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Despite the importance of Al and Ta as alloying elements for Co- and Ni-base alloys, there has been limited research on the phase equilibria in the Al-Co-Ta and Al-Ni-Ta systems. Additionally, the available data are sparse and sometimes inconsistent due to the peculiar experimental challenges of these systems. Based on that, a comprehensive and critical evaluation of their phase equilibria is useful in view of further experimental and computational studies. Within this framework, the Al-Co-Ta and Al-Ni-Ta ternary systems and the respective binary subsystems are here critically assessed. All available literature investigations are analyzed and as a result, a set of self-consistent diagrams and tables are presented, reporting crystal structure data, liquidus projections, isothermal sections, etc. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Partial reoptimization of the parameters of the Wang–Gruszkiewicz model has been performed, which made it possible to describe phase equilibria in boundary ternary systems that form a Na+,K+//Cl–,NO –H2O reciprocal system near the boiling temperatures. The regions of stability of the liquid phase, i.e., the compositions of solutions whose boiling does not lead to isolation of a solid phase were determined. At definite ratios of the amounts of sodium and potassium nitrates in the NaNO3–KNO3–H2O system, the vapor pressure of water over the saturated solutions equals the atmospheric pressure at two different temperatures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, for the first time, an experimental study is conducted of phase equilibria in two three-component NaCl–NaBr–Na2CO3 and NaCl‑NaBr‑Na2SO4 salt systems. The compositions and temperatures of points of interest for the creation of functional materials are established. Projections of phase complexes onto composition triangles include two fields of crystallization: sodium carbonate (sodium sulfate) and a solid solution of NaClxBr1–x. Phase equilibria are described for crystallization fields and monovariant curves. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An emerging dynamic calorimetry method based on infrared thermography (IRT method) has recently proven to be of great interest for the fast establishment of the phase diagrams of binary systems of organic materials (sugar alcohols, fatty acids, fatty alcohols). The methods allowed for their determination in a single 2-h experiment when standard techniques require weeks of measurements hence enabling a significant improvement of the efficiency of material screening processes. As adding a component to the system greatly increases the number of compositions to be studied (21 for binary, 231 for ternary assuming a 5 mol% increment between compositions), the IRT method may be of even greater use with increasing system complexity. This work then aims at studying the applicability of IRT for the fast establishment of phase diagrams of ternary systems with the lauric (LA), myristic (MA), and palmitic (PA) fatty acids ternary system as an illustrative case. A phase diagram in agreement with the results of the literature and with DSC measurements is established using IRT in a few hours-experiments instead of weeks to months with standard methods. The obtained results (e.g.67 mol%LA + 23 mol%MA + 10 mol%PA for the eutectic composition, occurrence of a ternary eutectic reaction at 32 °C) are promising. This technique also successfully allows for rapid exploration of the phase diagram: reconstruction of the liquidus surface, identification of the eutectic transition, 4-phase equilibrium. IRT is a particularly interesting high-throughput characterization method for the establishment of the phase diagrams of ternary (or higher-order) systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The potential use of artificial neural networks to describe liquid–liquid phase equilibria in ternary systems under polythermal conditions is considered. The study was carried out on the example of ten ternary systems, including binary splitting subsystems of water–esters of carboxylic acids, which determines the phase splitting in ternary systems (the third component is alcohol or carboxylic acid). The features of the selected network architecture are presented, and the results, with a critical assessment of the accuracy of the calculations, are given in the tables. Approximations based on artificial neural networks are compared with calculations based on the non-random two-liquid (NRTL) model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The structure and stability of ternary systems prepared with polysorbate 60 and various combinations of cetyl (C16) and stearyl (C18) alcohols were examined as they aged over 3 months at 25 ∘ C . Rheological results showed that the consistency of these systems increased initially during roughly the first week of aging, which was