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The impact of air pollution is one of the hotspots attracting continuous scholarly attention, but the comprehensive statistical and visual analysis reviews are few. Employing the method of bibliometric analysis, this paper took the relevant literature from 1996 to April 2022 on the Web of Science as the research object. Through the methods of keyword co-occurrence analysis and burst analysis, the spatiotemporal evolution trend, cooperation network, outstanding scholars, knowledge base, and research focus of air pollution impact research are visually presented. Via constructing a common word matrix of high-frequency words, clustering analysis is used to aggregate high-frequency keywords into 24 clusters. By the strategic coordinate analysis method, the relationships within and between clusters were revealed. The main findings include (1) research on the impact of air pollution mainly focusing on human health; (2) the six keywords with the highest centrality are California, hydrocarbons, dioxide, generation, Asia, and diesel; (3) these 11 clusters may be developed into future research hotspots: particulate matter, nitrogen oxides, mortality, ozone, pollution, air quality, asthma, children, epidemiology, aerosols, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons; and (4) seven topics are research hot: daily mortality, long-term exposure, coronary heart disease, concentration, North China plain, traffic-related air pollution, and air pollution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The growth of China's OFDI (outward foreign direct investment) is a unique feature of the "Belt and Road" project. Does China's OFDI have a green halo effect on countries along the Belt and Road (B&R)? Is this green halo effect somehow asymmetrical? What is the underlying mechanism? This paper systematically examines how China's OFDI exerts its influence on green technology spillovers, based on 56 B&R countries' 2003–2019 panel data. This study makes three significant findings: Firstly, China's OFDI has positive asymmetric characteristics in promoting green technology spillovers to host countries mentioned, which have lower income levels and openness. Secondly, strict relative environmental regulation can act as a "pressure pool," significantly enhancing the "green halo effect"; Thirdly, China's OFDI can help host countries obtain more green technology spillovers through three channels: expanding host countries' economic scale, upgrading host countries' industrial structure, and suppressing host countries' use of non-renewable energy. These findings point the way for 56 host countries to better accessing green technology spillovers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In an attempt to investigate the impact of major events on urban air quality in terms of the extent, duration and spatial scope, data on the daily air quality index and the concentrations of individual pollutants are collected in 140 cities of China from January 2, 2015, to November 28, 2017. Based on a spatial differences-in-differences, the impact of major events, such as political conferences, sporting events at the national level, on urban air quality in the dimensions of time and space are explored. It is concluded that major events not only affected the air quality of the host city, but also exercised influence on the air quality of the surrounding areas. Recommendations for mitigating the impact of major events on urban air quality have been proposed, such as establish regional atmospheric environment management system and formulate regional unified standards for pollutant discharge, industrial access and law enforcement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rainstorm disaster brings serious threat to people's life and property safety. Constructing reasonable rainstorm disaster risk index and drawing rainstorm disaster risk map can help decision-makers to deal with rainstorm disaster effectively and reduce disaster loss. It has important practical significance. This paper, for the first time, proposes a comprehensive risk index for death caused by rainstorm disasters. According to this index, the regional hazard map of Beijing is drawn, so as to directly reflect the damage degree of rainstorm disaster in Beijing. In the process of index construction, the weight is determined by regression coefficient innovatively, and the disadvantage of subjective setting weight is avoided, and the spatial distribution of risk can be more accurately reflected by constructing disaster risk index by using fused grid data. Research shows that the rainstorm death risk index proposed in this paper can well reflect the risk of death caused by rainstorms in various areas of Beijing. Combined with the ArcGIS software, a risk map of death due to rainstorm disasters is drawn. It is found that Fangshan District of Beijing is a major disaster area with the highest risk of death. Finally, the managerial implication included that government administrators should evaluate the risk of rainstorm disasters in a certain area according to the established rainstorm death risk indexes and draw a risk map accordingly. