported OER catalyst not only reduces the electrolysis efficiency, but also influences the initial performance of the fuel cell. Herein, Ti4O7 supported IrOx is synthesized by utilizing the surfactant-assistant method and serves as reversal tolerant components in the anode. When the cell reverse time is less than 100 min, the cell voltage of the MEA added with IrOx/Ti4O7 has almost no attenuation. Besides, the MEA has a longer reversal time (530 min) than IrOx (75 min), showing an excellent reversal tolerance. The results of electron microscopy spectroscopy show that IrOx particles have a good dispersity on the surface of Ti4O7 and IrOx/Ti4O7 particles are uniformly dispersed on the anode catalytic layer. After the stability test, the Ti4O7 support has little decay, demonstrating a high electrochemical stability. IrOx/Ti4O7 with a high dispersity has a great potential to the application on the reversal tolerance anode of the fuel cell. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Excessive daytime sleepiness (EDS) and autonomic dysfunction have been verified to impair activity of daily living (ADL) in patients with Parkinson's disease (PD). Whether EDS can affect ADL in PD patients through autonomic dysfunction is still unclear. The purpose of this study is to explore the longitudinal mediation effect of autonomic dysfunction between EDS and ADL. Methods: Data used in this study were from six-follow-up visits of 413 patients with newly diagnosed PD from the Parkinson's Progression Markers Initiative (PPMI). We used latent growth mediation modeling (LGMM) to explore whether the autonomic dysfunction is a longitudinal mediator between EDS and ADL. Results: The results showed that as the disease progresses, EDS (P < 0.001) and autonomic dysfunction (P < 0.001) gradually worsened and ADL (P < 0.001) gradually decreased in PD patients. In addition, the more severe the patients' EDS symptom, the more worsened the symptoms of autonomic dysfunction, which result in a decrease in ADL. Both the intercept (95% CI: 0.142, 0.308) and the slope (95% CI: 0.083, 0.331) of autonomic dysfunction showed a partial mediating effect, and a longitudinal mediation effect was presented. Conclusion: Longitudinal changes in EDS affect the ADL of PD patients directly or indirectly by affecting the symptoms of autonomic dysfunction. Controlling the symptoms of autonomic dysfunction may improve the ADL of PD patients with EDS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: We investigated the efficacy of low-dose prednisolone (PSL) regimen in patients with generalized myasthenia gravis (MG) post-thymectomy and its correlation with long-term outcome.Methods: This is a 2-year observational study. The subjects were aged 16-75 years, a Myasthenia Gravis Foundation of America (MGFA) clinical classification of II to IV, generalized MG after thymectomy. We selected a low-dose (5 mg/day) initiation and slowly incrementing (10 mg every 4 weeks) PSL therapy regimen. We collected the clinical characteristics, treatment-related data, and 2-year clinical outcomes of MG patients, and analyzed the effect of various factors on the achievement of the treatment target.Results: Sixty-three generalized MG were recruited in our study. After 2 years of observation, 52 patients (82.5%) of generalized MG achieved treatment goal. Based on the maximum daily dose of PSL received, the MG patients were divided into 20 mg, 30 mg, and ≥ 40 mg groups. Subgroup analysis showed that the 20 mg group had the highest rate of achieving the treatment target (94.9%), followed by the 30 mg group (73.3%) and the lowest rate was among the ≥ 40 mg group (44.4%). Using a multivariate logistic regression analysis, we identified that the maximum daily dose of PSL 20 mg was the only positive, independent predictor of treatment goal achievement after 2 years.Conclusion: Low-dose initiation, slowly incrementing PSL therapy is feasible for generalized MG patients after thymectomy. Early response to low-dose PSL therapy may predict better long-term outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Objective. To evaluate the efficacy and safety of apatinib combined with FOLFIRI in the first-line treatment of advanced metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC) and explore potential factors of efficacy. Methods. Twenty mCRC patients treated at Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Shanxi Medical University from March 2017 to March 2019 were included according to the enrolment criteria. They provided informed consent and were treated with apatinib combined with FOLFIRI according to the scheduled regimen until disease progression or unacceptable toxicity occurred. The primary endpoint was