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Connaraceae is a pantropical family of about 200 species containing lianas and small trees with remarkably diverse floral polymorphisms, including distyly, tristyly, homostyly, and dioecy. To date, relationships within the family have not been investigated using a targeted molecular phylogenetic treatment, severely limiting systematic understanding and reconstruction of trait evolution. Accordingly, their last infrafamilial classification was based only on morphological data. Here, we used phylogenomic data obtained using the Angiosperms353 nuclear target sequence capture probes, sampling all tribes and almost all genera, entirely from herbarium specimens, to revise infrafamilial classification and investigate the evolution of heterostyly. The backbone of the resulting molecular phylogenetic tree is almost entirely resolved. Connaraceae consists of two clades, one containing only the African genus Manotes (4 or 5 species), which we newly recognize at the subfamily level. Vegetative and reproductive synapomorphies are proposed for Manotoideae. Within Connaroideae, Connareae is expanded to include the former Jollydoreae. The backbone of Cnestideae, which contains more than half of the Connaraceae species, remains incompletely resolved. Reconstructions of reproductive system evolution are presented that tentatively support tristyly as the ancestral state for the family, with multiple parallel losses, in agreement with previous hypotheses, plus possible re-gains. However, the great diversity of stylar polymorphisms and their phylogenetic lability preclude a definitive answer. Overall, this study reinforces the usefulness of herbarium phylogenomics, and unlocks the reproductive diversity of Connaraceae as a model system for the evolution of complex biological phenomena. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Carbon spheres were prepared by carbonisation of phenolic resin spheres obtained using a modified Stöber method in a microwave assisted solvothermal reactor. Preparation process involved water–ethanol, ammonia water, resorcinol, potassium oxalate and formaldehyde. The mixture was stirred for 24 h at room temperature and then subjected to a pressure treatment, in which the solution was treated in a microwave assisted solvothermal reactor for 15 min at a pressure of 1–3 MPa. The proposed synthesis resulted in a material containing microporous carbon spheres having high surface area (from 1178 to 1648 m2/g), with diameters from 200 to 350 nm, total pore volume from 0.49 to 0.78 cm3/g, and high CO2 adsorption capacity from 3.86 to 5.03 mmol/g measured at 0.1 MPa and 25 °C. Taking into account the properties of the obtained material, it can be applied as a sorbent for CO2 capture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Copyright of Archiv für Elektrotechnik is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)