succeeded by little changes in consistency (systems containing from 30% to 70% C18, with the 50% C18 system showing the highest consistencies) or significant breakdown of structure (remaining systems). The formation and/or disintegration of all ternary systems were also detected by microscopy and differential scanning calorimetry experiments. This study emphasizes the fact that the structure and consistency of ternary systems are dominantly controlled by the swelling capacity of the lamellar gel phase. Molecular dynamics simulations were performed to provide details on the molecular mechanism of stability. Computational results support the hypothesis experimentally proposed for the stability of the mixed system being due to an increased flexibility of the alcohol with a longer hydrocarbon chain. Computational results are in excellent agreement with experimental conclusions. Additionally, they show that in the mixed system, alcohols with shorter hydrocarbon chain become more rigid. These molecular details could not be available in experimental measurements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Complexes of the divalent metal ions, Ca2+ and Zn2+ with the bio-relevant α-amino acids, l-cysteine and glycine were investigated by means of the potentiometric technique. The dissociation constants of the bio-ligands were determined and used for determining the stability constants of their binary and ternary complexes formed in aqueous solutions at 25 ± 0.1 °C and constant ionic strength of 0.20 mol·dm−3 NaNO3. The acid–base properties of glycine were investigated at different ionic strengths, ranging from 0.01 to 0.30 mol·dm−3 NaNO3 at 25.0 ± 0.1 °C. The concentration distribution of the different glycine species formed in solution due to variation of pH was evaluated and discussed. The formation of the different 1:1 and 1:2 binary complexes and 1:1:1 ternary complexes were inferred from the potentiometric pH-metric titration curves. The ternary complex formation occurred in a stepwise manner with l-cysteine acting as the primary ligand. The stability constants of these binary and ternary complex systems were evaluated. The ∆log10K values, percentage of relative stabilization (%R.S.) and log10X for the ternary complexes were evaluated and are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A brief analysis of the possibilities of using the method of artificial neural networks (ANNs) for assessing and correlating data on vapor–liquid equilibrium is presented. The advantages of the Focke method are considered in the case of a limited amount of data, in this case, the parameters of vapor–liquid equilibrium. Six binary and four ternary systems are considered using a modified Argatov–Kocherbitov technique. The estimation of the correctness of the ANN method is presented for the values of excess Gibbs energy calculated from the data on the vapor–liquid equilibrium. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The laws of change in the form of the subsolidus phase diagram with varying temperature or pressure in a ternary system with stoichiometric compounds were studied using a topological approach. A notion of conjugate phase diagrams in the p–T space was introduced. Five types of phase reactions leading to such diagrams were determined. Topological singularities of conjugate diagrams were found. The determined laws can be used to enumerate conjugate phase diagrams in the subsolidus region, which is particularly significant for solving applied problems of materials science. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We present the complete theory for the decay rates of non-equilibrium fluctuations in a ternary liquid mixture subjected to a stationary temperature gradient, when the quiescent non-convective state is stable. In the most general case, within Boussinesq approximation, four fluctuating modes exist. Depending on the parameter values, propagative modes may be present, and we discuss numerically some cases where that is so. We complete the work with a discussion of symmetry upon changes in concentration representation, as well as examination of some limiting cases with practical relevance for which analytical progress is possible. We make contact with previous publications, which were based on some kind of approximation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Isothermal phase diagrams of ternary systems fullerenol-d–LaCl3–H2O and fullerenol-d–GdCl3–H2O at 25°C are studied via saturation technique. Solubility diagrams are found to be of a simple eutonic type and are characterized by the salting-out of chloride upon adding fullerenol-d, and short branches of LaCl3 · 7H2O and GdCl3 · 6H2O crystallization, where the salting-in effect is observed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The results of the study of ternary systems containing copper, cobalt, nickel, and cadmium halides and sulfates in binary water-organic