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This study aimed to determine the associations between acculturation, dental anxiety, and dental utilization among Hispanics/Latinos living in the US. A proxy measure of dental anxiety was available for 7539 adults who had not visited a dentist within the last year. All completed the Short Acculturation Scale for Hispanics (SASH). Bivariate logistic regression and adjusted multivariable logistic regression analysis were conducted. Approximately 22% of the sample was dentally anxious. Dental anxiety was significantly associated with SASH language scale score (OR 1.09, 95%CI 1.02, 1.18, p = 0.04), years in US (OR 1.53, 95%CI 1.23, 1.91, p < 0.0001), and preferred Spanish language (OR 1.30, 95%CI 1.05, 1.63, p = 0.0192); lower acculturation corresponded to higher dental anxiety. Adjusting for sex, age, education, income, insurance, and oral health status, level of acculturation was associated with dental anxiety (AOR 0.87, 95%CI 0.75, 0.91, p = 0.009), but neither were associated with utilization. Acculturation may be an important predictor of dental anxiety for Hispanics/Latinos living in the US. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Estuaries are used by anadromous fishes, either as the definitive marine habitat or as transition habitat as they move to fully marine waters, and extent of estuary use may vary with habitat conditions and fish attributes. Bull trout (Salvelinus confluentus) are commonly fluvial or adfluvial, though anadromous populations also exist. However, little is known about estuary use, especially by juveniles of this threatened species. We sampled the estuaries of the Elwha River, where a spawning population exists, and the nearby Salt Creek, where none exists, to reveal seasonal timing of estuarine use by juvenile bull trout, size of those using the estuary, and possible use of the non-natal estuary. We captured juvenile bull trout (all ≥100 mm FL, most <300 mm) in the Elwha River estuary in all months except August, but primarily December through May. None was captured in Salt Creek’s estuary despite comparable sampling effort. We also evaluated how dam removal on the Elwha River influenced bull trout estuarine occupancy by sampling before, during, and after dam removal, because this process enlarged the estuary but also increased turbidity and sediment transport in the lower river. Catches were low before dam removal, increased during and immediately after removal, and returned to low levels in recent years, suggesting that juveniles temporarily sought refuge from conditions associated with dam removal. Our findings indicate juvenile bull trout occupy estuarine habitat opportunistically; this information may aid conservation efforts as anadromous populations occur elsewhere in rivers with estuaries altered by human development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ultracold molecules formed from association of a single Rydberg atom with surrounding atoms or molecules and those from double Rydberg excitations are discussed in this review. Ultralong-range Rydberg molecules possess a novel molecular bond resulting from scattering of the Rydberg electron from the perturber atoms or molecules. The strong interactions between Rydberg atoms in ultracold gases may lead to formation of macroscopic Rydberg macrodimers. The exquisite control over the properties of the Rydberg electron means that interesting and unusual few-body and quantum many-body features can be realized in such systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The nearshore is a critical zone for northeast Pacific Ocean fish communities, including ecologically and culturally important salmon species. The largest dam removal in the world was recently completed on the Elwha River, with the goal of restoring fisheries and ecosystems to the watershed. The nearshore Elwha fish community was monitored monthly from January 2008 to November 2015 before, during and after dam removal. As of September 2015, approximately 2.6 million m of sediment material had increased the area of the Elwha delta to over 150 ha. Newly formed nearshore habitats were quickly colonized by fish communities during the dam removal period but the communities were similar in total species richness and Shannon diversity before and after dam removal, and were similar to a nearby reference site (Salt Creek estuary). Select fish species, including ESA-listed Pacific salmon and trout Oncorhynchus spp., and eulachon Thaleichthys pacificus, and non-native, American shad ( Alosa sapidissima), appeared quickly in these new habitats. Hatchery releases of Chinook, O. tshawytscha, coho, O. kisutch, and steelhead, O. mykiss (over 3 million total fish annually to the lower river), dominated the Elwha estuary catch from April through August of each year before, during, and after dam removal. Chum salmon catch rate, size, and duration of estuary occupancy declined during and after dam removal. Overall catches of chum salmon fry prior to, during, and after dam removal were significantly negatively correlated with Chinook salmon catches but significantly, and positively, correlated with coho salmon. When assessed at the Elwha estuary separately, chum abundance was