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The rise of flexible and wearable electronics has spurred advancements in printed, flexible micro-supercapacitors for energy storage. This study presents the fabrication of flexible micro-supercapacitors using a novel nanocomposite of tin dioxide grown on layered reduced graphene oxide through one-pot in situ synthesis. The conductive functional ink, formulated by mixing the nanocomposite, is effectively utilized in screen-printing technology. The resulting micro-supercapacitors, particularly the SG-1 variant, demonstrate impressive electrochemical performance. The nanocomposites show exceptional versatility across various electrolytes, including alkaline, acidic, and quasi-gel electrolytes with a polyvinyl alcohol matrix infused with potassium hydroxide. An in-depth comparison of their efficacy in these electrolytes highlights the most suitable configurations for optimal performance. At a scan rate of 5 mV s−1, SG-1 achieves areal capacitances of 148.7 mF cm−2 and 87.7 mF cm−2 in the 1 M KOH and polyvinyl alcohol infused with 1 M KOH quasi-gel electrolyte. Additionally, SG-1 in the gel electrolyte demonstrates remarkable energy density of 11.7 mWh cm−2 at power density of 490 mW cm−2. Notably, the fabricated micro-supercapacitors exhibit excellent capacitive retention of 89.5% even after undergoing 5000 cycles of charge–discharge, underscoring their robustness and long-term stability for practical applications in flexible and wearable electronics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent days, synthetic fibers are replaced by natural fibers in composite materials, due to their eco-friendly nature. Because of this reason, in this research work, the Caryota fibers were extracted from the fishtail form tree and to investigate the static mechanical, thermal, and water absorption properties. The mechanical properties of 6ATCF composite had occurred the maximum tensile strength (72.24 MPa), flexural strength (71.03 MPa), and impact strength of (9.36 kJ/m2) in the static mechanical analysis due to their good bonding between the fiber and matrix. Comparably, the 6ATCF composite had 43%, 38%, and 44% improvement in the tensile, flexural, and impact to the 2UTCF composite. The 2UTCF has observed more amount of water absorption weight percentage, because of the shortening of fiber length in the composite. However, the 8ATCF composite had provided a high residual mass of 22.56% and low thermal conductivity of 0.189 W/m–K in the thermal analysis compared to the other composition. In addition, for finding the interfacial properties of surface roughness of fiber, fiber fracture, fiber pullout, matrix crack, and voids are analyzed using scanning electron microscope (SEM) and atomic force microscope (AFM). Subsequently, the natural composite is utilized as a substitute material for roof sheets and to reduce heat transfer through buildings and energy conservation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The wire arc additive manufacturing technology with excellent development potential in recent years in the field of huge engineering structures and aeronautical structures has various benefits. To ensure the safe application of these structures, it is vital to investigate the fatigue failure mechanism of wire arc additive-made aerospace aluminum components. In recent years, there has been some advancement in the use of wire arc additive manufacturing (WAAM) technology for the production of aluminum-based alloys. In this study, the insight of microstructure and mechanical properties of Al4043 (UNS A94043) wall fabricated using gas metal arc welding (GMAW)-based WAAM process. The insight microstructure characterization was examined using FE-SEM with energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS). The tensile strength of the fabricated wall was examined with three different zones (top, middle, and bottom), and the fracture was analyzed using FE-SEM. The results confirmed that the yield strength and ultimate tensile strength of the WAAM wall increased by 62, 69, and 65.3 MPa. The elongations along the top, middle, and bottom are increasing by 1.2, 2.5, and 1.7%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study presents a simple and an environmentally friendly approach to make Laser-Induced Graphene (LIG) based supercapacitor electrodes anchored with abundant Silver Nanoparticles (AgNPs). LIG, was synthesized using a CO2 laser writing technique on polyimide substrate. The LIG-Ag composite was prepared using two techniques, drop-coating, and screen-printing. Ag nanoparticles prepared using the plant extract of Swietenia Macrophylla was utilized to drop-coat AgNP on LIG substrate. Screen-printing was done by using a commercial Ag-ink and a suitable mesh. The supercapacitor made from screen-printed electrodes and supercapacitor made form drop-coated electrodes showed a high specific capacitance of 118 mF/cm2, 38 mF/cm2, and a high energy density of 2.42 mWh/cm2, 0.05 mWh/cm2 respectively. The screen-printed composite of LIG and AgNP was further studied for its anti-fungal properties and proved to be effective against Candida sp. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study is to assess the fatigue load-carrying characteristics of Ti–5Al–2.5Sn alloy reinforced with tungsten particles and determine its appropriateness for aerospace and other commercial uses. Ti–5Al–2.5Sn composite samples were produced using five distinct weight percentages of tungsten particles (0.5%, 1.0%, 1.5%, 2.0%, and 2.5%) reinforcement through the microwave sintering technique. Five ASTM standard test samples were subjected to fatigue tests along with field emission scanning electron microscope (FE-SEM) analysis to examine the impact of tungsten reinforcement in a titanium alloy matrix. Analysis of crack propagation and failure study was conducted using finite element analysis (FEA) software. The experiment and FEA simulation results indicate that 0.5 wt% of tungsten-reinforced matrix (Ti–5Al–2.5Sn) composites show significant improvement in fatigue performance. Crack initiation begins in the matrix region due to cyclic stress, and the particle-breaking mechanism occurs under heavy loading conditions and was examined using FE-SEM. The results revealed that Ti–3Al–2.5Sn–2W composites acquire experimental fatigue strength of 384 MPa and 406 MPa which is 3.92% and 1% higher than that of the Ti–5Al–2.5Sn matrix. However, the finite element fatigue strength of 398 MPa and 412 MPa are 4.87% and 1% higher than that of the Ti–5Al–2.5Sn matrix. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, the synthesis of magnesium-doped copper ferrite, namely CuxMg1−xFe2O4 (x = 1, 0.9, 0.7, and 0.5), is achieved using a facile microwave route, and the cubic crystalline structure, functional group, and nanostructured materials are discussed. The electrochemical studies of the magnesium-doped copper ferrite (MCF) are carried out by assembling a three-electrode conventional electrochemical cell with MCF samples as working electrode, a platinum wire as counter electrode, a silver (Ag)/silver chloride (AgCl) as reference electrode, and 2 M KOH aqueous solution as electrolyte. The study of the electrochemical performance of Mg-doped and undoped copper ferrite electrodes reveals that they show battery-type behavior with the transfer of two electrons (Mg to Mg2+) in 2 M KOH electrolyte in the potential window of 0.45 V to 0.35 V. Further, un-oxidized MgO oxidizes, leading to a quasi-conversion reaction. Additionally, the electrode (MCF) exhibits a greater specific capacity of 737.5 F g−1 at 1 A g−1. It is found that the MCF3 electrode retains 70% of its initial capacitance, which is higher than the CF electrode (33%), after 4000 continuous galvanostatic charge/discharge (GCD) cycles. An asymmetric supercapacitor cell is fabricated using MCF as the positive electrode, activated carbon (AC) as the negative electrode, 2 M KOH as the electrolyte, and polypropylene as the separator. The fabricated MCF//AC supercapacitor yields maximum specific energy of 62.61 W h kg−1 at specific power of 1168 W kg−1. These electrochemical features suggest that MCF is a feasible candidate material for developing supercapacitor electrodes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Microwave sintering (MS) technology is used to fabricate UNS R56320 (Ti-3Al-2.5V)-xWC composite at 1200 °C. In the matrix, tungsten carbide (WC) is reinforced with various weight percentages of 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, and 2.0. A field emission scanning electron microscope is used to characterize the composites (FE-SEM). X-ray diffraction was used to analyze the composites' phase analysis (XRD). Microstructure, wear at high temperatures, and corrosion behavior are evaluated. For the composites at different temperatures of 30 °C, 50 °C, 100 °C, 150 °C, and 200 °C, the high-temperature wear is examined. The outcomes show improvements in the behaviors of corrosion and wear at high temperatures. TAFEL polarization is used to evaluate the corrosion behavior of the composites in a neutral chloride solution (3.5% NaCl). The composite material UNS R56320-2WC has a maximum wear rate of 0.49 × 10−3 mm3/m and a coefficient of friction of 0.50. A higher level of corrosion resistance than other composites is also possessed by UNS R56320-2WC composite. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rapidly increasing demand for electrical energy due to unprecedented growth of electronic gadgets urges the research on developing innovative electrode materials for new age batteries and supercapacitors (SCs). Among various electrode materials for SCs, copper ferrite (CuFe2O4) is a cost-effective compound to make electrode materials for SC application owing to its expansive multifunctional physical and electrical properties. The nanoparticles of CuxZn1−xFe2O4 (x = 1, 0.9, 0.7, and 0.5) were synthesized via a facile and effective microwave combustion route. The effective inclusion of zinc on the surface morphology, size of the nanoparticles, elemental compositions, crystalline nature, and electrochemical properties of CuxZn1−xFe2O4 (x = 1, 0.9, 0.7, and 0.5) were examined by different analytical techniques. The electrochemical investigations reveal the highest specific capacitance of 1250 F g−1 for Cu0.9Zn0.1Fe2O4 which is 100% more than the bare copper ferrite. In addition, supercapacitor device in the form of an asymmetric type has been assembled with an aid of Cu0.9Zn0.1Fe2O4 electrodes, and an electrochemical performance of the same was investigated using cyclic voltammetry. The assembled device delivered an energy density of 188.75 W h kg−1 and a power density of 1249 W kg−1. The simple and cost-effective preparation procedure of CuxZn1−xFe2O4 with efficient electrochemical features increases the possibility of this material to be a promising electrode for supercapacitor. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The chemically synthesized poly (aniline-co-o-aminobenzoic acid) copolymer was functionalized electrochemically by cationic and anionic doping and tailored its property for suitable redox behavior. The mechanism during this process has been proposed using cyclic voltammetry studies, and the doping was confirmed in FTIR and UV studies. In the electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, undoped and doped behavior revealed the possibility of fine-tuning of conditions that are required for redox supercapacitor. A symmetrical supercapacitor was fabricated with an optimized doped co-polymer-based electrode and the specific capacitance values were 107 Fg−1 for n-doped polymer and 140 Fg−1 for p-doped polymer. The electrochemical characterization of n/p 1 cm2 cells in terms of specific power, specific energy, specific capacitance, columbic efficiency, IR drop, and ESR was calculated from charge/discharge studies. Data were analyzed in terms of complex power versus complex capacitance, and hence, active region of n/p supercapacitor was obtained. This concept paves way for future tailoring of dopants during the synthesis of conducting polymer and its copolymers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Graphene oxide/Co3O4 nanocomposites were synthesised by a hydrothermal method. The structural properties of the above nanocomposite were elucidated by powder X-ray diffraction analysis. The functional group in the graphene oxide/Co3O4 nanocomposite was confirmed by FTIR spectral analysis. The morphological properties of the graphene oxide-Co3O4 nanocomposites were studied by SEM analysis. The elemental compositions of these samples were estimated by EDAX studies. UV, TGA, and Raman were used to assess the crystal nature, morphology, and chemical states of the prepared graphene oxide/Co3O4 nanocomposite, and the electrochemical performance was tested using CV of the prepared nanocomposite materials as supercapacitor electrodes. The electrochemical results showed that the graphene oxide/Co3O4 nanocomposite is a good material for a supercapacitor electrode. AC conductivity’s dielectric properties of charge energy − 2.5318 × 10–6 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The resistive type of graphite/WO3 nanocomposite-based humidity sensor is fabricated through screen printing on a flexible polyethylene terephthalate substrate. Three different nanocomposite-based humidity sensors have been fabricated and analyzed for their humidity-sensing characteristics. The structure elucidation of the nanocomposite was carried out using x-ray diffraction, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, and scanning electron microscopy. By exposing the printed humidity sensor to relative humidity ranging from 11% to 97% at room temperature, its capabilities were studied. The relative resistance, sensitivity, dynamic response, and hysteresis were determined for all three devices, and they showed maximum responses towards relative humidity changes with the highest sensitivity of ≈ 60.8% and excellent hysteresis curves (maximum change of ≈ 1%). The screen-printed flexible humidity sensor exhibited less than a 5% change in the internal electrical resistance when subjected to various bending angles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Here, we synthesized metal-free organic dye (CCPICPB) with two carbazole donor groups and two anchoring groups that exhibit a panchromatic absorption in the near-infrared range of up to 750 nm. To study the photophysical properties of synthesized CCPICPB dye, the UV–Vis and cyclic voltammetric experiments were studied and the obtained results were validated with theoretical simulation studies. After that, the solvothermal approach is used to synthesize pristine anatase and calcium (Ca)-doped TiO2 microspheres with a smooth morphology. These microstructures are examined in depth using XRD, electron microscopy and electrochemical analysis methods. On TiO2 and Ca-doped TiO2 photoanode materials, we first evaluated the performance of CCPICPB dye. Upon our optimized experimental condition, the 3% Ca-TiO2 photoanode-based device exhibits an efficiency of 4.04%, which is greater than that of the pristine TiO2 photoanode-based device (2.93%). Because of the quicker electron transport in the Ca-TiO2 film, the short-circuit current density and efficiency of DSSCs were improved. Moreover, when the CCPICPB dye was used as a co-sensitizer with the common Ru(II) dye (Z907), interestingly it showed the highest efficiency (6.11%) when compared with Z907 alone (5.12%). This improved efficiency of the co-sensitized device resulted from greater VOC conjugated with improved JSC. The JSC was improved because CCPICB dye could compensate for the photocurrent loss caused by redox electrolyte while the VOC was improved because electron recombination was inhibited under the co-sensitization conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work aims at optimizing the power density of Graphite/NiO composite ink-based flexible thermoelectric