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Measurements studies have shown that the absorption of radiation by black carbon (BC) increases as the particles age. However, there are significant discrepancies between the measured and modeled absorption enhancement (Eabs), largely due to the simplifications used in modeling the mixing states and shape diversities. We took advantage of chamber experiments on BC aging and developed an efficient method to resolve the particle shape based on the relationship between the coating fraction (ΔDve/Dve,0) and fractal dimension (Df), which can also reflect the variations of Df during the whole BC aging process. BC with externally and partly mixed states (0 ⩽ ΔDve/Dve,0 ⩽ 0.5) can be considered to be uniformly distributed with the Df values of 1.8–2.1, whereas the Df values are constrained in the range 2.2–2.8 for fully mixed states (ΔDve/Dve,0 > 0.5). The morphological parameters (i.e., the effective density and the dynamic shape factor) were compared with the measured values to verify the simulated morphology. The simulated mean deviations of morphological parameters were smaller than 8% for the method resolving the particle shape. By applying a realistic shape and refractive index, the mass absorption cross for fully mixed states can be improved by 11% compared with a simplified core–shell model. Based on our understanding of the influence of Df and ΔDve/Dve,0 on Eabs, we propose a two-stage calibration equation to correct the Eabs values estimated by the core–shell model, which reduces the simulation error in the Mie calculation by 6%–14%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims: Evidence regarding impact of protein intake distribution on skeletal muscle mass in older adults is limited and inconsistent. This study aims to investigate the relationship of evenness of dietary protein distribution and number of meals exceeding a threshold with appendicular skeletal muscle mass (ASM) in healthy and free-living Chinese older adults. Methods: Repeated measured data of 5689 adult participants aged ≥ 60 years from the China Health and Nutrition Survey (CHNS) 2015 and 2018 waves were analyzed. Mixed-effects linear regression model was performed to examine the relationship between coefficient of variance (CV) of protein intake across meals, number of meals ≥ 0.4 g protein/kg BW and ASM, respectively. Analyses were conducted separately for male and female. Results: The average CV of protein intake in each wave was in the range of 0.34–0.35. More than 40% male and female participants in each wave had no meal reaching 0.4 g protein/kg BW. Female participants in the highest quartile of protein intake CV had significantly lower ASM (β = -0.18, 95%CI = -0.32, -0.04) compared with those in the lowest quartile, after adjustment for multiple confounders. Significant negative trends were observed across dietary protein CV quartiles with ASM both in male (P trend = 0.043) and female (P trend = 0.007). Significant positive association between number of meals exceeding 0.4 g protein /kg BW and relative ASM were observed in females (2 meals vs. 0 meal: β = 0.003, 95%CI = 0.0007,0.006;≥3 meals vs. 0 meal: β = 0.008, 95%CI = 0.003,0.013), after adjusting for multiple covariates. Conclusions: A more even-distributed protein intake pattern and more meals reaching protein intake threshold were respectively associated with higher appendicular skeletal muscle mass in healthy and free-living older Chinese adults. Prospective studies and intervention trials are needed to confirm these cross-sectional findings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Advances in Atmospheric Sciences is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Advances in Atmospheric Sciences is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Extreme high temperatures occur frequently over the densely populated Yangtze River basin (YRB) in China during summer, significantly impacting the local economic development and ecological system. However, accurate prediction of extreme high-temperature days in this region remains a challenge. Unfortunately, the Climate Forecast System Version 2 (CFSv2) exhibits poor performance in this regard. Thus, based on the interannual increment approach, we develop a hybrid seasonal prediction model over the YRB (HMYRB) to improve the prediction of extreme high-temperature days in summer.The HMYRB relies on the following four predictors: the observed preceding April–May snowmelt in north western Europe; the snow depth in March over the central Siberian Plateau; the CFSv2-forecasted concurrent summer sea surface temperatures around the Maritime Continent; and the 200-hPa geopotential height over the Tibetan Plateau. The HMYRB indicates good capabilities in predicting the interannual variability and trend of extreme high-temperature days, with a markable correlation coefficient of 0.58 and a percentage of the same sign (PSS) of 76% during 1983–2015 in the one-year-out cross-validation. Additionally, the HMYRB maintains high PSS skill (86%) and robustness in the independent prediction period (2016–2022). Furthermore, the HMYRB shows a good performance for years with high occurrence of extreme high-temperature days, with a hit ratio of 40%. These predictors used in HMYRB are beneficial in terms of the prediction skill for the average daily maximum temperature in summer over the YRB, albeit with biases existing in the magnitude. Our study provides promising insights into the prediction of 2022-like hot extremes over the YRB in China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Afro-Asian summer monsoon precipitation (AfroASMP) is the life blood of billions of people living in many developing countries covering West Africa and Asia. Its complex variabilities are always accompanied by natural disasters like floods, landslides and droughts. Reliable AfroASMP prediction several months in advance is valuable for not only decision-makers but also regional socioeconomic sustainability. To address the current predicament of the AfroASMP seasonal prediction, this study provides an effective machine-learning model (Y-model). Y-model uses the monsoon related big climate data for searching the potential predictors, encompassing atmospheric internal factors and external forcings. Only the predictors associated with significant anomalies in summer horizonal winds at 850 hPa over the monsoon domain are retained. These selected predictors are then reorganized into a large ensemble based upon different thresholds of four fundamental principles. These principles include the focused sample sizes, the relationships between predictors and predictand, the independence among predictors, and the extremities of predictors in the forecast year. Real-time predictions can be generated based on the ensemble mean of skillful members during an independent hindcast period. Y-model skillfully predicts four monsoon precipitation indices of AfroASMP during 2011–2022 at lead 4–12 months, correlation skills range from 0.58 to 0.90 and root mean square error skills are reduced by 11–53% compared to CFS v2 model at lead 1 month. This study offers an effective method for preprocessing predictors in seasonal climate prediction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The diatom test has been used by forensic pathologist as standard for drowning, but the occurrence of false-positive results (presence of diatoms found in the tissues of subjects who died from causes other than drowning) draws criticism regarding the specificity of the test. Diatoms within food or water can be ingested through the gastrointestinal