OS. The secondary endpoints included PFS, ORR, DCRand safety. OS and PFS were calculated using Kaplan–Meier curves. Univariate and multivariate Cox regression analyses were used to evaluate independent prognostic factors of OS and PFS. R was used to determine cut-off values for biochemical indicators. Forest maps were drawn for Cox univariate results and the relationships between NLR and ECOG, which were significant in univariate analysis, and OS were represented by Kaplan–Meier curves. Results. The median OS and PFS were 16.135 months (95% CI: 9.211–22.929) and 6 months (95% CI: 5.425–6.525). Multivariate Cox analysis showed that NLR and CEA were independent prognostic factors. The most common grade 3–4 adverse events were hypertension, diarrhoea, increased alkaline phosphatase, decreased leukocytes and decreased neutrophils. Conclusion. Apatinib combined with FOLFIRI for the first-line treatment of advanced unresectable mCRC showed good efficacy and safety. The baseline NLR was predictive of efficacy, and a low baseline NLR (HR: 0.2895, P = 0.0084) was associated with improved OS. Clinical Research Registration Number: ChiCTR1800015308. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Water management has been proven significant for enhancing both performance and durability of anion exchange membrane fuel cell. Besides searching new material, decreasing membrane thickness and modifying operation parameters, a simple and universal method of altering membrane structure is proposed in this work. Composite membranes made by unique processing method that includes both casting and electrospinning processes were compared with traditional casting membrane, all with the same thickness of 40 µm. Comparing to traditional casting membrane, the composite membrane put at proper position shows a higher water permeability, thus even more than 50% enhancement of the peak performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is on the rise all over the world, and brings with it great challenges to medical care and heavy burdens to family and society. Accurate diagnosis and differential diagnosis are of great importance. Tau positron emission tomography (PET) might offer novel insights and be of great assistance in monitoring disease progression and supporting the differential diagnosis. 18F-AV-1451, as the first Tau PET imaging agent approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), has been of great potential in clinical trials. Here, we reviewed the synthesis and characteristics of 18F-AV-1451 and its role in monitoring AD progression and supporting the differential diagnosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study considered the petrology, chemical composition, texture, and magma temperature and pressure of the volcanic rocks in the Ashikule volcanic cluster (AVC), Western Kunlun, China, to investigate the magmatic systems prior to eruption. The whole rock geochemistry of AVC lavas revealed a wide compositional range that included phonotephrite, basaltic trachyandesite, trachyandesite, trachyte, and acid rhyolite but mainly trachyandesite. The K2O/Na2O ratios were greater than 1, falling into the shoshonite series in a K2O vs. SiO2 diagram. Oxide diagrams showed that intermediate and acidic volcanic rocks have similar magmatic evolutions, mainly related to the fractional crystallization of pyroxene, plagioclase, apatite, and ilmenite. Acidic magma was found as the product of magmatic crystallization in the final stage. Trace element contents indicated that the magma underwent mixing with crustal components in the process of crystallization before eruption. Xishan phonotephrite revealed a different evolutionary series compared with the intermediate and acidic volcanic rocks, highlighting the differences of their magmatic sources. The equilibrium temperature and pressure of phonotephrite were 1146–1316 °C and 0.38–1.70 GPa, respectively, which correspond to a depth of 14–62 km. The equivalent values for intermediate rocks were 1062–1215 °C and 0.22–1.18 GPa, respectively, corresponding to a depth of 8–43 km. Acidic rocks had lower magmatic temperatures (778–889 °C). Active tectonics led to multiple events of magma upwelling, and the magma in each event underwent its own evolution. There were many different components of magma beneath the study area contemporaneously, i.e., multiple magma capsules with different compositions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