generators by varying the concentration of nickel oxide nanoparticles annealed at different temperatures. NiO nanoparticles containing porous structure, higher microstrain, dislocation in their lattice structure, and higher resistivity due to the varied annealing temperature reduced the carrier concentration and mobility resulting in the enhanced Seebeck coefficient, power output, and power density. Flexible thermoelectric generator screen printed with Graphite/NiO composite ink consisting of an optimum of 3.0 wt% NiO nanoparticles annealed at 400 °C exhibited superior performance. The maximum power density, Seebeck coefficient, and power output shown by this device at 100 °C temperature gradient are 4.10 mW/m2, 47.06 µV/K, and 0.80 nW, respectively. This work demonstrates the suitability of graphite and nickel oxide composite for the screen-printed flexible thermoelectric generator for low-temperature applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to analyse the inter-rail modal shift behaviour of suburban rail passengers to examine ridership for the proposed metro extension corridor in Chennai, India. This investigation was conducted in 2019 as part of a feasibility study for the extension of the metro line spanning between Chennai Airport and Kilambakkam, a southern suburb of Chennai. The same origin–destination pair is also served by the suburban rail system. It is an extension of the operating line from Washermenpet to the airport of the Phase I metro project. For this inter-rail competition study, a sample of 272 suburban rail passengers covering work, education and other trip purposes were interviewed using a stated preference questionnaire. Six stated scenarios were considered for analyses which included travel time saving by using the metro along with the fare difference between metro and bus. The study revealed that suburban rail passengers were less concerned about travel time saving and gave priority to fare difference irrespective of trip purpose. This shows the unique metro choice behaviour of suburban rail travellers in the Indian context. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, chitosan (CS) encapsulated cobalt oxide nanoparticles modified with folic acid (FA) were synthesized and analyzed using different characterization techniques. A facile solvothermal method was performed to manufacture the CS-Cobalt oxide nanoparticles and FA-CS-Cobalt oxide nanoparticles. The obtained final products were subjected to X-ray diffraction spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy analyses. The UV–visible spectroscopy, Thermogravimetric and differential thermal analyses were employed to identify the optical and thermal properties of the synthesized nanoparticles. The net surface charge and the effective electric charge on the nanoparticles were determined by zeta potential analysis. The average crystallite size was calculated as 19.45 nm for chitosan-cobalt oxide nanoparticles and 16.36 nm for FA-CS-cobalt oxide nanoparticles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mobile adhoc network (MANET) is an autonomous network, comprising several hosts which are linked to one another via wireless connections. Since the nodes in MANET are mobile in nature, clustering and routing become a difficult task. Security is also a major issue which needs to be considered in the design of MANET protocols. The design of effective clustering and routing techniques helps to improve the network lifetime. Clustering and routing processes can be considered as an NP hard problem, which can be solved by evolutionary algorithms (EAs). With this motivation, this study presents an energy efficient clustering with secure routing protocol named EECSRP using hybrid EAs for MANET. The goal of the EECSRP technique is to cluster the nodes and elect optimal routes for energy efficient and reliable data transmission. The EECSRP technique involves two major stages. In the first stage, the cluster head selection and cluster construction process takes place using the niche mechanism with monarch butterfly optimization algorithm. Next, in the second stage, β -hill climbing with grasshopper optimization algorithm is applied for optimal selection of routes in MANET. The performance validation of the proposed EECSRP model is assessed using NS2 tool and the results are inspected under several aspects. The experimental results show the promising performance of the EECSRP model over the other compared methods interms of different evaluation parameters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copper ferrite (CuFe2O4), a cost-effective and promising supercapacitive electrode material, was doped with highly electroactive nickel using a simple microwave combustion process. The presence of nickel was found to enhance the electrode kinetics and favor the fast diffusion process when the material was used to construct a supercapacitor. The nickel-blended copper ferrite (Cu0.7Ni0.3Fe2O4) exhibited a specific capacitance of 1050 Fg−1 at a current density of 1 Ag−1 in 2 M KOH electrolyte solution. Furthermore, a reasonable rate of performance and better cyclic stability were observed with the material. Also, an asymmetric type of supercapacitor device was fabricated using CuNiFe2O4 electrodes, and the electrochemical performance was analyzed. The fabricated device