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Copyright of Der Schmerz is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The article presents a study on an experimental technique which monitors concrete development. It states that hydration effect on constituent materials is determined through semi-adiabatic calorimetry and full-scale temperature measurements performed on cast concrete specimens. Results show that the temperature development index rise as cement content and wall thickness increase while temperature development index appears as a good indicator of concrete development.

Copyright of Somnologie is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The purpose of this study was to evaluate commercially available devices for driver fatigue monitoring with particular focus on the needs of the mining industry. We present an overview of fatigue monitoring technologies (FMTs) and propose means to evaluate the devices. Three video-based devices were selected and used in an overnight driving simulation study to test their accuracy. In total 14 healthy volunteers performed the driving simulation tasks in eight test runs separated by breaks of approximately 10 min. EEG and EOG were recorded during the driving periods. The output variable of the FMT devices (percentage of eye closures, PERCLOS), subjectively rated fatigue on the Karolinska sleepiness scale (KSS), and driving performance in terms of standard deviation of lateral position in lane (SDL) were also recorded throughout testing sessions. Regression analysis revealed that PERCLOS is significantly related to higher KSS scores and to SDL. Calculations at a finer temporal resolution as well as on an intra-subject level showed decreased correlation coefficients. Discriminant analysis of PERCLOS and EEG/EOG suggested that PERCLOS does not differentiate well between mild and strong fatigue. The results suggest that under laboratory conditions current FMT devices are reliable when temporal resolution is not too fine (>30 min) and data averaged across several subjects is utilized, but fail to give a valid prediction of subjective fatigue as well as of driving performance on an individual level. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The formation of Fe–Zn intermetallic compounds, as relevant in the commercial product galvannealed steel sheet, was investigated by scanning electron microscopy and different methods of X-ray diffraction. A scanning electron microscope with high resolution was applied to investigate the layers of the galvannealed coating and its topography. Grazing incidence X-ray diffraction (GID) was preferred over conventional Bragg–Brentano geometry for analysing thin crystalline layers because of its lower incidence angle α and its lower depth of information. Furthermore, in situ experiments at an environmental scanning electron microscope (ESEM) with an internal heating plate and at an X-ray diffractometer equipped with a high-temperature chamber were carried out. Thus, it was possible to investigate the phase evolution during heat treatment by X-ray diffraction and to display the growth of the ζ crystals in the ESEM. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of BHM Berg- und Hüttenmännische Monatshefte is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Fresenius' Zeitschrift für Analytische Chemie is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Fresenius' Zeitschrift für Analytische Chemie is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Fresenius' Zeitschrift für Analytische Chemie is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Fresenius' Zeitschrift für Analytische Chemie is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Fresenius' Zeitschrift für Analytische Chemie is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Fresenius' Zeitschrift für Analytische Chemie is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Fresenius' Zeitschrift für Analytische Chemie is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Fresenius' Zeitschrift für Analytische Chemie is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Fresenius' Zeitschrift für Analytische Chemie is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In recent years surface analysis has become essential for materials analysis accompanying the production of flat steel products, especially of coated materials. Secondary neutral mass spectrometry (SNMS) can be looked upon as a new tool for further approach with many advantages compared with other spectrometrical methods. Our investigations started with the determination of detection limits of some important accompanying elements in steel and tests on the applicability of SNMS for bulk analysis. Sensitivity factors were determined as a prerequisite for the quantification of SNMS signals. The application of SNMS for solving industrial problems is demonstrated by some examples from the production of coated materials like galvanised sheet. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Fresenius' Zeitschrift für Analytische Chemie is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

First experiments are described for depth profile analytical characterization of non-conducting enamel layers using secondary neutral particle mass spectrometry (SNMS) with HF sputtering technology. The homogeneous distribution of the oxidic components in the enamel layer are examined. The considerable layer thicknesses (> 80 μm) mean that the direct application of HF-SNMS for assessing interface and adhesion mechanisms is not practical at present. To prepare the interface layer from the steel side, the use of different preparation techniques is shown to abrade the sample with simple metallographic techniques down to a residual steel thickness of approx. 1–5 μm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The variation in immune responses to standard inoculation of the hepatitis-B virus vaccine suggest that host factors influence response in ways that are not presently understood. We studied 25 low/nonresponding health care workers (anti-HBs titer <50 IU/l) after the third inoculation of an experimental hepatitis-B vaccine to determine their immune status (through lymphocyte phenotypes) and HLA type. After application of a fourth inoculation, the seroconverting subjects showed only low anti-HBs levels; three male subjects remained anti-HBs negative. Twelve months after the fourth inoculation only 9 of 25 subjects (36%) maintained anti-HBs titer >10 IU/l. Almost all subjects had normal B-cell and CD-4 and CD-8 counts and ratios. Relative to other European populations HLA-A-10 ( P<0.05), B-12 ( P<0.025), CW-5 ( P<0.05), DR-3 ( P<0.025), and DR-5 ( P<0.025) were increased, whereas DR-2 ( P<0.05) was decreased. However, after correction of the P-values for the number of HLA antigens determined, these differences were no longer significant. Furthermore, these HLA types were not the same as those reported in other studies (except for DR-3). We suggest that larger sample sizes or even not yet available immunogenetic markers will be required to prove an 'immunogenetic background' in low/nonresponders, if it exists. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Of the medical staff of our hospital 217 members at high risk for hepatitis B were immunized with an experimental hepatitis B vaccine and anti-HBs titers used to study the influence of two dosage schedules, age, and sex on immunogenicity. Participants were 34 years of age (mean; range, 20-61); they were divided into two groups and vaccinated three times. Group A received 42 µg HBsAg for each vaccination. Group B received 84 µg for the first and 21 µg for the second and third vaccinations. The seroconversion rate was 32.7% after the first, 78.8% after the second, and 95.7% after the third vaccination. The participants who failed to produce anti-HBs titer (3 IU/l; n=9) or whose anti-HBs titers were below 50 IU/l ( n=31) were vaccinated a fourth time. Only mild side effects of injections were observed in a third of all participants, usually in the form of a sore arm. Between groups A and B there were no significant differences as far as the seroconversion rate and anti-HBs titer were concerned. Nonresponders plus low-responders accounted for 19%. Female participants produced a markedly higher anti-HBs titer than males, and the female/male ratio among non- and low-responders was 1:2; among nonresponders, 1:2.5. There was a negative correlation of the anti-HBs titer with the age of the participants. These results not only have practical consequences for revaccination policy, but also offer the opportunity to further study the genetic regulation of the immune response to a complex peptide antigen in man. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents an overview of findings of a study on sleepiness during driving simulation. It was studied whether the amount of subjective sleepiness can predict microsleep events. Karolinska sleepiness scale was used to measure occurrences of microsleep events. The result shows that the scale can be used to measure and predict microsleep.