and mixed organic solvents are summarized. The influence of the donor-acceptor properties of the ternary system components, the relative dielectric permittivity, and the intermolecular association in the mixed solvent on the solubility of salts and the crystalline structure of solvates is analyzed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Four complexes [Ni(DMA)2(H2O)4]Cl2·2H2O, [Ni(DMF)2(H2O)4]Cl2·2H2O, and [Ni(DMA)6][NiCl4], [Ni(DMF)2(H2O)2Cl2] were isolated from ternary water-organic saline systems containing nickel chloride and N, N-dimethylacetamide-water and N, N-dimethylformamide-water binary solvents. The obtained complexes were studied by X-ray structural analysis. The formation of hydrogen bonds between water molecules of the nickel ion solvate sphere, chloride ions, and non-coordinated water molecules located in the cavity of the crystal structure was detected. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Solidus and liquidus temperatures of solid solutions with the face centered cubic lattice (α-phase) in Pd—Au—Sn and Pd—Cu—Sn ternary systems were determined. The liquidus surface projections for the α-phase were constructed, and position of the binary eutectic reaction L → α + Pd3Sn in the studied ternary systems was predicted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The CuInS2-FeS section of the ternary Cu2S-In2S3-FeS system has been studied by means of differential thermal, X-ray diffraction, and microstructural analyses; microhardness and density of the samples have been also measured. This eutectic-type section has been identified as a quasi-binary section of the ternary system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Solubility of salts in the systems MCl-HO-Solv (M = Co, Ni) and CoBr-HO-Solv (Solv = dimethyl sulfoxide, dimethyl formamide, and dimethyl acetamide) at 25°C was measured experimentally. Dominating species of cobalt and nickel halides existing in various concentration regions were identified by analysis of electron absorption spectra. It was shown that the major factor defining solubility is the interaction of halocomplexes of metal ions with solvent molecules. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper deals with the study of the bimetallic Pd-Cu and monometallic Cu, Pd catalyst used in the methanol synthesis reaction. To reveal the influence of the catalyst properties on methanol production, various characterization techniques were used, such as Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, TPR-H and TPD-NH. The catalytic activity was studied in CO hydrogenation under elevated pressure (4.8 MPa) in a fixed bed high-pressure reactor. The activity results confirmed the promotion effect of palladium and CeO on the catalytic activity of copper catalysts. The highest activity and selectivity of Pd-Cu/ZnAlO-5 % CeO is explained by the Pd-Cu alloy formation during activation process. The presence of adsorption species attributed to b-HCO-Ce, b-HCOO-Ce and b-HCOO-Ce species on the surface of CeO promoted catalysts was confirmed by FTIR method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Different binders of Portland cement, calcium aluminate cement and calcium sulphate (PC/CAC/C $$ {\bar{\text{S}}} $$ ) have been investigated to determinate the influence the CAC and C $$ {\bar{\text{S}}} $$ amount in the reactions mechanism. Several mixtures were studied, ratios of 100, 85/15 and 75/25 of PC/CAC with 0, 3 and 5 % of C $$ {\bar{\text{S}}} $$ . Conduction calorimetric technique was used to follow the hydration during 100 h. The XRD and FTIR techniques were used as support in the analysis of the hydration products. The results have shown that the studied ternary systems form an extra amount of ettringite, and changes in the reactions mechanism with respect to a PC. The reactions mechanism depends on the CAC and C $$ {\bar{\text{S}}} $$ amount present in the different binders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Understanding the reduction behaviors and characteristics of the end products of Fe-Cr-O systems is very important not only for maximizing the recovery of metals from stainless steel dust but also for the subsequent reuse in metallurgical process. The present work first predicted the possible products thermodynamically when FeCrO was reduced by C. The reduction behaviors by graphite of three kinds of Fe-Cr-O systems, i.e., FeCrO, FeO+CrO, and Fe+CrO, were then investigated in 1350-1550°C. Further, the microstructures of final products and element distribution conditions were examined. The results suggest that, thermodynamically, the mass of products for the carbothermal reduction of FeCrO is a strong function of temperature, and the initial carbon content is used. More Fe-Cr-C solution and less residual carbon content are obtained at higher temperatures and lower n: n ratios (the initial molar ratio of C to O in the sample). Experimental data show that the sample amount tends to affect the reduction rate, and the residual carbon content strongly depends on n: n. With regard to the phases present in products during the reaction process, metal carbides tend to form in the initial stage, whereas Fe-Cr-C solution forms when the degree of reduction is sufficiently high. