1. Quantitative nuclear magnetic resonance for additives determination in an electrolytic nickel bath.
- Author
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Ostra, Miren, Ubide, Carlos, and Vidal, Maider
- Subjects
NUCLEAR magnetic resonance ,NICKEL ,ELECTROPLATING ,ADDITIVES ,ELECTROLYSIS - Abstract
The use of proton nuclear magnetic resonance (H-NMR) for the quantitation of additives in a commercial electrolytic nickel bath (Supreme Plus Brilliant, Atotech formulation) is reported. A simple and quick method is described that needs only the separation of nickel ions by precipitation with NaOH. The four additives in the bath (A-5(2X), leveler; Supreme Plus Brightener (SPB); SA-1, leveler; NPA, wetting agent; all of them are commercial names from Atotech) can be quantified, whereas no other analytical methods have been found in the literature for SA-1 and NPA. Two calibration methods have been tried: integration of NMR signals with the use of a proper internal standard and partial least squares regression applied to the characteristic NMR peaks. The multivariate method was preferred because of accuracy and precision. Multivariate limits of detection of about 4 mL L A-5(2X), 0.4 mL L SPB, 0.2 mL L SA-1 and 0.6 mL L NPA were found. The dynamic ranges are suitable to follow the concentration of additives in the bath along electrodeposition. H-NMR spectra provide evidence for SPB and SA-1 consumption (A-5(2X) and NPA keep unchanged along the process) and the growth of some products from SA-1 degradation can be followed. The method can, probably, be extended to other electrolytic nickel baths. [Figure not available: see fulltext.] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2011
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