N-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 LC-PUFAs) have positive effect on cognitive function with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) is still controversial. The aim for this meta-analysis was to assess the scientific evidence published in the last 10 years on the effects of n-3 LC-PUFAs intake on MCI patients to explore whether n-3 LC-PUFAs have positive effective. A comprehensive literature search was developed using the Google Scholar, EMBASE, and PubMed database. The pooled effect for all studies was calculated using random-effects model. And the terms of weighted mean difference (WMD) with 95% confidence interval (CI) was pooled and indicated the effects. Heterogeneity was assessed by I2 statistics. A total of seven randomized clinical trials involving 213 cases of intervention and 221 cases of placebo were included in this analysis. Compared with placebo, n-3 LC-PUFAs supplements effectively improved cognition in elders with MCI (WMD = 0.85, 95% CI: 0.04-1.67, Z = 2.05, P = 0.04). Slight heterogeneity was detected across studies. Our results provided further evidence that n-3 LC-PUFAs may have beneficial effect in elderly with MCI. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Understanding the relationship between tree height ( H) and diameter at breast height ( D) is vital to forest design, monitoring and biomass estimation. We developed an allometric equation model and tested its applicability for unevenly aged stands of moso bamboo forest at a regional scale. Field data were collected for 21 plots. Based on these data, we identified two strong power relationships: a correlation between the mean bamboo height ( H) and the upper mean H ( H), and a correlation between the mean D ( D) and the upper mean D ( D). Simulation results derived from the allometric equation model were in good agreement with observed culms derived from the field data for the 21 stands, with a root-mean-square error and relative root-mean-square error of 1.40 m and 13.41 %, respectively. These results demonstrate that the allometric equation model had a strong predictive power in the unevenly aged stands at a regional scale. In addition, the estimated average height-diameter ( H- D) model for South Anhui Province was used to predict H for the same type of bamboo in Hunan Province based on the measured D, and the results were highly similar. The allometric equation model has multiple uses at the regional scale, including the evaluation of the variation in the H- D relationship among regions. The model describes the average H- D relationship without considering the effects caused by variation in site conditions, tree density and other factors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The complete genome of a novel virus, provisionally named areca palm velarivirus 1 (APV1), was identified in areca palm exhibiting leaf yellowing symptoms in Hainan province, China. The genome of APV1 consists of 16,080 nucleotides and possesses 11 open reading frames (ORFs), sharing 56.4 % nucleotide sequence identity with little cherry virus 1 (NC_001836.1). The genome organization of APV1 is highly similar to that of members of the genus Velarivirus (family Closteroviridae). Phylogenetic analysis placed APV1 together with members of the genus Velarivirus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Two biosorbents were prepared using bamboo powder modified with mercaptoacetic acid and carbon disulfide, which exhibits strong adsorption properties for Cu and Ni. The obtained materials were characterized by FTIR. Maximum adsorption for both metals was found to occur around pH 5.0-6.5. The kinetic data followed the pseudo-second-order model. The maximum adsorption capacities of Cu and Ni on mercaptoacetic acid modified bamboo powder determined from Langmuir isotherm were 103.97mg g and 61.35mg g, respectively. While on carbon disulfide modified bamboo powder were 128.21mg g and 56.82mg g, respectively. The adsorption mechanism analysis revealed that the most possible adsorption mode of Cu was coordination, and Ni was ion exchange. The obtained adsorbents could effectively remove Cu and Ni from industrial electroplating wastewater and could be used repeatedly for more than five cycles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tephra fallout is an important type of hazard caused by volcanic eruption, and is also one of the main hazards at Changbaishan volcano, Northeast China. Numerical simulation is an effective approach to assess the dispersion of tephra fallout. According to the theory of dispersion model, we developed a simple and practical diffusion program that can be run on a personal computer. The input parameters for the simulation of tephra fallout from the Millennium Eruption of Changbaishan volcano, such as the size, density and shape of the tephra, the bulk volume and column height, the diffusion parameter P(z), wind direction and intensity, were obtained by field investigation