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Since the early 1900s, high temperature processes have been used for combustion of municipal wastewater solids. The popularity of these processes has fluctuated greatly because of their adaptation from the industrial combustion field. In the past, combustion of wastewater solids was both practical and inexpensive. Solids were easily dewatered, and the fuel required for combustion was cheap and plentiful. In addition, air emission standards were virtually nonexistent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Water removal from municipal and industrial effluent streams constitutes an important step in wastewater and sludge treatment. The purpose is to concentrate, separate, dispose, or utilize wastes and pollutants and to regenerate and return clean water to the environment. In this context, the discussion here will be limited only to industrial and municipal sludge dewatering, evaporation, and drying (1-5). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There are two kinds of thermal processes for sludge treatment: (a) heat conditioning: a conditioning process which prepares sludge (i.e., mainly biosolids) for dewatering on filter presses or vacuum filters without the use of chemicals and (b) heat-drying: a process which evaporates water from sludge by thermal means (1)-(11). Ambient air-drying processes are dealt with in another two chapters: "Evaporation processes" and "Drying beds." [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Solvent extraction, or liquid-liquid extraction, is the separation of impurities (solutes) from a liquid solution by contacting it with another immiscible liquid (solvent) in which the impurities have a high affinity. The high affinity driving the separation can be either physical solubility differences or a chemical reaction. The solvent may be a single component liquid (toluene) or a mixture (isopropyl ether/octanol). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Water removal from municipal and industrial effluent streams constitutes an important step in wastewater and sludge treatment. The purpose is to concentrate, separate, dispose, or utilize wastes and pollutants and to regenerate and return clean water to the environment. In this context, the discussion here will be limited only to industrial and municipal sludge dewatering, evaporation, and drying (1-5). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nitrogen oxides (NOx) and sulfur oxides (SOx) emissions are primary contributors to acid rain, which is associated with a number of effects including acidification of lakes and streams, accelerated corrosion of buildings, and visibility impairment. Among the various nitrogen oxides emitted from stationary combustion; nitrogen oxide (NO), nitrous oxide (N2O), and nitrogen dioxide (NO2) are stable, and NO predominates (over 90%). In health effects, NO2 can irritate the lungs and lower resistance to respiratory infection. In the area of ozone nonattainment, NOx and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) react in the atmosphere to form ozone, a photochemical oxidant and a major component of smog. Atmospheric ozone can cause respiratory problems by damaging lung tissue and reducing lung function 1. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Desulfurization removes elemental sulfur and its compounds from solids, liquids, and gases. Predominantly, desulfurization involves the removal of sulfur oxides from flue gases, compounds of sulfur in petroleum refining, and pyritic sulfur in coal cleaning. This chapter discusses the following topics: 1.Sulfur pollution (sulfur oxides, hydrogen sulfide, and organic sulfur pollutants).2.The US Air Quality Act.3.Solid-phase desulfurization (coal cleaning, gasification, and liquefaction).4.Liquid-phase desulfurization (acid-lake restoration for H2SO4 removal and groundwater decontamination for H2S removal).5.Gas-phase desulfurization (SOx and H2S removals from air emission streams). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]