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Conventional and effective interdiffusion coefficients have been determined in a Cu-Fe-Ni system for 1000°C based on our experimental data [13] on the distribution of concentrations of components in six diffusion couples of this system. The possibilities of applying these coefficients to interpret peculiar features of interdiffusion in ternary systems are analyzed. It has been demonstrated that effective interdiffusion coefficients are in a certain correlation with thermodynamic characteristics of the system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Interdiffusion in a Cu-Ni-Fe system was studied at a temperature of 1000°C for three different diffusion couples. It has been shown that, in the studied diffusion couples, the distributions of some components of the system have a distinctly nonmonotonous character and, apart from the local extremes of the concentration curves, there are also zero flux planes in five diffusion zones. Special features of the behavior of the concentration curves and diffusion paths are discussed using thermodynamic data for the system. It has been found that diffusion fluxes of the components are unambiguously associated with a derivative of thermodynamic activity by the concentration taken along the diffusion path. There are experimental data in the appendix concerning the concentration profiles for all of the studied components of the diffusion couples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Densities of the ternary system dimethyl carbonate + butyl methacrylate + allyl methacrylate and its binary subsystem butyl methacrylate + allyl methacrylate have been measured in the whole composition range, at 293.15 K and atmospheric pressure, using an Anton Paar DMA 5000 oscillating U-tube densimeter. The calculated excess molar volumes of the binary system are positive and were correlated with the Redlich-Kister equation and with a series of Legendre polynomials. Several models were used to correlate ternary behavior from the excess molar volume data of their constituent binaries and found to fit the data equally well. The best fit was based on a direct approach, without information on the component binary systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The solid-liquid equilibria of the ternary system HO-Cu(NO)-Al(NO) were studied by using a synthetic method based on conductivity measurements. Five isotherms between 10 and 50 °C were established and stoichiometric phases which appear are, respectively: At 10 and 20 °C: Al(NO)·9HO and Cu(NO)·6HO. At 30, 40, and 50 °C: Al(NO)·9HO and Cu(NO)·3HO. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Excess molar enthalpies for two ternary mixtures of { x tributylphosphate (TBP) + x water + x methanol/ethanol} were measured at T = 298.15 K and atmospheric pressure using a TAM Air isothermal calorimeter, by mixing methanol or ethanol with binary mixtures of (water + TBP). Excess enthalpies for initial binary mixtures of (water + TBP) were also measured under the same conditions, which showed phase separation at low molar fraction of TBP. Experimental results of the ternary mixtures were expressed with constant excess molar enthalpy contours on Roozeboon diagrams. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

By a mean field theoretical computation, the equilibrium distributions of additional Ag and Al in the crystalline phase of CuZr-based alloys were determined to occupy the two sublattices of the B2 structure randomly. With the molecular dynamics technique, the effects of Ag and Al on the enthalpy difference (Δ H) between the supercooled melt and the crystalline phase were evaluated. The improved glass forming ability of CuZrAl and CuZrAg can be attributed to their remarkably smaller Δ H than that of CuZr. The calculated diffusion coefficients are more sensitive to the atomic weight of the component atoms than to their interaction strength. As the component atom with the largest mass, the additional Ag increases the viscosity of the supercooled melt significantly and the experimentally stronger glass formation ability of CuZrAg than CuZrAl can be well understood. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Safety assessments for radioactive waste disposal require estimations of the migration of radionuclides in soils. The influence of humic acid (HA) on the sorption of uranium in its +4 oxidation state to kaolin has been examined from pH 4 to 8, with HA concentrations of 15-200 ppm. In the absence of HA, 20-40% of the U(IV) was in solution, with more sorption occurring at higher pH. The presence of HA solubilised up to 90% of the uranium with higher solubilities at higher HA concentrations and higher pH values. Uranium sorption was mapped against HA sorption, and it was found that there was a lower level of U(IV) sorption than can be accounted for by just measuring HA sorption. However, this effect got less marked as the pH rose. Sensitivity analysis indicated that the fraction of surface-bound HA is the controlling parameter for modelling in these systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We studied the intermolecular interactions in ternary glycerol (Gly)-sample (S)-HO systems at 25 °C. By measuring the excess partial molar enthalpy of Gly, $H_{\mathrm{Gly}}^{\mathrm{E}}$, we evaluated the Gly-Gly enthalpic interaction, $H_{\mathrm{Gly}\mbox{--}\mathrm{Gly}}^{\mathrm{E}}$, in the presence of various samples (S). For S, tert-butanol (TBA), 1-propanol (1P), urea (UR), NaF, NaCl, NaBr, NaI, and NaSCN were used. It was found that hydrophobes (TBA and 1P) reduce the values of $H_{\mathrm{Gly}\mbox{--}\mathrm{Gly}}^{\mathrm{E}}$ considerably, but a hydrophile (UR) had very little effect on $H_{\mathrm{Gly}\mbox{--}\mathrm{Gly}}^{\mathrm{E}}$. The results with Na salts indicated that there have very little effect on $H_{\mathrm{Gly}\mbox{--}\mathrm{Gly}}^{\mathrm{E}}$. This contrasts with our earlier studies on 1P-S-HO in that Na, F and Cl are found as hydration centers from the induced changes on $H_{\mathrm{IP}\mbox{--}\mathrm{IP}}^{\mathrm{E}}$ in the presence of S, while Br, I, and SCN are found to act as hydrophiles. In comparison with the Hofmeister ranking of these ions, the kosmotropes are hydration centers and the more kosmotropic the higher the hydration number, consistent with the original Hofmeister's concept of 'HO withdrawing power.' Br, I and SCN, on the other hand, acted as hydrophiles and the more chaotropic they are the more hydrophilic. These observations hint that whatever effect each individual ion has on HO, it is sensitive only to hydrophobes (such as 1P) but not to hydrophiles (such as Gly). This may have an important bearing towards understanding the Hofmeister series, since biopolymers are amphiphilic and their surfaces are covered by hydrophobic as well as hydrophilic parts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

thermodynamic model of calculating mass action concentrations for structural units or ion couples in NaClO-HO and NaF-HO binary solutions and NaClO-NaF-HO ternary strong electrolyte aqueous solutions was developed based on the ion and molecule coexistence theory (IMCT). A transformation coefficient was needed to compare the calculated mass action concentration and the reported activity, because they were usually obtained at different standard states and concentration units. The results show that transformation coefficients between the calculated mass action concentrations and the reported activities of the same components change in a very narrow range. The transformed mass action concentrations of structural units or ion couples in NaClO-HO and NaF-HO binary solutions agree well with the reported activities. The transformed mass action concentrations of structural units or ion couples in NaClO-NaF-HO ternary solution are also in good agreement with the reported activities in a total ionic strength range from 0.1 to 0.9 mol/kg HO by the 0.1 mol/kg step with different ionic strength fractions of 0, 0.2, 0.4, 0.5, 0.6, 0.8, and 1, respectively. The results indicate that the developed thermodynamic model can reveal the structural characteristics of binary and ternary strong electrolyte aqueous solutions, and the calculated mass action concentrations of structural units or ion couples also strictly follow the mass action law. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An analytic method is proposed to calculate the formation enthalpy directly from empirical n-body potential and applied to the binary and ternary systems consisting of the refractory metals Mo, Nb, Ta and W. It turns out that the calculated enthalpies are in overall agreement with experimental observations and some other theoretical calculations. Interestingly, it shows that the formation enthalpies of the ternary systems are significantly affected by those of the constituent binary systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ternary systems consisting of monoterpenes ( α-pinene or d-limonene), tert-butanol and water were used as reaction media to enhance the catalytic performance of laccases from various fungi sources ( Trametes versicolor, T. hirsuta and Botrytis cinerea). The enzymes had improved catalytic efficiency (5- to 10-fold) in α-pinene-rich environment, while optimal reaction rates were in high-water content systems (15.5% v/v). The stability of laccases was significantly improved in monoterpene-based systems (up to 90% residual enzyme activity after 24 h at 30°C) in