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Background: The clinical value and molecular characteristics of tumor differentiation in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) remain unclear. There is a lack of a related molecular classification prediction system based on pathological images for precision medicine. Methods: Integration of epidemiology, genomics, experiments, and deep learning to clarify the clinical value and molecular characteristics, and develop a novel OSCC molecular classification prediction system. Results: Large-scale epidemiology data (n = 118,817) demonstrated OSCC differentiation was a significant prognosis indicator (p < 0.001), and well-differentiated OSCC was more chemo-resistant than poorly differentiated OSCC. These results were confirmed in the TCGA database and in vitro. Furthermore, we found chemo-resistant related pathways and cell cycle-related pathways were up-regulated in well- and poorly differentiated OSCC, respectively. Based on the characteristics of OSCC differentiation, a molecular grade of OSCC was obtained and combined with pathological images to establish a novel prediction system through deep learning, named ShuffleNetV2-based Molecular Grade of OSCC (SMGO). Importantly, our independent multi-center cohort of OSCC (n = 340) confirmed the high accuracy of SMGO. Conclusions: OSCC differentiation was a significant indicator of prognosis and chemotherapy selection. Importantly, SMGO could be an indispensable reference for OSCC differentiation and assist the decision-making of chemotherapy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highly active electrocatalysts for oxygen evolution reaction (OER) and hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) are crucial for efficient hydrogen production. In this work, a three-layer structured bifunctional electrocatalyst with an ultralow Ir loading of ~ 0.61% is fabricated for overall water splitting through a green and scalable two-step wet chemistry method. In the three-layer core–shell structure, the inner IrFe bimetallic alloy and the outer NiFe layered double hydroxides (LDH) mainly account for the HER and OER activity origin, respectively. Benefit from the unique structure and its synergistic effect among the two kinds of active sites, IrFe@Fe3O4@NiFe LDH bifunctional electrocatalysts only require an overpotential of 146 and 227 mV to deliver 100 mA cm−2 for HER and OER, respectively. In addition, only 1.46 V of cell voltage is required to reach a current density of 10 mA cm−2 for overall water splitting and it can continuously steadily work for 770 h at 500 mA cm−2. This work provides a facile and green strategy to design low load noble metal based electrocatalysts for efficient and stable overall water splitting at large current densities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The application of membrane electrode assemblies is considered a promising approach for increasing the energy efficiency of conventional alkaline water electrolysis. However, previous investigations have mostly focused on improving membrane conductivity and electrocatalyst activity. This study reports an all-in-one membrane electrode assembly obtained by de novo design. The introduction of a porous membrane readily enables the oriented intergrowth of ordered catalyst layers using solvothermal methods, leading to the formation of an all-in-one MEA for alkaline water electrolysis. This all-in-one MEA features ordered catalyst layers with large surface areas, a low-tortuosity pore structure, integrated catalyst layer/membrane interfaces, and a well-ordered OH- transfer channel. Owing to this design, a high current density of 1000 mA cm−2 is obtained at 1.57 V in 30 wt% KOH, resulting in a 94% energy efficiency. This work highlights the prospects of all-in-one membrane electrode assemblies in designing next-generation high-performance alkaline water electrolysis. While membrane electrode assembly water electrolyzers are a promising renewable energy technology, further optimizations are needed before wide-spread implementation can occur. Here, authors examine a device with a porous membrane that enables oriented catalyst intergrowth to improve performances. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Self-supported electrocatalysts are directly employed as electrodes for water splitting. Herein, we report an effective strategy to develop flower-on-sheet structured nanohybrids, where CoP nanoflowers are epitaxially grown along the edges of Ni-Co-P nanosheets (namely NiCoP) on carbon cloth (m-CoP–NiCoP/CC), thus obtained as efficient self-supported electrodes for the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) in both acidic and alkaline media. This unique nanostructure endows NiCoP nanosheets with maximal exposed surface area, along with increased active sites brought by CoP nanoflowers. Moreover, due to good electrical connection between CoP nanoflowers and NiCoP, and between conductive NiCoP and carbon cloth, electrons can easily transfer from active sites to the conductive substrates. Therefore, the m-CoP–NiCoP/CC exhibits superior catalytic activity and stability for HER in both acidic and alkaline media. The as-prepared electrocatalyst requires overpotentials of only 75.0–81.5 mV to deliver a benchmark current density of 10 mA cm−2 in acidic and alkaline media, respectively, which are superior to most of the previously reported metal phosphides-based electrocatalysts. Hence, this work can provide a design for developing highly active electrocatalysts for water splitting. The self-supported CoP-NiCoP nanohybrids were prepared as efficient and durable electrocatalysts for hydrogen evolution reaction in both acidic and alkaline media, where CoP nanoflowers are epitaxially grown along the edges of NiCoP nanosheets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Covalent organic frameworks (COFs) hold great promise in molecular separations owing to their robust, ordered and tunable porous network structures. Currently, the pore size of COFs is usually much larger than most small molecules. Meanwhile, the weak interlamellar interaction between COF nanosheets impedes the preparation of defect-free membranes. Herein, we report a series of COF membranes through a mixed-dimensional assembly of 2D COF nanosheets and 1D cellulose nanofibers (CNFs). The pore size of 0.45–1.0 nm is acquired from the sheltering effect of CNFs, rendering membranes precise molecular sieving ability, besides the multiple interactions between COFs and CNFs elevate membrane stability. Accordingly, the membranes exhibit a flux of 8.53 kg m−2 h−1 with a separation factor of 3876 for n-butanol dehydration, and high permeance of 42.8 L m−2 h−1 bar−1 with a rejection of 96.8% for Na2SO4 removal. Our mixed-dimensional design may inspire the fabrication and application of COF membranes. The fabrication of defect-free covalent organic framework (COF) membranes for the separation of small molecules is challenging. Here, the authors report robust COF membranes with precise molecular sieving through a mixed-dimensional assembly, exhibiting high performance for alcohol dehydration and salt rejection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]