significantly positively correlated with Chinook, coho, and steelhead abundance. These patterns indicate overlap, and likely interaction between these respective groups of hatchery and wild fish. Continued hatchery releases may therefore further challenge chum salmon recovery and should be considered when planning for watershed recovery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The estuary of the Elwha River, on Washington's Olympic Peninsula, has been degraded and simplified over the past century from sediment retention behind two large dams, levee construction, and channelization. With the removal of Elwha Dam and initiation of Glines Canyon Dam's removal in fall 2011, sediment deposits will change the estuary and affect anadromous and nearshore marine fishes. Juvenile Chinook salmon commonly use estuaries and the river's population is part of an Evolutionarily Significant Unit listed as Threatened under the U.S. Endangered Species Act. This study reports on monthly sampling in part of the river's estuary from March 2007 through September 2011 to characterize the seasonal changes in relative abundance of yearlings and sub-yearlings, and size distributions prior to dam removal. Most (69 %) of the yearlings were caught in April, when this life history type was released from the hatchery, and to a lesser extent in May (28 %) and June (3 %). Yearlings caught in the estuary were smaller than those released from the hatchery (means: 153 mm ± 28 SD vs. 175 mm ± 5 SD), suggesting more rapid departure by larger fish. Sub-yearlings were much more abundant in the estuary, and were caught from March through November, increasing in mean fork length by 8.7 mm month. The hatchery-origin sub-yearlings were not marked externally and so were not distinguishable from natural origin fish. However, 39 % of the sub-yearlings were caught prior to June, when sub-yearlings were released from the hatchery, indicating substantial use of the estuary by natural-origin fish. Thus, even in a reduced state after a century of dam operation, the highly modified estuary was used over many months by juvenile Chinook salmon. The information on juvenile Chinook salmon prior to dam removal provides a basis for comparison to patterns in the future, when the anticipated increase in estuarine complexity may further enhance habitat use by juvenile Chinook salmon. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background/Objectives:Chronic radiation enteritis (RE) has been reported in up to 20% of patients receiving pelvic radiotherapy and can lead to intestinal failure (IF), accounting for 3.9% of new registrants for home parenteral nutrition (HPN) in the UK annually. Our aim is to report nutritional and survival outcomes for patients with RE referred to a national IF unit.Subjects/Methods:A retrospective study of all new admissions over a 13-year period at the Intestinal Failure Centre, Manchester, UK. Data are presented as median (range).Results:Twenty-three (3.8%) of 611 patients were admitted with IF secondary to RE. The primary site of malignancy was genitourinary in 17 (74%) patients. Radiotherapy was administered 9.5 (1-42) years previously. Patients underwent 2 (1-5) laparotomies prior to intestinal failure unit (IFU) admission. Twelve (52%) patients were admitted with intestinal obstruction and 11 (48%) with intractable weight loss and/or high output fistulae/stomas. Additional conditions contributing to IF were noted in 11 (48%) patients. Twenty-two (96%) patients had 2 (1-5) laparotomies prior to IFU referral. At discharge, 5 (22%) patients resumed oral diet without the need for artificial nutrition support, 3 (13%) required enteral feeding and 13 (56%) commenced HPN. The 10-year survival of the patient cohort was 48.2%.Conclusions:Surgical intervention is infrequently required, whereas the majority of patients with IF secondary to RE require long-term HPN. The judicious use of surgery in selected patients, coupled with an aggressive medical strategy to detect and treat contributing factors, and optimal enteral feeding may allow a modest proportion of patients with IF secondary to RE to achieve independence from PN. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Microstructure, texture, and microtexture in Ti-6Al-2Sn-4Zr-2Mo-0.1Si billet/bar of three different diameters (57, 152, and 209 mm) were quantified using backscattered electron imaging and electron backscatter diffraction. All three billets exhibited a microstructure comprising a large fraction (≥70 pct) of primary alpha particles, the average size of which decreased and aspect ratio increased with increasing reduction/decreasing billet diameter, or trends suggestive of low final hot working temperatures and/or slow cooling rates after deformation. Appreciable radial variations in the volume fraction and aspect ratio of alpha particles were noticeable only for the smallest-diameter billet. Alpha-phase textures were typical of axisymmetric deformation, but were relatively weak (~3× random) for all billet diameters. By contrast, bands of microtexture, which were multiple millimeters in length along the axial direction, were relatively strong for all of the materials. The intensity and radial thickness of the bands tended to decrease with decreasing