comparison with other non-conventional media. The results indicate that these ternary systems can increase the potential of laccases as catalysts for various oxidations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC) has been used to develop a method to construct the solid-liquid equilibrium line in ternary systems containing the solute to precipitate and an aqueous mixed solvent. The method consists in measuring the heat of dissolution of a solid component (the solute) during successive additions of the liquid solvent. The cumulated heat, resulting from the successive heat peaks obtained for the different injections of known volumes of solvent, plotted vs. the ratio of the numbers of moles n solvent / n solute is represented by two nearly straight lines. The intersection of the two lines gives the solubility limit and the corresponding enthalpy of dissolution of the solute in the solvent. Phase diagrams have been established at 303.15 K in binary mixed solvents ethanol-water over the whole concentration range for four components of pharmaceutical interest, namely: caffeine, nicotinamide, nicotinic acid and salicylic acid. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC) has been used to develop a method to construct the solid-liquid equilibrium line in ternary systems containing the solute to precipitate and an aqueous mixed solvent. The method consists in measuring the heat of dissolution of a solid component (the solute) during successive additions of the liquid solvent. The cumulated heat, resulting from the successive heat peaks obtained for the different injections of known volumes of solvent, plotted vs. the ratio of the numbers of moles n solvent/ n solute is represented by two nearly straight lines. The intercept of the two lines gives the solubility limit and the corresponding enthalpy of dissolution of the solute in the solvent. Solubility diagrams have been established at 303.15 K in binary mixed solvents ethanol-water over the whole concentration range for seven compounds of pharmaceutical interest, namely: urea, phenylurea, l-valine, dl-valine, l-valine ethyl ester hydrochloride, tris(hydroxymethyl)amino methane. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC) and reaction calorimetry (RC) have been used to construct the solid-liquid equilibrium line in ternary systems containing the solute to precipitate and an aqueous mixed solvent, and to study polymerization reactions under real process conditions, respectively. Phase diagrams have been established over the whole concentration range for some benzene substituted derivatives, including o-anisaldehyde, 1,3,5-trimethoxybenzene and vanillin, in {water + alcohol}mixtures at different temperatures. Acrylamide polymerization in aqueous solution using potassium permanganate/acid oxalic redox system as initiator was investigated on a homemade calorimeter, which works according to the isoperibolic mode. A Calvet type differential RC was used to illustrate the applicability of temperature oscillation calorimetry (TOC) for the evaluation of the heat transfer coefficient during the course of reaction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mass transfer studies in a laboratory scale extraction column have been conducted for Toluene-Acetone-Water and MIBK-Acetic Acid-Water systems. From these experiments stage-wise solute (Acetone or Acetic-Acid) composition profiles have been obtained for both dispersed and continuous phase. These composition profiles have been compared with those obtained from ASPENPLUS, CHEMSEP and LLXSIM simulators. For liquid-liquid equilibrium calculations all these simulators use UNIFAC and UNIQUAC model. The binary interaction parameters for the UNIFAC are inbuilt in ASPENPLUS and CHEMSEP. UNIQUAC binary parameters were borrowed from DECHEMA. Error square analysis indicates that simulations based on non-equilibrium option of LLXSIM match closely with experimental results. Temperature profiles and hydrodynamic features characterized by number of drops and static holdup on the stages have been compared between the LLXSIM simulated and the experimental results and these match well. However simulations on ASPENPLUS give sum of relative error-squares for all the experimental runs at least ten times higher, in spite of tuning the average stage efficiency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The results of comparative thermodynamic study of GaSb-Sn system are presented in this paper. Calorimetric measurements according to Oelsen's method and EMF measurements with zirconia as solid electrolyte were used for experimental investigation, while Chou's general solution model, Toop, Kohler and Muggianu methods were used for predicting thermodynamic characteristics in this system. Also, phase diagram of this quasibinary system, determined by DTA and optical microscopy, is presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An association model is