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The rapid development of China's economy and urbanization has given rise to noticeable environmental problems, among which the change of air quality has received extensive attention. The panel data of PM2.5 (particles with an aerodynamic diameter of 2.5 µm or less) in 343 prefecture-level cities in China from 1998 to 2016 were statistically analyzed to reveal the characteristics of the temporal evolution and spatial variation of China's air quality in the past two decades. The results show that: 1) the overall deterioration trend of air quality is obvious throughout the country. The variation trend of PM2.5 was divided into three phases: rapid-growth phase (1998–2007), lag phase (2006–2011) and mildly-incremental phase (2012–2016), with their average growth rates of 7.19%, −3.59% and 0.52%, respectively. 2) The spatial difference of PM2.5 values in China increased significantly with time. Since 2003, the high-value area in the east has expanded rapidly, and polarization became much more pronounced. The change rate of PM2.5 is high in the east and west and low in the middle. The change rates of most areas in the west exceed more than 80%, and in the east lie somewhere between 40% and 60%. In the midlands, the change rate is not large and some regions even show a negative growth. 3) The change rate of PM2.5 is also high in areas with higher values. However, in regions where the change rate of PM2.5 is high, the value of PM2.5 is not always high. The high change rate is mainly attributable to the low base value of PM2.5 and the cities concerned belong to sensitive areas. 4) According to the PM2.5 warning index, the number of strong, medium, weak and non-warning areas in China is 45, 85, 159 and 54, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to the climate change and the rapid progress of urbanization, extreme weather disasters such as urban rainstorm and waterlogging are frequent. Therefore, how to find the waterlogging points in the presence of disasters and how to optimize the distribution of urban emergency logistics and reduce the negative impact of disasters have become a hot and difficult issue for government departments and scholars. First of all, the idea and method of using the big data of microblogging to obtain urban rainstorm and waterlogging disasters and public sentiment are put forward. In addition,this thesis constructed the location-routing problem model of urban emergency logistics in the situation of rainstorm and waterlogging disaster, and found out the dynamic emergency distribution path of Nanjing in the situation of waterlogging disaster by using NSGA-III algorithm. Research shows that the risk management of urban rainstorm and waterlogging disasters, together with social media data, is a feasible way to obtain on-site data of disasters and carry out risk assessment of disasters. At the same time, the emergency logistics location-positioning model and algorithm can provide a reference for similar disaster emergency logistics distribution network and the conclusion can provide empirical reference for cities to cope with rainstorm and waterlogging disasters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Haze pollution is a key obstacle for environmental management faced by China and many other developing countries. The survey on residential families' economic losses and willingness to pay (WTP) are regarded as an essential reference for the implementation of environmental policies for haze treatment. For Jiangsu province of China, the authors of this paper first conducted three qualitative interviews with respectively meteorologists, meteorological administrators, and residents, a questionnaire was then elaborately designed, and subsequent surveys of 1123 families were administered in Jiangsu province. Further, the authors investigated measurements of direct economic losses by using the contingent valuation method (CVM) and explored influential factors of WTP by utilizing the binary logistic regression. From this survey, the estimated total economic loss incurred by haze disasters and total treatment cost for haze-related diseases were respectively 22.38 billion (in RMB) and 8.4 billion for Jiangsu province. 55.9% of residential families were willing to pay 11.6 billion RMB annually (51.97% of total loss) for haze treatment, leaving a shortage of 11.05 billion RMB, which the government is responsible to pay. These findings provide empirical information reflecting the opinions of communities and residential families, useful for the governments and industrial sectors to design environmental policies to meet the requirements of the public and control environmental pollution in an effective way to achieve sustainable development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tissue-type plasminogen activator (tPA) is involved in the lysis of blood clots. In this study, we attempted to target thrombolysis and enhance blood clot lysis by generating a construct (pLEGFP-N1-tPA) to integrate tPA gene into the genome of different cell lines. pLEGFP-N1-tPA construct was generated and used to target the tPA gene in different cell lines. The thrombolytic effects mediated by the supernatant from transfected HeLa cells and Linx cells were assessed using plasma thrombus