and laboratory analysis. The simulated results in the intermediate scope when the parameter β > 0.3 are in good agreement with the results from measurement in situ, indicating that the model is reliable and the parameters used in the model are reasonable. We carried out more than 20,000 tephra fallout simulations using a statistical dataset of wind profiles which are obtained from China Meteorological Data Sharing Service System (CMDSSS). Tephra fallout hazard probability maps related to high- and low- magnitude eruption scenarios in Changbaishan volcano, are constructed for several tephra thickness thresholds, such as 70, 20, 10 and 1 cm. The results from this study can give support to the risk mitigation plans in Changbaishan area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Exposure to airborne particulate matter (PM) is a worldwide health problem. Previous studies have reported that PMs induced depolarizing currents and increased intracellular Ca in human bronchial epithelial cells. Ca plays important role in the regulation of mucus exocytosis, and mucin hypersecretion is a key pathological feature of inflammatory respiratory diseases. To explore more mechanisms underlying PM toxicity, we measured PM-induced mucin secretion in human bronchial epithelial (16HBE) cells. MUC5AC secretion and cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) level were detected by ELISA. Transient receptor potential vanilloid (TRPV)1 inward currents were examined by electrophysiology. Ca concentration was assessed by laser scanning confocal microscope. Exposure of PMs to 16HBE cells was found to induce mucin secretion, as a consequence of sustained Ca influx and cAMP increase through TRPV1 receptors. Mucin secretion was completely inhibited by TRPV1 receptor antagonist capsazepine. Removal of Ca by Ca chelator BAPTA or inhibition of protein kinase A (PKA) by the PKA inhibitors H-89 each partially reduced PCs-induced mucin secretion. The combination of BAPTA and H-89 completely prevented mucin secretion mediated by PMs. These results suggest that PM induces mucin secretion through Ca influx and cAMP/PKA pathway by TRPV1 receptors in human bronchial epithelial cells, thereby providing a potential mechanism to reduce PM toxicity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), an animal mode of multiple sclerosis (MS), was previously considered that is mediated by Th1 cells. However, a number of recent studies provided strong evidence that T helper cells that produce interleukin (IL)-17 (Th17) and anti-inflammatory CD4+ Foxp3+ regulatory T cells (Tregs) play a dominant role in the pathogenesis of EAE. β-elemene is a natural antitumor plant drug with the role of multiple target, and it has been found to pass through the blood-brain barrier easily. It also has been strongly implicated as an immune modulatory agent, but the precise mechanisms of its action are largely unknown. In the present study, we mainly investigated the efficacy and mechanism of β-elemene against EAE in vivo and vitro. The treatment of C57 mice with β-elemene significantly delayed the onset of EAE, markedly suppressed MOG-specific T cell proliferation in a dose-dependent manner, dramatically reduced the IL-17, IL-6, IL-23, and RORγt production and induced the Foxp3 expression in both the periphery and the inflamed spinal cord. These findings indicated that β-elemene amelioration EAE was, to a large extent, due to inhibit differentiation and development of Th17 cells depends on down-regulating expression of IL-6, IL-23, RORγt signaling, and promoting expansion in Treg cells. Suggesting it is useful in the control of MS and other Th17 cell-mediated inflammatory diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The trachyandesite lavas from Heikongshan volcano of the Tengchong volcanic cluster, Yunnan Province contain relatively abundant mafic and ultramafic small xenoliths comprising mainly gabbro, pyroxenite and rare lherzolites, all less than 2.5 cm in size. Gabbro xenoliths are characterized by 'open' texture represented by relatively abundant vesicles and ground-mass fillings, while pyroxenite xenoliths are characterized by equigranular and poikilitic texture. Their mineral compositions (clinopyroxene ± orthopyroxene ± plagioclase) are similar to those of phenocrysts in lavas, and their equilibration temperature (1000-1125°C) is consistent with the crystallization temperature of the phenocrysts (998-1108°C). Thus, the textures and compositions of these xenoliths are different from those of lower crustal and mantle xenoliths, and were derived from the magma chamber. Among them, the gabbroic xenoliths come from the crystal-bubble-liquid zone at the top of the magma reservoir, while the pyroxenite xenoliths come from the cumulates in the bottom of magma reservoir. The studied single lherzolite xenolith with porphyroclastic texture has similar mineral compositions to the mantle xenoliths from eastern China, and is considered to be of upper mantle origin. It was brought into magma reservoir by replenishment magma, and might have experienced a cooling event before eruption. The formation of xenoliths in trachyandesite flows largely reflects the ascent, storage, evolution and eruption processes of magma. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During the past six years, we have treated 406 patients with classical silicon augmentation rhinoplasty. The types and incidence of complications after subcutaneous or subfascial implantation were examined and discussed. We proposed that most complications are related to the depth of the implant and the character of the tissues. In order to improve our operation and prove our hypothesis, we performed subperiosteal augmentation rhinoplasty in 22 cases with satisfactory results. At the same time, we investigated the biomechanical properties of human nasal periosteum and fascia, including tensile strength, stress-strain relationship and stress relaxation characters under uniaxial tension. Although less elastic, the periosteum has more tensile strength than fascia. So, in the view of biomechanics, the periosteum is thicker, tougher, and stiffer than fascia, thus more suitable for covering silicon implants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Decreased heart rate variability (HRV) is a predictor of autonomic system dysfunction, and is considered as a potential mechanism of increased risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) induced by exposure to particulate matter less than 2.5 μm in diameter (PM2.5). Previous studies have suggested that exposure to PM2.5 may lead to decreased HRV levels, but the results remain inconsistent. Methods: An updated systematic review and meta-analysis of panel studies till November 1, 2019 was conducted to evaluate the acute effect of exposure to ambient PM2.5 on HRV. We searched electronic databases (PubMed, Web of Science, and Embase) to identify panel studies reporting the associations between exposure to PM2.5 and the four indicators of HRV (standard deviation of all normal-to-normal intervals (SDNN), root mean square of successive differences in adjacent normal-to-normal intervals (rMSSD), high frequency power (HF), and low frequency power (LF)). Random-effects model was used to calculate the pooled effect estimates. Results: A total of 33 panel studies were included in our meta-analysis, with 16 studies conducted in North America, 12 studies in Asia, and 5 studies in Europe. The pooled results showed a 10 μg/m3 increase in PM2.5 exposure which was significantly associated with a − 0.92% change in SDNN (95% confidence intervals (95%CI) − 1.26%, − 0.59%), − 1.47% change in rMSSD (95%CI − 2.17%, − 0.77%), − 2.17% change in HF (95%CI − 3.24%, − 1.10%), and − 1.52% change in LF (95%CI − 2.50%, − 0.54%), respectively. Overall, subgroup analysis suggested that short-term exposure to PM2.5 was associated with lower HRV levels in Asians, healthy population, and those aged ≥ 40 years. Conclusion: Short-term exposure to PM2.5 was associated with decreased HRV levels. Future studies are warranted to clarity the exact mechanism of exposure to PM2.5 on the cardiovascular system through disturbance of autonomic nervous function. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the post-pandemic era, psychological traumas have emerged as major mental health issues. However, the post-traumatic reactions and their connections with social-emotional competence among high school students experiencing COVID-19 lockdown have not been adequately explored. This study aimed to reveal the characteristics of their positive and negative post-traumatic reactions, and their connections with social-emotional competence. Network analysis was used on data from 1096 Chinese high school students who experienced COVID-19 lockdown. Measures included the DSECS-S, the PTGI and the PC-PTSD-5. The results revealed that “Valuing life” and “Recalling unwillingly” were identified as core factors of post-traumatic reactions, while “Having close friendships”, “Getting along well with others” and “Respecting others’ emotions” played a bridging role in connecting the communities of social-emotional competence and post-traumatic reactions. This study enriches research on post-traumatic reactions, emphasizing the importance of implementing social-emotional competence programs to tackle mental health crises. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]