billet diameter, thus indicating the important influence of imposed strain on the elimination of microtexture and the possible influence of surface preform microstructure following the beta quench on the evolution of microstructure and microtexture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The coherent control of mesoscopic ensembles of atoms and Rydberg atom blockade are the basis for proposed quantum devices such as integrable gates and single-photon sources. To date, experimental progress has been limited to complex experimental set-ups that use ultracold atoms. Here, we show that coherence times of ∼100 ns are achievable with coherent Rydberg atom spectroscopy in micrometre-sized thermal vapour cells. We investigate states with principle quantum numbers between 30 and 50. Our results demonstrate that microcells with a size on the order of the blockade radius (∼2 µm), at temperatures of 100–300 °C, are robust and promising candidates for investigating low-dimensional strongly interacting Rydberg gases, constructing quantum gates and building single-photon sources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Elwha River estuary has been significantly influenced by anthropogenic changes to the river, including two large dams upriver and rock dikes installed in the estuary. Together these have disrupted hydrodynamic processes and subsequent sediment delivery throughout the watershed. This article defines the functional response of fish distribution within the estuary as a result of these changes. We assessed fish distribution of three main areas of the Elwha estuary using standard beach seining techniques from March to August 2007. Species composition, ecological indices, and relative proportion of all salmonids, and in particular Chinook salmon ( Oncorhynchus tshawytscha), were consistently significantly different across the estuary. Differences corresponded to a rock dike installed 30 years ago, and a sediment lens that was observed to form at the entrance to the east estuary. Sediment lenses are documented to be a common occurrence in the Elwha nearshore, and symptomatic of documented, severely disrupted sediment processes of the Elwha River. Combining the fish distribution documented in this study with the rock dike and observed sediment lens and the sediment processes documented by other researchers we, therefore, conclude: (1) Fish use within the Elwha River estuary is complex, and even fragments of connected estuary are critically important for migrating salmon; (2) Anthropogenic effects, including in river damming and diking of the estuary, can be an important ecological driver in nearshore habitat function that should be appropriately considered in estuary habitat research, management, and restoration; and (3) Juvenile salmonids appear to be able to respond to dynamic sediment environments if there are habitat options available. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We report the observation of cold Cs Rydberg-atom molecules bound at internuclear separations of R∼3–9 μm. The bound states result from avoided crossings between Rydberg-atom-pair interaction potentials in an applied electric field. The molecular states can be modified by changing the applied electric field. The molecules are observed by mapping the radial separation of the two Rydberg atoms as a function of time delay between excitation and detection using the Coulomb repulsion of the ions after pulsed field ionization. Measurements were performed for 63D+65D, 64D+66D, 65D+67D and 66D+68D pairs. The experiment is in good agreement with calculations of the pair interactions for these states. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The genetic contribution to age-related bone loss is not well understood. We estimated that genes accounted for 25–45% of variation in 5-year change in bone mineral density in men and women. An autosome-wide linkage scan yielded no significant evidence for chromosomal regions implicated in bone loss. The contribution of genetics to acquisition of peak bone mass is well documented, but little is known about the influence of genes on subsequent bone loss with age. We therefore measured 5-year change in bone mineral density (BMD) in 300 Mexican Americans (>45 years of age) from the San Antonio Family Osteoporosis Study to identify genetic factors influencing bone loss. Annualized change in BMD was calculated from measurements taken 5.5 years apart. Heritability (h2) of BMD change was estimated using variance components methods and autosome-wide linkage analysis was carried out using 460 microsatellite markers at a mean 7.6 cM interval density. Rate of BMD change was heritable at the forearm (h2 = 0.31, p = 0.021), hip (h2 = 0.44, p = 0.017), spine (h2 = 0.42, p = 0.005), but not whole body (h2 = 0.18, p = 0.123). Covariates associated with rapid bone loss (advanced age, baseline BMD, female sex, low baseline weight, postmenopausal status, and interim weight loss) accounted for 10% to 28% of trait variation. No significant evidence of linkage was observed at any skeletal site. This is one of the first studies to report significant heritability of BMD change for weight-bearing and non-weight-bearing bones in an unselected population and the first