plates. Furthermore, enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP), which was fused to the tPA gene in the pLEGFP-N1-tPA construct, was analyzed under the fluorescent microscope to assess tPA localization. We also monitored tPA activity and expression in the transfected cell lines. As part of the study, we successfully generated the pLEGFP-N1-tPA construct. The sequence of this construct was verified and the construct was subsequently used to generate the PT67/pLEGFP-N1-tPA cell line. The pLEGFP-N1-tPA construct was also used to transfect HeLa cells and Linx cells. We observed that supernatants from transfected cells were capable of lysing thrombi. In addition, tPA activity and tPA concentration were elevated in the latter supernatants and tPA was rapidly and stably expressed in the transfected cell lines. These results reveal a potentially important thrombolytic role for tPA-targeted gene therapy following cardiac valve replacement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on the related impact factors of precipitation anomaly referred in previous research, eight atmospheric circulation indicators in pre-winter and spring picked out by correlation analysis as the independent variables and the hazard levels of drought/flood sudden alternation index (DFSAI) as the dependent variables were used to construct the nonlinear and nonparametric classification and regression tree (CART) for the threshold determination and hazard evaluation on bimonthly and monthly scales in Huaihe River basin. Results show that the spring indicators about Arctic oscillation index (AOI_S), Asia polar vortex area index (APVAI_S), and Asian meridional circulation index (AMCI_S) were extracted as the three main impact factors, which were proved to be suitable for the hazard levels assessment of the drought/flood sudden alternation (DFSA) disaster based on bimonthly scale. On monthly scale, AOI_S, northern hemisphere polar vortex intensity index in pre-winter (NHPVII_PW), and AMCI_S are the three primary variables in hazard level prediction of DFSA in May and June; NHPVII_PW, AMCI_PW, and AMCI_S are for that in June and July; NHPVII_PW and EASMI are for that in July and August. The type of the disaster (flood to drought/drought to flood/no DFSA) and hazard level under different conditions also can be obtained from each model. The hazard level and type were expressed by the integer from − 3 to 3, which change from the high level of disaster that flood to drought (level − 3) to the high level of the reverse type (level 3). The middle number 0 represents no DFSA. The high levels of the two sides decrease progressively to the neutralization (level 0). When AOI_S less than − 0.355, the disaster of the quick turn from drought to flood is more apt to happen (level 1) on bimonthly scale; when AOI_S less than − 1.32, the same type disaster may occur (level 2) in May and June on monthly scale. When NHPVII_PW less than 341.5, the disaster of the quick turn from flood to drought will occur (level − 1) in June and July on monthly scale. By this analogy, different hazard types and levels all can be judged from the optimal models. The corresponding data from 2011 to 2015 were selected to verify the final models through the comparison between the predicted and actual levels, and the models of M1 (bimonthly scale), M2, and M3 (monthly scale) were proved to be acceptable by the prediction accuracy rate (compared the predicted with the observed levels, 73%, 11/15). The proposed CART method in this research is a new try for the short-term climate prediction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Currently, the hazy weather in China is increasingly serious. It is urgent for China to reduce haze emissions in environmental governance. A feasible way is to control haze emissions by optimizing the input sources. This paper proposed an innovative method in which the haze emission is controlled by readjusting input indicators. The output efficiency of input indicators in 29 provinces in China is calculated through 7 input indicators (namely, SO emissions, NO emissions, soot emissions, coal consumption, car ownership, capital, and labor force) as well as GDP (desirable output) and PM emissions (undesirable output). The results showed that the input indicators are excessive in redundancy on condition that PM emissions and GDP are equal. The input indicators are high in redundancy rate except labor force. The redundancy rates of soot emissions, SO emissions and coal consumption are relatively high and, respectively, are 78, 67.18, and 61.14%. Moreover, all the provinces are redundant in inputs except Beijing, Tianjin, and Shanghai which are optimal in input-output efficiency. The redundancy of middle and western provinces, such as Ningxia, Guizhou, and Shanxi, is relatively large. The ideas and methods proposed in this paper can provide a reference for the future researches that aim to reduce the input indicators of undesirable output, and the empirical results can provide empirical support for the PM abatement in China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To improve the air pollution of China fundamentally, effective measures should be proposed based on the thorough understanding of the characteristics of air pollution. Based