tract. However, the mechanisms of how the diatoms reach distant organs such as the lung, liver, and kidney have not been studied. In this article, we simulated the process of diatoms entering the gastrointestinal tract using gastric lavage on experimental rabbits. Diatoms are detected in lymph from a lymphatic vessel at the root of the mesentery, portal vein blood, aortic blood, lung, liver, and kidney samples in the gavage group. Of diatoms, 76.24% were the centric diatom, 99.86% of diatoms have a maximum size of less than 50 µm, and most of diatoms concentrate in the lung. Our study provided the evidence supporting the theory that the diatoms could pass through the gastrointestinal barrier and reach the rabbits' other internal organs. The diatoms could reach internal organs through the portal vein and lymphatic vessel at the root of the mesentery. This provides us new insight into our understanding of false-positive diatom test in forensic pathology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In August 2022, an exceptionally long-lasting heat wave (HW) affected the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River basin. This study uses the JRA55 daily reanalysis datasets to elucidate the thermodynamic characteristics of the daily evolution of historical extreme HWs in this region via the heat budget equation. HWs are generally characterized by the occurrence of anticyclonic circulation anomaly throughout the troposphere and positive air temperature anomaly with the maximum amplitude in the boundary layer. The anticyclonic anomaly can induce compression heating in the entire troposphere and warm zonal advection in the boundary layer. Meanwhile, due to the reduced cloud cover, more shortwave radiation reaches the ground surface, and the sensible heat flux becomes an important source of diabatic heating before the onset of HWs. The accumulated excessive heat in the HWs is primarily damped through the emission of longwave radiation and meridional thermal advection. For the HW in August 2022, its extreme persistence is mainly caused by prolonged adiabatic heating, enhanced diabatic heating during the developing stage and weakened diabatic cooling during the decay stage. The upper-level portion of the anticyclonic circulation anomalies is linked to the strengthened South Asia High. After applying the state-of-the-art dynamic metric, i.e., local finite wave activity, we reveal that the formation of the anomalous South Asia High in August 2022 is associated with the Stokes drift flux rather than the dispersion of Rossby wave energy. This characteristic sets it apart from other extreme HWs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Prognostic significance of multiple immune antigens in multiple myeloma has been well established. However, a level of uncertainty remains regarding the intrinsic relationship between immunophenotypes and cytogenetic stability and precise risk stratification. To address these unresolved issues, we conducted a study involving 1389 patients enrolled in the National Longitudinal Cohort of Hematological Diseases in China (NCT04645199). Our results revealed that the correlation between antigen expression and cytogenetics is more prominent than cytopenia or organ dysfunction. Most immune antigens, apart from CD38, CD138, and CD81, exhibit significant associations with the incidence of at least one cytogenetic abnormality. In turn, we identified CD138-low/CD27-neg as specific adverse immunophenotypic profile, which remaining independent impact on progression-free survival (HR, 1.49; P = 0.007) and overall survival (HR, 1.77; P < 0.001) even in the context of cytogenetics. Importantly, CD138-low/CD27-neg profile was also associated with inferior survival after first relapse (P < 0.001). Moreover, the antigen expression profiles were not strictly similar when comparing diagnosis and relapse; in particular, the CD138-low/CD27-neg pattern was notably increased after disease progression (19.1 to 29.1%; P = 0.005). Overall, our study demonstrates that diverse immune profiles are strongly associated with cytogenetic stability, and a specific immunophenotype (CD138-low/CD27-neg) could effectively predict prognoses across different disease stages. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Understanding the variations of the Walker Circulations during the Last Interglacial (LIG, ~ 130–115 ka BP) may advance our knowledge of climate change in an orbitally induced warmer world. Here we investigate the variations and the underpinning mechanisms of the Pacific Walker Circulation (PWC) and the Indian Ocean Walker Circulation (IWC) during the LIG, using the lig127k experiments from the Paleoclimate Modeling Intercomparison Project Phase 4. Compared to the preindustrial, annual PWC is broadened by 3° and strengthened by 3.5% during the LIG, whereas annual IWC is narrowed by 3° and weakened by 17.2%. The antiphase change between annual PWC and IWC during the LIG is dominated by the change in boreal warm seasons (June–October), which is in turn closely tied to the changes in sea surface temperatures between the Indian Ocean and the western Pacific Ocean. Specifically, the models predict a general warming over the tropical Indian Ocean but cooling over the tropical western Pacific in boreal warm seasons during the LIG. This interbasin contrast results in enhanced sea-level pressure over the tropical western Pacific and decreased sea-level pressure over the tropical Indian Ocean, together with opposite changes in precipitation. The west-to-east sea-level pressure gradient contributes to anomalous low-level easterlies in the deep tropics. These changes result in an enhancement and broadening of the PWC, whereas a reverse change for the IWC. The proposed dominating role of interbasin contrast in temperature anomaly is further confirmed by a linear baroclinic model and an atmospheric general circulation model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

From summer to autumn in 2022, a severe drought lasted in southern China, posing serious effects on economic growth and ecological systems. This study explored the atmospheric circulations accounting for this persistent drought event. It shows that the drought in southern China during the summer of 2022 was strongly linked to the divergence of water vapor flux and descending motions, which were respectively caused by the anomalous anticyclone over the western North Pacific and the northward movement of the East Asian subtropical jet (EASJ). Differently, the atmospheric background responsible for the sustained drought in autumn is manly featured by a cyclonic circulation anomaly over the region from the Bay of Bengal to the South China Sea, which led to decreased moisture and descending motions in southern China. Further investigation suggests that the rarely strong surface warming over northern Eurasia and the extreme La Niña-like pattern over the tropical Pacific jointly resulted in the anomalous anticyclone over the western North Pacific and the northward shift of the EASJ in the summer of 2022, while the cyclonic circulation anomaly prevailing over the region from the Bay of Bengal to the South China Sea in autumn was largely attributed to the extremely negative anomalies of the tropical Indian Ocean sea surface temperature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Evolution of East Asian monsoonal precipitation across the Last Interglacial (LIG) remains controversial, owing to the discrepancies between various proxies and their low temporal resolution. Through a transient high-resolution global climate simulation covering the interval of 130–120 ka, we illustrate a long-term increasing (decreasing) trend in summer precipitation over south China (northeast Asia) during the LIG (i.e. 130–120 ka). The out-of-phase precipitation evolution across latitudes were coherently regulated by the weakened monsoonal circulation, southward moved western North Pacific high, and southward displaced East Asian westerly jet from the early to late LIG. These atmospheric circulation variations were in turn determined by sea surface temperature anomalies over the Pacific and the propagation of extratropical Rossby waves originating from North Africa. Our results may provide important insights for reconciling discrepancies between precipitation proxies during the LIG and for precipitation behavior in a warmer-than-present world. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An obvious trend shift in the annual mean and winter mixed layer depth (MLD) in the Antarctic Circumpolar Current (ACC) region was detected during the 1960–2021 period. Shallowing trends stopped in mid-1980s, followed by a period of weak trends. The MLD deepening trend difference between the two periods were mainly distributed in the western areas in the Drake Passage, the areas north to Victoria Land and Wilkes Land, and the central parts of the South Indian sector. The newly formed ocean current shear due to the meridional shift of the ACC flow axis between the two periods is the dominant driver for the MLD trends shift distributed in the western areas in the Drake Passage and the central parts of the South Indian sector. The saltier trends in the regions north to Victoria Land and Wilkes Land could be responsible for the strengthening mixing processes in this region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The decadal variability of extreme high temperature (EHT) in the mid and highlatitudes of continental Asia (MHLCA) and associated mechanisms were investigated. Observational analysis indicated that, after removing global warming, the first leading mode of the EHT events showed a meridional dipole pattern and had significant decadal variability. During the periods 1980–1994 and 2012–2019 (1995–2011), EHT events were more frequent and stronger (less frequent and weaker) in western-central Siberia than normal, whereas they were less frequent and weaker (more frequent and stronger) in the wide area to the south of Lake Baikal. Further Observational and CESM (Community Earth System Model) results based analysis suggested that decadal change in air–sea interaction in the North Atlantic play an important role in shaping the decadal variability of EHT events in MHLCA. On decadal timescales, meridional negative–positive–negative sea surface temperature (SST) anomalies in the North Atlantic and their coupled positive North Atlantic Oscillation can trigger stronger wave activity flux and cause a significant anticyclonic–cyclonic teleconnection wave train in the troposphere over the mid and high latitudes of the Eurasian continent. As a result, an anomalous high-pressure center is evident in western-central Siberia, and thereby reducing total cloud cover and causing stronger solar heating. Thus, EHT events become more frequent and stronger. On the contrary, for the areas south of Lake Baikal, EHT events are weakened by corresponding cyclonic circulation anomalies. Additionally, the CAM5 (Community Atmosphere Model version 5) experiments suggested more important driving role of the decadal North Atlantic tripole SST anomalies in the abovementioned processes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Advances in Atmospheric Sciences is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Acute liver injury (ALI) may manifest at any phase of sepsis, yet an explicit therapeutic approach remains elusive. In this study, LPS and cecum ligation and puncture (CLP) were utilized to establish an inflammatory cell model and a murine model of sepsis-induced liver injury, respectively, aiming to explore the potential protective effect of protein interacting with C α kinase 1 (PICK1) on sepsis-induced ALI and its underlying mechanisms. In both the cell supernatant and the murine whole blood, the concentrations of inflammatory factors were quantified by ELISA, while the protein and mRNA expressions of PICK1, cleaved-PARP-1, caspase1, TLR4, IκBα, and NF-κB were assessed via western blot and qRT-PCR. The outcomes revealed that the knockdown of PICK1 increased the levels of inflammatory factors and apoptosis, alongside activation of TLR4/NF-κB signaling pathway-related factors in both in vivo and in vitro models. Moreover, the murine liver samples were subjected to Hematoxylin–Eosin (HE) staining for assessment of histopathological morphology. The HE staining and liver injury scoring results manifested a markedly exacerbated hepatic damage in PICK1 knockout mice as compared to WT mice following CLP. Furthermore, the liver macrophages were isolated from murine livers, and the expression and activity of the factors associated with the TLR4/NF-κB signaling pathway were verified through RT-qPCR and western blot, and EMSA assay demonstrated an augmented NF-κB activity subsequent to PICK1 knockout. Finally, the expression and localization of PICK1 in macrophages were further scrutinized via immunofluorescence, and the interaction between PICK1 and TLR4 was identified through co-immunoprecipitation. In conclusion, the knockdown of PICK1 appeared to modulate inflammatory factors by activating the TLR4/NF-κB signaling pathway, thereby exacerbating hepatic damage induced by sepsis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Compared with individual extreme events, compound events have more severe impacts on humans and the natural environment. This study explores the change in severity of compound extreme high temperature and drought/rain events (CHTDE/CHTRE) and associated influencing factors. The CHTDE and CHTRE intensified in most areas of China in summer (June–July August) during 1961–2014. Under global warming, the increased water-holding capacity of the atmosphere and the decreased relative humidity led to an increase in the severity of CHTDE. The severity of CHTRE is increased because of enhanced transient water vapor convergence and convective motion. Anthropogenic climate change, especially greenhouse gas forcing, which contributes 90% to the linear change in the severity of CHTDE and CHTRE, is identified as the dominant factor affecting the severity of CHTDE in China. In addition, the historical natural forcing (hist-NAT) may be related to the interannual-to-decadal variability in the severity of CHTDE/CHTRE. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: Diet is an important modifiable factor for brain health and aging. Present study aimed to explore association of dietary quality with cognitive function and poor cognition in middle-aged and older adults participating in the China Health and Nutrition Survey (CHNS). Design: A longitudinal study with a twenty-year follow-up. Setting and Participants: Data were drawn from the CHNS 1997, 2000, 2004, 2006, 2015 and 2018. Subjects aged 55 years and more who participated in at least two waves and had completed data on socio-demographics, lifestyle, disease history, anthropometrics, dietary measure and cognitive assessment were eligible in present study. Methods: Baseline diet were assessed by 3-day 24-hour dietary recalls and used to evaluate diet quality via China Elderly Dietary Guidelines Index 2022 (CDGI 2022-E). Cognitive function was examined using part items of the Telephone Interview for Cognitive Status-modified. Three-level linear mixed effects models and three-level mixed effects logistic regression models were performed to estimate the association between diet quality and cognitive function and odds of poor cognition, respectively. Results: At baseline, 4173 subjects with median age of 63.7 years were recruited. Median of CDGI 2022-E total score was 44.7. Median score of global cognition was 16.0, and the proportion of people with poor cognitive function was 13.9%. Difference in global cognitive score was observed by tertiles of CDGI 2022-E (p<0.05). Significant associations of high diet quality with increment in global cognitive score [β (95%CI): 0.704 (0.394∼1.015)], composite cognitive z score [0.086 (0.045∼0.128)] and standardized verbal memory score [0.221 (0.122∼0.320)] were observed in total subjects. Consistent associations were also found in those below 65 years at baseline. The likelihood of poor cognition in the highest tertile of CDGI 2022-E decreased by 18% (95%CI: 0.698∼0.965) relative to the lowest tertile group in total population. Conclusions: High diet quality may be beneficial for improving cognitive function and delaying cognitive decline in Chinese middle-aged and older population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Co-occurrence of surface ozone (O3) and fine particulate matter (PM2.5) pollution (CP) was frequently observed in Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei (BTH). More than 50% of CP days occurred during April–May in BTH, and the CP days reached up to 11 in two months of 2018. The PM2.5 or O3 concentration associated with CP was lower than but close to that in O3 and PM2.5 pollution, indicating compound harms during CP days with double-high concentrations of PM2.5 and O3. CP days were significantly facilitated by joint effects of the Rossby wave train that consisted of two centers associated with the Scandinavia pattern and one center over North China as well as a hot, wet, and stagnant environmental condition in BTH. After 2018, the number of CP days decreased sharply while the meteorological conditions did not change significantly. Therefore, changes in meteorological conditions did not really contribute to the decline of CP days in 2019 and 2020. This implies that the reduction of PM2.5 emission has resulted in a reduction of CP days (about 11 days in 2019 and 2020). The differences in atmospheric conditions revealed here were helpful to forecast the types of air pollution on a daily to weekly time scale. The reduction in PM2.5 emission was the main driving factor behind the absence of CP days in 2020, but the control of surface O3 must be stricter and deeper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Increased nasal resistance (NR) can augment upper airway collapse in patients with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). Posture change can lead to altered nasal resistance. Our study aimed to investigate the influence of posture changes on NR in patients with OSA. Methods: Healthy controls without subjective nasal obstruction (apnea–hypopnea index (AHI) < 5 events/h), patients with OSA and subjective nasal obstruction, and patients with OSA and no subjective nasal obstruction were recruited. NR was measured by active anterior rhinomanometry in sitting, supine, left-lateral, and right-lateral postural positions. Total NR and postural change-related NR increments were calculated and compared among groups. Results: In total, 26 healthy controls and 72 patients with OSA (mean AHI 39.7 ± 24.8 events/h) were recruited. Of patients with OSA, 38/72 (53%) had subjective nasal obstruction. Compared with controls, patients with OSA and no subjective nasal obstruction had lower total NR (inspiration, p = 0.037; expiration, p = 0.020) in the supine postural position. There was no difference in sitting, left-lateral, and right-lateral total NR among groups. Total NR was higher in lateral compared to sitting posture in both patients with OSA and in controls. The NR increment for sitting to supine postural change was significantly lower in patients with OSA (inspiration, p = 0.003; expiration, p = 0.005) compared with controls. The change in NR showed no statistically significant difference among groups in supine-left or supine-right postural change. Conclusion: Patients with OSA had lower supine total NR and lower total NR increment in the sitting to supine postural change, which may be related to a different posture-related NR regulatory mechanism. This study provides a new exploratory direction for the compensatory mechanism of the upper airway to collapse during sleep. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pores and fractures are important components of flow channels in coal-measure gas reservoirs. While considerable studies have been conducted on pore structure evolution, very few studies have investigated the fracture distribution and self-similarity characteristics. To reveal the characteristics of fracture distribution in coal and shale reservoirs, computed tomography studies were performed on 15 coal and shale samples from the Shanxi and Taiyuan formations. The results show that the fracture distribution of samples of the same lithology differs significantly, and the fracture distribution heterogeneity of shale samples is much higher than that of coal samples. In shale, the heterogeneity of fracture distribution is mainly caused by pores and fractures smaller than 2 µm in the z-direction, with relatively little contributions from pores and fractures in the x and y directions. However, the heterogeneity of fracture distribution in coal is mainly controlled by pores and fractures larger than 2 µm in all directions, and the difference between the three directions is minor. It was shown that a great number of microscopic pores and fractures contribute to the highest fractions of porosity in different lithological samples. This method is useful for determining the fracture distribution characteristics in shale and coal-measure gas reservoir. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The increased precipitation in the Asian water tower has prompted the abrupt lake expansion and increased runoff, significantly reshaping the water resource redistribution in the Inner Tibetan Plateau (ITP). However, the dynamic attribution behind this decadal increment remains unclear. Here, analysis of observations, large ensemble simulations, and pacemaker experiments indicates that this decadal increase was mainly attributed to the synergistic effects of the external forcing (anthropogenic greenhouse and aerosol emissions) and the Pacific internal variability, while the Atlantic and the Indian Ocean play a secondary role. Observations and simulations show that thermodynamic and dynamic effects work collaboratively to this increase. Remarkably, the upper-level dynamic convergence over the ITP would be enhanced through teleconnection and atmospheric dynamic feedback when involving the Pacific internal variability, resulting in more precipitation occurrence. Further analyses show that the enhanced stationary Rossby wave propagation over Eurasia and strengthened transient eddy activity over North Pacific could contribute to the anomalous cyclone over the ITP and weakened East Asian westerly jet, which built a pathway for the external forcing and Pacific internal variability collaboratively impacting the decadal increase in precipitation in the ITP. These results can improve our understanding of ITP summer precipitation attribution and can be applied to emergent constraints on future decadal precipitation prediction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The new trend of adulteration detection