linkage scan for change in BMD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This is the first study to examine the outcomes in 54 patients with hematologic malignancies who received an HLA-matched related donor bone marrow (BM, n=42) or GCSF-mobilized peripheral blood stem cells (PBSC, n=12) following identical nonmyeloablative conditioning with the intention of induction of mixed chimerism (MC) followed by prophylactic donor leukocyte infusion (pDLI) to convert MC to full donor chimerism (FDC) and capture a graft-versus-tumor effect without clinical graft-versus-host disease (GVHD). Neutrophil and platelet recovery were faster and transfusion requirement was less in PBSC recipients (P<0.05). A total of 48% of BMT recipients achieved FDC with a median conversion time of 84 days, including 13 following pDLI. In contrast, 83% (P=0.04) in the PBSC group had spontaneous FDC at a median of 14 days, precluding the administration of pDLI. There was no significant difference in the incidences of acute or chronic GVHD, though the rates of chronic GVHD were considerably higher in PBSC group than in the BM group (6/7, 86% vs 10/24, 42%). CD4 and CD8 T-cell recovery was faster in PBSC recipients. In PBSC recipients, a higher number of CD34+ cells was associated with increased rates of severe, grade III–IV acute GVHD.Bone Marrow Transplantation (2007) 40, 19–27; doi:10.1038/sj.bmt.1705688; published online 30 April 2007 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Individual-specific percent European ancestry was assessed in 1,277 African Americans. We found significant correlations between proportion of European ancestry and several musculoskeletal traits, indicating that admixture mapping may be a useful strategy for locating genes affecting these traits. Genotype data for admixed populations can be used to detect chromosomal regions influencing disease risk if allele frequencies at disease-related loci differ between parental populations. We assessed evidence for differentially distributed alleles affecting bone and body composition traits in African Americans. Bone mineral density (BMD) and body composition data were collected for 1,277 African and 1,790 European Americans (aged 70–79). Maximum likelihood methods were used to estimate individual-specific percent European ancestry for African Americans genotyped at 37 ancestry-informative genetic markers. Partial correlations between body composition traits and percent European ancestry were calculated while simultaneously adjusting for the effects of covariates. Percent European ancestry (median = 18.7%) in African Americans was correlated with femoral neck BMD in women (r = −0.18, p < 10−5) and trabecular spine BMD in both sexes (r = −0.18, p < 10−5) independently of body size, fat, lean mass, and other covariates. Significant associations of European ancestry with appendicular lean mass (r = −0.19, p < 10−10), total lean mass (r = −0.12, p < 10−4), and total body fat (r = 0.09, p < 0.002) were also observed for both sexes. These results indicate that some population differences in body composition may be due to population-specific allele frequencies, suggesting the utility of admixture mapping for identifying susceptibility genes for osteoporosis, sarcopenia, and obesity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The weanling rat, an animal model of rapid bone turnover, was used to evaluate the effects of various doses of cyclosporin A (CsA) on various bones during different time periods. Sprague-Dawley male rats were extensively prelabeled with 3H-tetracycline during 1-3 weeks of age. At 4 weeks of age, four groups of rats were given daily subcutaneous injections: vehicle or CsA--low dose (10 mg/kg), intermediary dose (20 mg/kg), or high dose (30 mg/kg) for 7, 14, or 28 days. Three different whole bones--the femur (low turnover), scapula (moderate turnover), and lumbar-6 vertebra (high turnover) were harvested intact at 4, 5, 6, and 8 weeks of age. The whole bones were assayed weekly for total dry defatted weight, calcium mass (formation), and loss of 3H-tetracycline (bone resorption) following treatment with CsA. Serum CsA levels, calcium creatinine, and alkaline phosphatase were measured weekly. Significant decreases in serum calcium and alkaline phosphatase were observed at 1 and 2 weeks, and were normalized by 4 weeks of treatment. No significant changes in serum creatinine were noted. For all three doses of CsA, no effect was observed on the absolute rate of cortical bone resorption of three different, whole bones over three time periods. Body weight and bone formation in treated animals was significantly smaller in a dose- and time-related fashion compared with control animals at sacrifice. However, compared with the initial control animals, body weights and bone masses of the final treated animals were much larger, suggesting that the smaller bone masses were due to insufficient growth and slow gain in bone mass.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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A correction to the article "Fish Habitat Use Response to Anthropogenic Induced Changes of Physical Processes in the Elwha Estuary, Washington, USA," published in the previous issue, is presented.