on spatial econometrics, this paper investigates the characteristics and analyzes the determinants of the spatial concentration of PM pollution in China. Results show that: (1) PM pollution is highly concentrated in Central and Eastern China, covering 17 regions which accounts for 75% of the total population and GDP (gross domestic product). (2) The PM values in China show a significant spatial correlation. Provinces such as Shandong, Henan, Anhui, and Hubei are high in PM2.5 concentration. Meanwhile, these provinces are high in population density, GDP, and coal consumptions and have a large amount of civilian cars. (3) PM pollution shows spatial spillover effects. A 1% increase in the PM values of neighboring provinces will lead to a 0.78% increase in that of one province. (4) An upward U-shaped relationship is observed between the density of per capita GDP and PM, and the PM value is far from the turning point of growth. With the further growth of the density of per capita GDP, the PM value is expected to increase rapidly and continuously. (5) Based on the characteristics of spatial concentration and spatial spillover, this paper proposes several prevention-control measures for haze pollution, such as stressing on the treatment of air pollution in severely polluted provinces, avoiding moving pollution industries to neighboring areas, performing joint prevention and control nationwide. Air pollution may only be rooted by transforming the pattern of economic growth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Resilience is a key term in disaster economic loss assessment. The flood loss rates in different scenarios for the residence, industry, commerce, infrastructure, and agriculture are calculated, and the original depth-damage curves are drawn by collecting the socioeconomic data of Lizhong Town in Lixia River and Houbai Town in Jurong River. Thereafter, by fully considering the resilience factor to draw the new depth-economic loss curves, which are in line with the actual situation, the results show: (1) the disaster reduction capability correction loss rate of different receptors in Lizhong Town is in the range of 16-74 %, and in Houbai Town is in the range of 20-79 %. The residential flood loss, commercial loss, infrastructure loss, and industry loss were reduced by 74, 54.8, 38, and 16 %, respectively, in Lizhong Town, and the residential flood loss, commercial loss, and industry loss were reduced by 79, 60, and 20 %, respectively in Houbai Town. (2) Residential property types and their display heights in families with different income levels have similar flood-damage rate curves in mainland China and Taiwan (Su et al. in Flood damage assessment and related database Implementation for KeeLung River Basin (II), Special research report of National Science Council, Taiwan, ); (3) the loss rate reached the maximum at the depth of 3 m, and the sum of the five receptors' damage is 6.98 million Yuan (RMB) and 2.2 million Yuan (RMB) in Lizhong Town and Houbai Town, respectively. At last, in this paper, several approaches to improving resilience were proposed and possibilities in future researches were put forward. This study is a useful complement to flood economic loss evaluation literature and provides reference for disaster prevention and mitigation decisions in similar areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper introduces the computable general equilibrium (CGE) model into the comprehensive economic loss assessment due to rainstorm, using Beijing as an example. The article has constructed a regional storm disaster CGE model to measure the impacts made by rainstorm occurence on sectors and the whole economic system by adding four disaster impact parameters corresponding to the four most affected sectors. The evaluation results show that the torrential rain on July 21 of 2012 in Beijing has caused a total of more than 27 billion RMB of indirect economic loss, which is much more than 11.64 billion RMB of direct economic loss, and on the other hand, we find that, although the rainstorm has brought immense losses to multiple economic departments, it stimulates the increase of social employment rate and investment in fixed assets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to increase the supply of assimilated carbon to grain, a new stay-green wheat cultivar, Chuannongl7 (CN17), with delayed leaf senescence, carrying wheat-rye 1RS.1BL translocated chromosome was developed. CN17 exhibited distinct differences in net photosynthetic rate (Pn), chlorophyll (ChI) content, malondialdehyde (MDA) content, activity of both superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) during the grain filling stage, and flag leaf senescence compared with the control. The new cultivar maintained longer and higher photosynthetic competence compared with the control, and this aspect correlated with the difference in chloroplast development. Moreover, the stay-green phenotype of CN17 was also observed under natural growth conditions. Consequently, the coordination of the physiological, biochemical, and structural aspects in the stay-green cultivar produced higher seed weights and per-plant yield compared with the control cultivar. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]