showed an energy density of 21.5 Wh kg−1 and a power density of 417 W kg−1. These electrochemical investigations suggest the potential application of Cu0.7Ni0.3Fe2O4 as a supercapacitor electrode material for achieving superior performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As the human population increases, there is invariably excessive demand for energy sources, thus making it a fundamental need. The basic use of supercapacitors is the storage of energy. But self-discharge is caused when no external power or internal battery is charging them. This clearly reduces their efficiency. It has been found that self-discharge can be reduced to a great extent by employing liquid crystals (LC). But the effect of LC in enhancing the supercapacitor properties has not been discussed. So here, the naturally available bentonite clay is analyzed for its lyotropic liquid crystalline (LLC) properties. It showed liquid crystalline properties at 0.055 g/cm3 in 0.2 M Na2SO4 solvent. It is characterized by a polarised optical microscope (POM). These LCs are added as an additive electrolyte to the supercapacitors. The electrode materials used for supercapacitors are a composite of activated carbon and polyaniline. When compared, the supercapacitor properties were enhanced with a decrease in IR drop in supercapacitors containing bentonite lyotropic liquid crystal, producing a specific capacitance of 237.5 F/g at a current density of 0.5 mA/cm3. The electrochemical behavior of the supercapacitors is determined by cyclic voltammetry, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, and galvanostatic charge-discharge cycling techniques. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Investigation on the biomedical applications of flower-like Zinc Oxide (ZnO) nanostructures (NSs) synthesized by using aqueous extract of Oryza punctata (red rice) is reported for the first time. For the sustainable preparation of ZnO NSs, the precursors zinc nitrate and the rice extract act as the bio-template material. The optical energy bandgap value for the ZnO NSs was found to be 3.29 eV. The flower-like morphology of the ZnO NSs was confirmed by field emission scanning electron microscopy analysis. The ZnO NSs showed the potential cytotoxicity activity against MCF-7 cell line and antibacterial properties. Significant antioxidant activity was studied by the bio-prepared ZnO NSs against scavenging of DPPH (di(phenyl)-(2,4,6-trinitrophenyl) iminoazanium) free radicals. The flower-like ZnO NSs showed a significant anti-arthritic activity with a maximum inhibition of protein denaturation (78.94 ± 1.62%) and membrane protective activity (81.12 ± 1.25%) at a dose of 0.5 mg/mL concentration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, the detailed characterization of mechanical, electrical and thermal properties of Ag nanoparticle-reinforced Al6061 alloy was studied. Four composites with Al6061 alloys and different mass percentages (3%, 6%, 9% and 12%) of Ag nanoparticles were processed by stir casting method. The chemical analysis was used to confirm the elemental composition. The microstructural examination was carried out using optical microscopy. The phase analysis of the samples was studied using X-ray diffraction technique. The density and hardness were measured as per ASTM standards. Four-point probe tester and differential scanning calorimetry were used to measure the electrical conductivity and specific heat. In addition, the thermal conductivity and thermal diffusivity were measured using laser flash method. The results reveal the presence of Ag nanoparticles can significantly enhance the mechanical, electrical and thermal properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lightweight computing technologies such as the Internet of Things and flexible wearable systems have penetrated our everyday lives exponentially in recent years. Without a question, the running of such electronic devices is a major energy problem. Generally, these devices need power within the range of microwatts and operate mostly indoors. Thus, it is appropriate to have a self-sustainable power source, such as the photovoltaic (PV) cell, which can harvest indoor light. Among other PV cells, the dye-sensitized solar cell (DSSC) has immense capacity to satisfy the energy demands of most indoor electronics, making it a very attractive power candidates because of its many benefits such as readily available materials, relatively cheap manufacturing methods, roll-to-roll compatibility, easy processing capabilities on flexible substrates and exceptional diffuse/low-light performance. This review discusses the recent developments in DSSC materials for its indoor applications. Ultimately, the perspective on this topic is presented after summing up the current progress of the research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The existing energy situation demands not only the huge energy in a short time but also clean energy. In this regard, an integrated photo-supercapacitor device has been fabricated in which photoelectric conversion and energy storage are achieved simultaneously. A novel carbazole-based dye is synthesized and characterized for photosensitizer. The silver-doped titanium dioxide (Ag-TiO2) is synthesized, and it is used as photoanode material. Different concentrations of tetrabutylammonium