of virgin olive oil (VOO) is exploiting a rapid, real-time analytical method to make on-site screening possible. Therefore, the main objective of this work is to develop an analytical method capable of detection and quantifying adulteration of VOO by combining the rapid evaporative ionization mass spectrometry (REIMS) with multivariate statistical analysis. With the sampling by electric soldering iron, this method can effectively distinguish VOO from other plant oils (blended olive oil, sunflower oil, peanut oil, colza oil, corn oil, and soybean oil) with an accuracy of 99.29%. Moreover, principal component analysis-linear discriminate analysis (PCA-LDA) shows that the method is able to identify the adulterated VOO with other oils in different levels. The quantitative prediction models were established using partial least squares (PLS) for the adulteration of VOO with four types of different oils. High correlation coefficients above than 0.97 were achieved in an approximated linear relationship. The result indicates that REIMS combined with appropriate multivariate statistics can be used for VOO adulteration analysis with detection limits as low as 5%.This method could serve as a rapid and real-time approach for authentication and adulteration analysis of VOO. This is also the first application of REIMS coupled with electric soldering iron as sampling tool in the analysis of plant oil samples without the assistance of any additional ionizing medium. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Then, to answer the question that why AP/BP transformation did not accompany with obvious I ASXL1 i mutations expansion, we analyzed the co-mutations in PMF-AP/BP patients who had I ASXL1 i mutations at the chronic stage. As mentioned above, I ASXL1 i mutations play a critical role both in the progression from Pre-PMF to Overt-PMF and through Overt-PMF to PMF-AP/BP. Contrary to I ASXL1 i , I RUNX1 i mutations (4 in 5, 80%), I RAS i pathway mutations (7 in 8, 87.5%) and I TP53 i mutations (1 in 1,100%) were more likely to be freshly acquired during the transformation from Overt-PMF to PMF-AP/BP (Fig. Dear Editor, In primary myelofibrosis (PMF), there is a stepwise evolution from an initial prefibrotic (Pre)/early stage, characterized by hypercellular bone marrow with absent or minimal reticulin fibrosis, to an overt fibrotic (Overt) stage with marked reticulin or collagen fibrosis in the bone marrow [[1]] and 5-30% of patients develop to blast phase [[2]-[6]]. [Extracted from the article]

Subduction process is a dynamical bridge for the exchanges of heat between the atmosphere and subsurface ocean water, which is regarded as a central proxy for the ocean climate studies. Given its key indicator in climate signals, it is of importance to examine the ability of a model to simulate the global subduction rate before investigating the climate dynamics. In this paper, we evaluated the ability of 21 climate models from Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6 (CMIP6) in simulating the subduction rate. In general, the simulation ability of the models to the subduction climatology is better than that to the long-term variation trend. Based on the comprehensive analysis of climatology distribution and long-term trend of the subduction rate, GISS-E2-1-G performs better in reproducing the subduction rate climatology and IPSL-CM6A-LR can simulate positive long-term trend for both the global mean subduction rate and the lateral induction term in the Antarctic Circumpolar Current (ACC) region. However, it is still challenging to capture both the distribution characteristics of the subduction climatology and the long-term temporal trend for the 21 CMIP6 models. In addition, the model results demonstrate that, the ACC area is the major region contributing to the long-term trend of the global mean subduction rate. The analysis in this paper indicates that the poor simulation ability of reproducing the long-term trend of global mean subduction rate might be attributed to the ocean dynamics, for example, the zonal velocity at the bottom mixed layer and zonal gradient of mixed layer depth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) are a group of neurodevelopmental-related disorders with a high genetic risk. Recently, chromatin remodeling factors have been found to be related to ASDs. SMARCA4 is such a catalytic subunit of the chromatin-remodeling complex. In this report, we identified seven novel missense variants in the SMARCA4 gene from eight pediatric patients. All eight patients had moderate to severe intellectual disability, and seven showed autistic/likely autistic features. Compared with the patients reported in the literature, our patients were less likely to show craniofacial or finger/toe anomalies. Our findings further supported that SMARCA4 is associated with ASDs. We suggest that individuals with the abovementioned phenotypes should consider genetic testing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

On 20 July 2021, a sudden rainstorm happened in central and northern Henan Province, China, killing at least 302 people. This extreme precipitation event incurred substantial socioeconomic impacts and resulted in serious losses. Accurate monitoring of such rainstorm events is crucial. In this study, qualitative and quantitative methods are used to comprehensively evaluate the abilities of 10 high-resolution satellite precipitation products [CMORPH-Raw (Climate Prediction Center morphing technique), CMORPH-RT, PERSIANN-CCS (Precipitation Estimation from Remotely Sensed Information Using Artificial Neural Networks), GPM IMERG-Early (Integrated Multisatellite Retrievals for Global Precipitation Measurement), GPM IMERG-Late, GSMaP-Now (Global Satellite Mapping of Precipitation), GSMaP-NRT, FY-2F, FY-2G, and FY-2H] in capturing this extreme rainstorm event, as well as their performances in monitoring different precipitation intensities. The results show that these satellite precipitation products are able to capture the spatial distributions of the rainstorm (e.g., its location in central and northern Henan), but all products have underestimated the amount of precipitation in the rainstorm center. With the increase in precipitation intensity, the hit rate decreases, the threat score decreases, and the false alarm rate increases. CMORPH-RT is better at capturing the rainstorm than CMORPH-Raw, and it depictes the rainstorm process well; GPM IMERG-Late is more accurate than GPM IMERG-Early; GSMaP-NRT has performed better than GSMaP-Now; and PERSIANN-CCS and FY-2F perform poorly. Among the products, CMORPH-RT performs the best, which has accurately captured the center of the rainstorm, and is also the closest to the station-based observations. In general, the satellite precipitation products that integrate infrared and passive microwave data are found to be better than those that only make use of infrared data. The satellite precipitation retrieval algorithm and the amount of passive microwave data have a relatively greater impact on the accuracy of satellite precipitation products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Meckel syndrome (MKS, OMIM:249000) is a severe multiorgan dysplastic lethal ciliopathy with extreme genetic heterogeneity. Defects in RPGRIP1L are the cause of MKS type 5 (MKS5, OMIM:611561). However, only six different variants have been reported in eight MKS5 cases with biallelic variants. Here, we describe the case of a Chinese family with recurrent fetal malformations. The proband was a 14-week gestation fetus with occipital encephalocele, polycystic kidneys, polydactyly, and single ventricular heart. Trio whole-exome sequencing was performed, and two novel compound heterozygous variants of RPGRIP1L (c.427C > T, p.Gln143Ter and c.1351-11A > G) were identified. cDNA studies of the splicing variant demonstrated a reading-frame shift with a subsequent premature stop codon (p.Glu451Serfs*6). After the proband was diagnosed with MKS5, the couple chose preimplantation genetic testing for monogenic disorders (PGT-M) and prenatal genetic diagnosis (PND) to prevent the transmission of pathogenic variants, which led to a successful pregnancy recently. In summary, we have identified two novel variants of RPGRIP1L in a Chinese family, which expand the variant spectrum of MKS5. Furthermore, we have described the successful application of PGT-M and PND in this family. These techniques could assist couples with a genetic predisposition in avoiding the transmission of genetic diseases to their offspring. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims/hypothesis: The gut microbiome is mainly shaped by diet, and varies across geographical regions. Little is known about the longitudinal association of gut microbiota with glycaemic control. We aimed to identify gut microbiota prospectively associated with glycaemic traits and type 2 diabetes in a geographically diverse population, and examined the cross-sectional association of dietary or lifestyle factors with the identified gut microbiota. Methods: The China Health and Nutrition Survey is a population-based longitudinal cohort covering 15 provinces/megacities across China. Of the participants in that study, 2772 diabetes-free participants with a gut microbiota profile based on 16S rRNA analysis were included in the present study (age 50.8 ± 12.7 years, mean ± SD). Using a multivariable-adjusted linear mixed-effects model, we examined the prospective association of gut microbiota with glycaemic traits (fasting glucose, fasting insulin, HbA1c and HOMA-IR). We constructed a healthy microbiome index (HMI), and used Poisson regression to examine the relationship between the HMI and incident type 2 diabetes. We evaluated the association of dietary or lifestyle factors with the glycaemic trait-related gut microbiota using a multivariable-adjusted linear regression model. Results: After follow-up for 3 years, 123 incident type 2 diabetes cases were identified. We identified 25 gut microbial genera positively or inversely associated with glycaemic traits. The newly created HMI (per SD unit) was inversely associated with incident type 2 diabetes (risk ratio 0.69, 95% CI 0.58, 0.84). Furthermore, we found that several microbial genera that were favourable for the glycaemic trait were consistently associated with healthy dietary habits (higher consumption of vegetable, fruit, fish and nuts). Conclusions/interpretation: Our results revealed multiple gut microbiota prospectively associated with glycaemic traits and type 2 diabetes in a geographically diverse population, and highlighted the potential of gut microbiota-based diagnosis or therapy for type 2 diabetes. Data availability: The code for data analysis associated with the current study is available at https://github.com/wenutrition/Microbiota-T2D-CHNS [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: The aim of this study is to examine the association between perceived stress and multifarious eating away from home among Chinese adults in different genders.Methods: We examined cross-sectional data from the China Health and Nutrition Survey conducted in 2018 among Chinese adults aged 18-59 years. A self-reported questionnaire involving the perceived stress scale with 10 items (PSS-10), and the food frequency questionnaire about eating away from home were used. Adjusted two-level zero-inflated Poisson regression models were used to explore the association.Results: There were 3161 males and 3599 females in the study. The median PSS-10 score was 16.0 and the frequencies of eating 1) breakfast, 2) lunch or supper, and 3) three main meals away from home were 12, 10, and 49 times per year, respectively. In males, PSS-10 score was not associated with eating away from home. In females, PSS-10 score was significantly positively associated with eating 1) lunch or supper, 2) three main meals, 3) Chinese food away from home, and 4) eating at stalls/restaurants (β1 = 0.016, P1 = 0.006; β2 = 0.014, P2 = 0.002; β3 = 0.015, P3 = 0.013; β4 = 0.014, P4 = 0.015 respectively). But there was not association between PSS-10 score and the frequency of eating breakfast away from home in females (β = 0.006, P = 0.325).Conclusions: Stressed females tend to eat away from home, but the effects are very small. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Both characteristics and optimal treatment strategy for hairy cell leukemia-variant (HCL-v) remain elusive due to its rarity. We retrospectively analyzed the clinical features of HCL-v and the efficacy of first-line treatment options in a large Chinese cohort. In this study, we recruited 33 HCL-v patients (23 males and 10 females) with a median age of 59 years (range, 34–79 years). The chief complaints included abdominal mass and relative signs (67%) and abnormal complete blood count (27%). Immunophenotyping showed monoclonal B-cells positive for pan B-cell antigens and CD11c, weakly positive for CD103 and CD200, while negative for CD5, CD10, CD25, CD123, and annexin A1. No BRAF V600E mutation was detected, but TP53 abnormality was recurrent. Treatment choices included interferon-α (IFN-α) in 11 patients, chlorambucil (CLB) in 5 patients, single purine nucleoside analogs (PNA) in 3 patients, PNA plus rituximab (PNA + R) in 9 patients, and others in 3 patients. Four patients who received IFN-α or CLB treatment also underwent splenectomy. Patients who received PNA + R had a higher complete response rate (88% versus 5%, P < 0.001) and longer progression-free survival (PFS, 3-year PFS rate 42% [95% CI 1–84] vs. 16% [95% CI 3–40], P = 0.042) than those who received other regimens. Overall, HCL-v is an indolent lymphoma with unique characteristics. The PNA + R regimen is the preferred choice in the first-line treatment for HCL-v. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The fatigue crack behavior of U75V rail under different quenching rates was studied using SEM and CLSM. The results show that the pearlite interlayer spacing and fatigue crack growth rate decrease, and the deflection path of cracks and the number of branching cracks of U75V rail increases with an increase of cooling rate. The tearing edge of unstable region transites from pearlite lamellae to dimple. The fatigue crack growth path is closely related to the orientation of lamellae in pearlite microstructure. There are three modes direction of fatigue crack growth path and pearlite lamellar, which are parallel, vertical and 45° angle, and most of the branch cracks occur at an angle of 45 ° between the lamellar direction and the crack direction. More specifically, the deflection paths of cracks and branching crack have a relaxation effect on the stress intensity at the crack tip, which restrains the fatigue crack growth rate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Osteogenesis imperfecta (OI) is a genetic disease with an estimated prevalence of 1 in 13,500 and 1 in 9700. The classification into subtypes of OI is important for prognosis and management. In this study, we established a clinical severity prediction model depending on multiple features of variants in COL1A1/2 genes. Introduction: Ninety percent of OI cases are caused by pathogenic variants in the COL1A1/COL1A2 gene. The Sillence classification describes four OI types