presented to describe vapor–liquid equilibria,liquid–liquid equilibria, and excess enthalpies of binary and ternary liquid solutionscontaining alcohols, aniline, and/or acetonitrile using the concepts of linearself-association of associated components and of solvation between unlike molecules.Calculated results also show that the model works well in representing thethermodynamic properties for alcohol + aniline, alcohol + acetonitrile, andalcohol + alcohol mixtures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Results of the comparative thermodynamic analysis of the Bi-Ga0.1Sb0.9 section in theBi-Ga-Sb system are given in this paper. Experimental calorimetric investigations were done according to Oelsen's method, while for the thermodynamic prediction Chou's general solution model was applied. Activities, activity coefficients, partial molar quantities for bismuth and integral molar quantities were obtained at a temperature of 1073 K. Based on obtained cooling curves, DTA and SEM results for the investigated samples, phase diagram of the investigated section is constructed and presented in this paper, too. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A modified form of the UNIQUAC model is presented to accurately reproducebinary phase equilibria and ternary and quaternary liquid-liquid equilibria ofaqueous and organic solutions. The model gives a good representation in thereproduction of binary coexistence curves over a wide temperature range usingtemperature-dependent parameters and of binary vapor-liquid equilibria usingtwo binary energy parameters, and in the correlation of ternary and quaternaryliquid-liquid equilibria using ternary and quaternary parameters, in addition tobinary parameters. The quaternary calculated results are compared with thoseobtained from the modified Wilson and extended UNIQUAC models. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

n investigation was made of the electrical properties of phases with the cubic fluorite, pyrochlor, and C-YO structures, and the tetragonal ZrO structure (T-ZrO) in the ternary system ZrO - YO - LaO. For comparison, the electrical conductivity of a number of specimens with the fluorite structure in the binary system ZrO - YO and with the pyrochlor structure in the ternary system HfO - YO - LaO was also studied. The specimens were prepared from nanocrystalline powders synthesized by the hydrolysis of zirconium salts in an acid medium at high temperatures. Conductivity was measured over the range 300-950°C in air. It was shown that phases with the fluorite and T-ZrO structures in the investigated systems possess the highest electrical conductivities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Activity coefficients for sodium chloride in the NaCl + Na2SO4 + H2O ternary system were determined from emf measurements of the cell at 15, 25, 35, and 45°C and at total ionic strengths from 0.1 to 6 mol-kg−1. These activity coefficient were analyzed by using the Harned rule and the treatments of Scatchard–Rush–Johnson and Pitzer. The analysis of activity coefficients at “trace” concentration was also achieved and qualitatively interpreted by considering the ionic interactions that can take place in the mixed system. Finally, the excess Gibbs energy of the mixtures was calculated and qualitatively analyzed against the composition of the system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

After a short introduction into the phenomenon of alyotropism inequalities are derived by use of a general Redlich-Kister statement in the enlargement to ternary systems, recommended by Kohler. This allows to predict alyotropic effects, which is demonstrated on some examples. For the first time, alyotropism can be predicted in this way not only for systems with a continuous miscibility gap, but also for systems with a one-sided miscibility gap. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper reports on studies of the phase behavior of systems of the type HO-oil-amphiphilue-electrolyte with a simple polar polymer as nonionic amphiphile. It turns out that the system behaves similar to systems with monomeric nonionic amphiphiles which is due to the fact that both the binary system HO-polar polymer and oil-polar polymer show the same characteristic features as the corresponding systems with monomeric amphiphiles. The results suggest the tailoring of polydetergents by varying both their amphiphilicity and their degree of polymerization in order to obtain highly efficient amphiphiles for the preparation of socalled microemulsions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The perturbed hard-sphere-chain (PHSC) equation of state is applied to calculate phase diagrams of ternary mixtures containing polymers. Special attention is given to the effects of polymer molecular weight, pressure, temperature, and various molecular parameters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]