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A homogenous and well-packed electron transport layer (ETL) is crucial in attaining high-performance perovskite solar cells (PSCs). Two vital tasks are carried out by ETL: excellent electron collection, and proficiently prevents the recombination of charge carriers. Hole transport layer (HTL) free screen-printed carbon-based perovskite solar cells (SP-C-PSCs) are particularly favored within the realm of PSCs due to their exceptional scalability, durability, and affordability. Titanium dioxide (TiO2) has been widely used as the ETL in these SP-C-PSCs due to its suitable band energy structure, ease of production, and low cost; nevertheless, it must be of high quality and uniformly deposited. Here experimental analytical study of PSCs was conducted, employed surface passivation to compact titania (c-TiO2) ETL using TiCl4 passivation agent through two different deposition techniques. This passivation is applied to lower its surface roughness, improve electron transport capability, increase crystallinity, reduce micro pores, exhibit better energy level alignment, and to reduce the recombination sites. Consequently, the device with surface passivation enhances the power conversion efficiency (PCE) and long-term ambient stability of PSCs by maximizing the c-TiO2 ETL electrical characteristics. It is also discovered that the passivated c-TiO2 layer has increased hydrophobicity and reduced the RMS surface roughness from 28.8 to 27.3 nm. The PCE of the fabricated SP-C-PSCs is improved by 32.34% through applying spin-coating TiCl4 passivation, and 21.74% enhancement is recorded by applying dip-coating TiCl4 passivation. Furthermore, after 1344 h of storage under ambient conditions without encapsulation, the device passivated with spin-coating retained 84.27%, the device passivated with dip-coating maintained 85.50%, while the reference device reserved just 75.84% PCE. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A homogenous and well-packed electron transport layer (ETL) is crucial in attaining high-performance perovskite solar cells (PSCs). Two vital tasks are carried out by ETL: excellent electron collection, and proficiently prevents the recombination of charge carriers. Hole transport layer (HTL) free screen-printed carbon-based perovskite solar cells (SP-C-PSCs) are particularly favored within the realm of PSCs due to their exceptional scalability, durability, and affordability. Titanium dioxide (TiO2) has been widely used as the ETL in these SP-C-PSCs due to its suitable band energy structure, ease of production, and low cost; nevertheless, it must be of high quality and uniformly deposited. Here experimental analytical study of PSCs was conducted, employed surface passivation to compact titania (c-TiO2) ETL using TiCl4 passivation agent through two different deposition techniques. This passivation is applied to lower its surface roughness, improve electron transport capability, increase crystallinity, reduce micro pores, exhibit better energy level alignment, and to reduce the recombination sites. Consequently, the device with surface passivation enhances the power conversion efficiency (PCE) and long-term ambient stability of PSCs by maximizing the c-TiO2 ETL electrical characteristics. It is also discovered that the passivated c-TiO2 layer has increased hydrophobicity and reduced the RMS surface roughness from 28.8 to 27.3 nm. The PCE of the fabricated SP-C-PSCs is improved by 32.34% through applying spin-coating TiCl4 passivation, and 21.74% enhancement is recorded by applying dip-coating TiCl4 passivation. Furthermore, after 1344 h of storage under ambient conditions without encapsulation, the device passivated with spin-coating retained 84.27%, the device passivated with dip-coating maintained 85.50%, while the reference device reserved just 75.84% PCE. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Photocatalytic mesoporous titania–silica systems were prepared by the hydrolysis of titanium tetrachloride in aqueous dispersions of fine silica. IR spectroscopy was used to show the formation of ≡ Si—O—Ti ≡ bonds in theTiO 2–SiO 2 composites. Structure and adsorption techniques were used to establish that the size of the primary fine silica particles determines the crystal structure of titanium dioxide in the composites as well as the porous structure and photochemical properties of the composites. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The results of molecular-dynamic modeling of the capillary filling of molybdenum disulfide MoS nanotubes with titanium tetrachloride molecules and the structure of the TiCl liquid inside the nanotubes are presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

TiO2 nanoparticles were synthesized by the hydrolysis and condensation of TiCl4 in a mixed solvent of iso-propyl alcohol and water with or without ultrasound treatment. As-prepared powders were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), energy filtering transmission electron microscopy (EF-TEM), particle size analysis and BET surface area analysis. The specific surface area, thermal stability and crystallization of the as-prepared samples treated with ultrasound were higher than those of samples treated without ultrasound. To examine the photocatalytic activity of the as-prepared TiO2, the photodegradation of MB which is a typical dye resistant to biodegradation has been investigated on TiO2 powders in aqueous heterogeneous suspensions. The photocatalytic degradation of a aqueous solution of methylene blue shows a remarkable increase when it is carried out with ultrasound in all cases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Titanium dioxide nanoparticles were synthesized by the hydrolysis and condensation of TiCl4, an economic titanium precursor, in a mixed solvent of iso-propyl alcohol and water. As-prepared powders were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), energy filtering transmission electron microscopy (EF-TEM). To examine the photocatalytic activity of the as-prepared TiO2, the photodegradation of MB which is a typical dye resistant to biodegradation has been investigated on TiO2 powders in aqueous heterogeneous suspensions. The photocatalytic activity of TiO2 powders prepared by the hydrolysis of TiCl4 in the mixed solutions of iso-PrOH/H2O exceeded that of commercial TiO2 powders. The apparent first order rate constants ( k app) for the photodegradation of methylene blue (MB) showed a good correlation with the absorbance area obtained by UV-VIS DRS on wavelength in the limits of used lamp emission 300∼420 nm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Titanium dioxide nanoparticles were synthesized by the hydrolysis and condensation of TiCl4, an economic titanium precursor, in a mixed solvent of iso-propyl alcohol and water. As-prepared powders were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), energy filtering transmission electron microscopy (EF-TEM). To examine the photocatalytic activity of the as-prepared TiO2, the photodegradation of MB which is a typical dye resistant to biodegradation has been investigated on TiO2 powders in aqueous heterogeneous suspensions. The photocatalytic activity of TiO2 powders prepared by the hydrolysis of TiCl4 in the mixed solutions of iso-PrOH/H2O exceeded that of commercial TiO2 powders. The apparent first order rate constants ( k app) for the photodegradation of methylene blue (MB) showed a good correlation with the absorbance area obtained by UV-VIS DRS on wavelength in the limits of used lamp emission 300∼420 nm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ti ZSM 5 is prepared via a chemical vapor deposition method by reacting HZSM 5 with TiCl4 at temperatures of 200–400°C. Ti ZSM 5 is characterized by skeletal and surface hydroxy FT IR, XPS, and XANES spectroscopy. It seems that Ti is incorporated in the zeolite surface with tetrahedral coordination. Contents of incorporated Ti atoms in Ti ZSM 5 zeolite increase with increasing SiO2/Al2O3 ratio and a CVD reaction temperature of 400°C is optimal. Cyclohexanone ammoximation was used as test reaction and Ti ZSM 5 catalysts show similar catalytic activities compared to TS 1. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]