with variable clinical features ranging from mild symptoms to lethal and progressively deforming symptoms. Methods: We established a prediction model of the clinical severity of OI based on the random forest model with a training set obtained from the Human Gene Mutation Database, including 790 records of the COL1A1/COL1A2 genes. The features used in the prediction model were respectively based on variant-type features only, and the optimized features. Results: With the training set, the prediction results showed that the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) for predicting lethal to severe OI or mild/moderate OI was 0.767 and 0.902, respectively, when using variant-type features only and optimized features for COL1A1 defects, 0.545 and 0.731, respectively, for COL1A2 defects. For the 17 patients from our hospital, prediction accuracy for the patient with the COL1A1 and COL1A2 defects was 76.5% (95% CI: 50.1–93.2%) and 88.2% (95% CI: 63.6–98.5%), respectively. Conclusion: We established an OI severity prediction model depending on multiple features of the specific variants in COL1A1/2 genes, with a prediction accuracy of 76–88%. This prediction algorithm is a promising alternative that could prove to be valuable in clinical practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Understanding the variations of the westerly jets (WJs) during the Last Interglacial (~ 127 ka; LIG) aids in deciphering the reconstructed hydrological conditions and dust activities at that time. Here, we investigated variations of the WJs over the Northern Hemisphere during the LIG based on the Paleoclimate Modelling Intercomparison Project 4. We demonstrated that WJs exhibited divergent responses across regions and seasons during the LIG. In summer, WJs over the African–Asian–Pacific regions moved poleward by ~ 5° and weakened by 19% during the LIG, whereas there was only a slight change (+ 1°/− 2%) over the North American–Atlantic regions. In contrast, the winter WJs over the North American–Atlantic regions shifted poleward by ~ 2° and weakened by 7%, but with no obvious responses (− 0.2°/− 0.8%) over the African–Asian–Pacific regions. The WJs variations were linked to changes in meridional temperature gradients and maximum eddy growth rates. Furthermore, the poleward shift and weakening of the WJs over the East Asian–Pacific regions in summer resulted from the anomalous anticyclone triggered by the deep warm center over East Siberia and the anomalous cyclone linked with diabatic cooling over the western tropical Pacific. For the poleward-displaced and depressed WJs over the North American–Atlantic regions in winter, the propagation of Rossby waves from the eastern Pacific played a more important role, compared with the effect of tropical heating. Our work highlights divergent responses of the WJs to orbital forcing during the LIG, which helps to decipher the reconstructed westerlies-related processes and hence to obtain a better understanding of the climate change during this orbitally induced warm period. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Diatom test has been widely used in the diagnosis of drowning and inferring the drowning site. One of the issues is whether the concordance of the diatom types and patterns between the drowning victim's organs and media should be considered an essential requirement for the diagnosis of drowning. In this study, lung tissues from 20 rabbits and drowning media were studied by the Microwave Digestion–Vacuum Filtration–Automated Scanning Electron Microscopy method, and four methods, type consistency, coefficient of similarity, squared-chord distance, and cluster analysis, were introduced to analyze the diatom types and patterns for evaluating the value of diatom consistency in drowning cases. The results showed that diatom types and patterns in lung tissues do not perfectly match the drowning medium, and they are sometimes concordant with the drowning medium sampled from other than drowning site. We should be cautious when using diatom detection to infer drowning sites. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The East Asian summer monsoon (EASM) is one of the major synoptic systems that affect the summer climate in China. Decadal prediction of the EASM is of great significance, yet few attempts have been made by far. This study represents a preliminary attempt that uses the decadal increment method to predict the decadal variability of the EASM. The 3-year increment of the decadal EASM (DI_EASMI) is firstly predicted by the leading 4 years tropical ocean and the leading 5 years sea ice over Barents Sea. These two leading predictors with quasi-10-year oscillation can explain most variance of the DI_EASMI, especially in recent decades. The predicted DI_EASMI is combined with the observed EASM at 3 years ago to get the final prediction result. The results of cross-validation and independent hindcast show that the decadal increment method can well predict decadal variability of the EASM during the recent century. The real-time prediction results show that the chance for the occurrence of strong decadal EASM would be rare in 2021. The method developed in the present study provides a new approach for decadal prediction of the EASM. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims: Few studies have examined the secular trend of the energy intake distribution, and its effect on future risk of hyperglycemia. This study aims to describe trajectories of energy intake distribution over 12 years and relate them to subsequent risk of hyperglycemia over 9 years of follow-up. Methods: Our study used ten waves of data from the CHNS survey, a population-based longitudinal survey in China, ongoing since 1989. We examined a cohort of adult participants who were free from diabetes but had at least three waves of dietary data from 1997 to 2009. We assessed energy intake using three consecutive 24 h recalls. We used these data to identify trajectory groups of energy intake distribution by multi-trajectory model based on energy intake proportions of breakfast, lunch, and dinner. We followed up participants for hyperglycemia, diabetes, and impaired fasting glucose for 9 years from 2009 to 2018. Outcomes were ascertained with fasting glucose, serum HbA1c, and self-report of diabetes and/or glucose-lowering medication. We estimated relative risk (RR) for hyperglycemia, diabetes, and impaired fasting glucose by identified trajectory groups using multilevel mixed-effects modified Poisson regression with robust (sandwich) estimation of variance. Gender difference was additionally examined. Results: A total of 4417 participants were included. Four trajectory groups were identified, characterized and labeled by "Energy evenly distributed with steady trend group" (Group 1), "Dinner and lunch energy dominant with relatively steady trend group" (Group 2), "Dinner energy dominant with increasing trend and breakfast energy with declining trend group" (Group 3), and "breakfast and dinner energy dominant with increasing trend group" (Group 4). During 48,091 person-years, 1053 cases of incident hyperglycemia occurred, 537 cases of incident diabetes occurred, and 516 cases of impaired fasting glucose occurred. Compared with Group 1, Group 3 was associated with higher subsequent risk of incident hyperglycemia in 9 years of follow-up (RR = 1.28, 95% CI = 1.02, 1.61). No association was found for incident diabetes and impaired fasting glucose. Among males, Group 3 was associated with higher risk of incident hyperglycemia in 9 years of follow-up (RR = 1.44, 95% CI = 1.07, 1.94). No relationship was found in females. Conclusions: Energy intake distribution characterized by over 40% of energy intake from dinner with a rising trend over years was associated with higher long-term risk of hyperglycemia in Chinese adults. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Low clouds play a key role in the Earth-atmosphere energy balance and influence agricultural production and solar-power generation. Smoke aloft has been found to enhance marine stratocumulus through aerosol-cloud interactions, but its role in regions with strong human activities and complex monsoon circulation remains unclear. Here we show that biomass burning aerosols aloft strongly increase the low cloud coverage over both land and ocean in subtropical southeastern Asia. The degree of this enhancement and its spatial extent are comparable to that in the Southeast Atlantic, even though the total biomass burning emissions in Southeast Asia are only one-fifth of those in Southern Africa. We find that a synergetic effect of aerosol-cloud-boundary layer interaction with the monsoon is the main reason for the strong semi-direct effect and enhanced low cloud formation in southeastern Asia. Biomass burning emissions have been shown to influence clouds in the Atlantic, but its influence in other regions is not well known. Here, the authors show that biomass burning aerosols increase the low-cloud cover over subtropical southeastern Asia by a similar magnitude than over the Atlantic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Previous modelling and observational studies have shown discrepancies in the interannual relationship of winter surface air temperature (SAT) between Arctic and East Asia, stimulating the debate about whether Arctic change can influence midlatitude climate. This study uses two sets of coordinated experiments (EXP1 and EXP2) from six different atmospheric general circulation models. Both EXP1 and EXP2 consist of 130 ensemble members, each of which in EXP1 (EXP2) was forced by the same observed daily varying sea ice and daily varying (daily climatological) sea surface temperature (SST) for 1982–2014 but with different atmospheric initial conditions. Large spread exists among ensemble members in simulating the Arctic–East Asian SAT relationship. Only a fraction of ensemble members can reproduce the observed deep Arctic warming–cold continent pattern which extends from surface to upper troposphere, implying the important role of atmospheric internal variability. The mechanisms of deep Arctic warming and shallow Arctic warming are further distinguished. Arctic warming aloft is caused primarily by poleward moisture transport, which in conjunction with the surface warming coupled with sea ice melting constitutes the surface-amplified deep Arctic warming throughout the troposphere. These processes associated with the deep Arctic warming may be related to the forcing of remote SST when there is favorable atmospheric circulation such as Rossby wave train propagating from the North Atlantic into the Arctic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Advances in Atmospheric Sciences is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In this study, we identified a novel 333 bp deletion spanning exon 1 of the I IL10RA i gene in seven Chinese neonatal-onset IBD patients and provided a positive genetic diagnosis for these idiopathic cases. 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC2cXlt1eis74%3D. 10.1007/s10875-014-9992-8. 24519095 3 Huang Z, Peng K, Li X, Zhao R, You J, Cheng X, Wang Z, Wang Y, Wu B, Wang H, Zeng H, Yu Z, Zheng C, Wang Y, Huang Y. Mutations in interleukin-10 receptor and clinical phenotypes in patients with very early onset inflammatory bowel disease: a Chinese VEO-IBD Collaboration Group Survey. Patient 6 (e) carried c.654G > A and the novel deletion, and patient 7 (f) harbored the homozygous deletion. g PCR confirmation of the novel deletion. I IL10RA i -deficient IBD patients are refractory for the resistance to conventional immunosuppressive therapy and thus require allogeneic stem cell transplantation for sustained remission of the disease [[2]]. [Extracted from the article]

This study investigates the influences of strong tropical volcanic eruptions (SVEs) on daily temperature and precipitation extreme events using long-term simulations from the Hadley Centre Coupled Model version 3 (HadCM3) and the Community Earth System Model version 1.1 (CESM1). The results indicate that the occurrences of daily hot extremes and daily heavy precipitation extremes decrease over most parts of the world in the peak forcing years of SVEs. Due to the volcanic cooling effect, the average probability of daily hot extremes decreases by approximately 50% across the globe. The decrease in intensity is stronger for midlatitude land regions and tropical South America. In contrast, daily cold extremes occur more frequently over most parts of continental regions. Globally, a cold extreme event expected once every 3 years under non-volcanic conditions can be expected every 1.5 years on average in the peak forcing years. Overall, the SVE-induced cooling effect plays a dominant role in regulating daily cold and hot extremes. Over high-latitude Eurasian regions, in contrast to other continental regions, the probability and intensity of daily cold extremes decrease due to an SVE-strengthened polar vortex and the associated temperature advection anomalies. With regard to daily heavy precipitation extremes, the probability and intensity both decrease over most monsoon areas. Further analysis suggests that the reduced probability and intensity of daily heavy precipitation extremes are mainly due to the SVE-induced global decrease in the water-holding capacity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study and exploration practice of shale gas accumulation has focused on the static system comparison, key parameters analysis, reservoir characteristics, enrichment mode etc. However, the research on dynamic recovery from the original hydrocarbon generation of shale gas to the present gas reservoir is still lacking. The burial history of shale gas reservoir can reflect the overall dynamic process of early formation and later transformation of shale gas reservoir. It controls the material basis of shale gas, the quality of reservoir physical properties, preservation conditions, gas content and formation energy, which is the core and foundation of shale gas accumulation process research. Herein, based on the five typical wells data in the Northeast Yunnan, including geochronological data, measured Ro values, core description records, well temperature data, paleoenvironment, paleothermal, etc., the burial history, thermal evolution history and hydrocarbon generation history of the Lower Silurian Longmaxi Formation were systematically restored via back stripping method and EASY%Ro model. The results show that 1) the differences in the burial history of marine shale in Longmaxi Formation can be divided into syncline type and anticline type. 2) The shale gas accumulation process can be divided into four stages, namely the source-reservoir-cap sedimentation period, initial accumulation period, main accumulation period, and adjustment period. 3) Based on the characteristics of burial history and preservation conditions, the areas with wide and gentle anticline, far away from the denudation area, and buried deeply with good fault sealing ability are priority structural locations for the shale gas exploration in northeast Yunnan. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Advances in Atmospheric Sciences is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)