iodide (TBAI)-doped polyvinyl alcohol–polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVA-PVP) blend polymer electrolytes are prepared, and their conductivity and dielectric properties were studied. Reduced graphene oxide (r-GO) is synthesized by a one-pot synthesis method and confirmed using Raman spectroscopy for counter electrode material in dye-sensitized solar cell (DSSC) and supercapacitor electrodes. The DSSC having 4% Ag-TiO2–based photoanode showed the highest efficiency of 1.06% (among r-GO counter electrodes) and 2.37% (among platinum counter electrodes). The supercapacitor before integration and after integration exhibits specific capacitance of 1.72 Fg−1 and 1.327 Fg−1, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current era focuses not only on producing solar energy but also preserving it for future use. Dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSC) and supercapacitors (SC) are such energy-based devices. DSSCs capture the solar energy and SCs store this captured energy. A natural anthocyanin dye extracted from Garcinia indica (kokum fruit) was used in the DSSCs. SnO2, one of the promising electrode materials for DSSC, was synthesized via a microwave technique. Blend polymer electrolytes (BPE) were prepared through a solution casting technique. A polyvinyl pyrrolidone (PVP) and polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) blend with varying concentrations of potassium iodide, along with iodine dopant, was prepared as a BPE electrolyte composition. The best of the PVA-PVP/KI composition was chosen using Nyquist plots of electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). Varying the temperature, the dielectric and conductivity study of the chosen composition was studied in detail. A fast/single-step synthesis technique, namely a laser-engraved approach, was used for few-layer graphene synthesis. This graphene serves as a common platform for the DSSC-SC integrated device: as a counter electrode in DSSC and graphene-graphene symmetric electrode in SC. A DSSC-SC integrated device was fabricated and characterized using various analytical and microscopy techniques. The integrated device showed a 0.42 fill factor and 0.56% efficiency. The discharge time for integrated DSSC-SC cells was found to be increased threefold. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the present work, cone-like zinc oxide (ZnO) nanostructures (NSs) were fabricated via a simple green approach by Jatropha gossypifolia leaves extract for improving the photocatalytic and biological activity. The crystallinity and surface morphology of synthesized NPs were characterized by powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD) and transmission electron microscopic (TEM) analysis. The presence of elements in the prepared ZnO NSs was determined by the energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) spectroscopy. The photocatalytic activities of ZnO NSs were investigated by the removal of methylene blue (MB) and malachite green (MG) organic dyes under UV light irradiation. The result demonstrates that the organic dye degradation efficiency of the MG and MB was achieved at 96% and 82% under UV light irradiation. The green synthesized ZnO NSs demonstrate superior antibacterial activity against gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria's and it has excellent antioxidant ABTS free radical scavenging activity. The inhibition of denaturation of protein and proteinase inhibitory was studied by anti-arthritic activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims to investigate the corrosion behavior of ZnO-Mg coatings on AISI 4140 steel using spray coating technology. Three different coating thicknesses of approximately ≈ 30, 60 and 90 µm are considered in this study. The structural and morphological properties of the coated samples are characterized using optical microscope, scanning electron microscope (SEM), x-ray diffraction analysis, atomic force microscope and energy-dispersive spectroscopy analysis. The corrosion behavior is evaluated in a chloride environment by Tafel and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) techniques as a function of coating thickness. The acquired results exhibit that the introduction of ZnO-Mg coating improves corrosion resistance of AISI 4140. ZnO-Mg coating acts as a stabilizer in the electrolyte and maintains electrochemical stability. After prolonged polarization, the coating exhibits higher impedance in the subsequent EIS results compared to that of the substrate. The corroded surfaces of AISI 4140 are analyzed using SEM for surface morphological changes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The possibility of synthesizing a proton-conducting biopolymer electrolyte of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) doped with 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium ethyl sulphate ([EMIM][EtSO4]) ionic liquid and ammonium acetate (CH3COONH4) by solvent casting has been investigated. The ionic conductivity of electrolyte membrane increased with addition of IL and fairly good ionic conductivity of 6.56 × 10−4 S cm−1 has been attained. The conductivity studies of the biopolymer electrolyte membrane have been carried out in coplanar configuration. Graphene oxide (GO) and reduced graphene oxide (rGO) have been synthesized by a chemical method. The prepared rGO has been characterized using ultraviolet–visible (UV–Vis) absorption spectroscopy, x-ray diffraction, Raman and x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy analysis. The surface area of rGO has been increased from 2.69 m2 g−1 to 203.78 m2 g−1. In this work, a supercapacitor with a symmetric electrode has been fabricated using PVA-doped ionic liquid as a biopolymer electrolyte and rGO as electrode materials. Its electrochemical performance has been verified, and the device exhibited a good specific capacitance of 138 F g−1. This combination was found to be very useful to improve the capacitance of supercapacitor. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fly ash (FA) obtained from a coal-fired local thermal power station was converted into a nanostructured material by mechano-chemical activation using a high energy planetary ball mill. Contact angle measurements and FTIR spectroscopy confirmed the surface modification of mechano-chemically activated FA (MCA-FA). Subsequently, a solution casting method was used to prepare poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) matrix composites with varying amounts of fresh FA and MCA-FA. Mechanical testing results of the composites revealed that incorporation of fresh FA in PVC resulted in a higher tensile strength with brittle failure; addition of MCA-FA to PVC resulted in higher elongation at break values while retaining the ductility of the PVC. We have proposed a plausible mechanism explaining the influence of fresh FA and MCA-FA on the mechanical behavior of these composites. As fresh FA and MCA-FA contain basic oxide materials, they tend to improve the fire retardancy of PVC even at a very small loading. Overall, the nanostructured MCA-FA could find application as a filler in PVC-based products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, thermal properties of two titanium-titanium boride composites were processed by spark plasma sintering, hot-iso-static pressing, and vacuum sintering were characterized. The scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction analysis are used to examine the uniform distribution of the secondary particles in the processed composites. Thermal properties of the composites such as thermal conductivity, specific heat, thermal diffusivity and coefficient of thermal expansion were estimated for the temperature range between 50 and 250 °C. The results showed that thermal conductivity, thermal diffusivity, and specific heat were increased with increase in temperature and titanium boride reinforcement. The influence of titanium boride reinforcement and processing technique on thermal properties is also discussed. Thermal properties presented in this paper confirmed that the titanium-titanium composites can be used for thermal, automobile, aerospace, and renewable energy applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: The single and multilayered electrode materials having carbon fiber and polyaniline were prepared. The variation of morphological and electrochemical properties of electrode materials was studied in three different electrolytes. The electrode materials were prepared by taking stainless steel as the substrate using the potentiodynamic technique. The electrode materials were characterized using scanning electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and N2 adsorption/desorption measurement. The supercapacitor characteristics of these electrode materials were analyzed using cyclic voltammetry, ac impedance, and charge-discharge cycling techniques. It was found that multilayered electrode material resulted in a specific capacitance value of 350 F/g during charge-discharge cycling studies.Graphical Abstract: [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

MoO3 nanorods were synthesized through the microwave method and the nanocomposites of MoO3/activated carbon were prepared for supercapacitor and hydrogen evolution reaction (HER). The XRD pattern revealed that the prepared MoO3 has a hexagonal phase (h-MoO3). The as-prepared h-MoO3 was composited with activated carbon (AC) and tested for supercapacitor studies. The fabricated supercapacitor exhibited an appreciable specific capacitance, power density, and energy densities. Further, dedoping of nitrogen in the doped AC creates defects on AC (DAC). These DAC/MoO3 nanocomposites were prepared and tested for its electrocatalytic activity towards hydrogen evolution reactions. DAC/MoO3 nanocomposite showed much higher electrocatalytic activity than the neat MoO3.Microwave synthesized h-MoO3 and active/defective activated carbon composites for supercapacitor and hydrogen evolution reactions [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Graphene oxide (GO) is synthesized from commercially available graphite powder. The prepared GO is converted to reduced graphene oxide (rGO) by chemical reduction using sodium borohydride and sodium hydroxide. The rGO is characterized via X-ray diffraction, Raman spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy. Conducting polymer-polyaniline, was prepared by oxidative polymerization in an electrolyte- hydrochloric acid and using ammonium persulphate as oxidant. The structure and doping of polyaniline were studied by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy and ultra-violet visible spectroscopy. To enhance the conductivity of the rGO, the conducting polymer mixed with rGO and rGO/Conducting polymer composites were prepared. The composite was characterized by cyclic voltammetry, AC impedance spectroscopy. A symmetrical supercapacitor (SC) has been fabricated based on rGO/PANI composites. The prepared composites were shown specific capacitance of 72 F g-1 at 2 mV s-1. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Activated carbon is prepared from coconut shell by heating it around 500 °C for 2 h in a muffle furnace. This method is one of the easiest and most economical methods for the synthesis of Activated carbon. The dried coconut shell is carbonized and it is treated with KOH in the ratio of 1:3 carbon-activating agent (KOH) and the resulting slurry is dried in an oven at 60 °C for overnight. The dried mass is further activated at 450 °C then it is washed with an acid solution to remove KOH. The surface area of the synthesized activated carbon can be obtained by using nitrogen absorption-desorption experiment. Conducting polymer such as polyaniline prepared by oxidative polymerization of the respective monomer in tetrafluoroboric acid solution using potassium persulphate as an oxidant. The structure and doping of polyaniline were studied by FTIR, UV and Cyclic voltammetry studies. The conducting polymer is mixed with AC and prepared composites were characterized by UV, FTIR, and CV. The specific capacitance of composites calculated from charge-discharge at 0.5 mA g was found to be 99.6 Fg and for cyclic voltammetry, at the scan rate of 2 mV s, it is 77 Fg. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Reduced graphene oxide (rGO) were prepared from graphene oxide (GO) by using piperine as a green reducing agent extracted from Piper nigrum. The obtained rGO had few defects and lacked connectivity between the layers. To overcome these defects, copper oxide (CuO) nanoparticles were synthesized ultrasonically and nanocomposites of rGO-CuO were prepared. The conductivities of the rGO, CuO and rGO-CuO nanocomposites were determined by AC impedance spectroscopy in different electrolytes. Morphology, composition and electronic structure of CuO, rGO and rGO-CuO nanocomposites were characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray photon spectroscopy (XPS) and electrochemical techniques. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) images portrait CuO as a fish caught in the net of rGO layers. The rGO-CuO nanocomposite exhibiting lower resistance and higher capacitance was used in fabrication of supercapacitor electrodes. The specific capacitance of the fabricated supercapacitor was found to be 137 F g . The supercapacitor performance of the nanocomposite electrode is attributed to the synergistic effect of double-layer capacitance of rGO and redox capacitance of CuO nanoparticles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The multi-layered electrodeposition of polyaniline on stainless steel substrate was carried out using three electrochemical techniques such as potentiodynamic (PD), potentiostatic (PS), galvanostatic (GS) and three different dopants such as sulphuric acid (SA), p-toluene sulphonic acid (PTSA) and camphor-10-sulphonic acid (CSA). The structural properties of multi-layered polymer films were analysed by SEM, AFM and FTIR. The electrochemical properties of multi-layered films were analysed by cyclic voltammetry and AC impedance spectroscopy. The results showed that the highest specific capacitance of 468 F/g was obtained for those multi-layered electrode materials developed using potentiodynamic method. As per the highest specific capacitance value, potentiodynamic method was chosen for multi-layer deposition of polyaniline. Symmetrical supercapacitors were fabricated using multi-layered polyaniline, and the supercapacitive properties were analysed by galvanostatic charge-discharge technique. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, the mechanical properties such as elastic moduli, shear moduli, and hardness of titanium-titanium boride composites with 20% and 40% of titanium boride reinforcements were estimated by ultrasonic and nanoindentation techniques. The estimated values obtained from the both measuring techniques are compared. The composites were processed by three powder metallurgical techniques such as spark plasma sintering, hot isostatic pressing, and vacuum sintering. The composites processed through spark plasma sintering and hot isostatic pressing showed better mechanical properties compared to the vacuum sintered composites. The effects of titanium boride reinforcements and their morphological influences on the mechanical properties are also described. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of the present work was to prepare and optimize the self-nanoemulsifying drug delivery system (SNEDDS) of poor aqueous soluble and less bioavailable nisoldipine to improve its solubility and bioavailability. The solubility of nisoldipine was assessed in various vehicles and ternary phase diagram was constructed to identify the efficient self-emulsifying region. The selected formulations were evaluated for self-emulsification time, droplet size analysis, and in vitro drug release profile. The optimized formulation ACP 19 had reduced particle size (118.3 ± 1.53 nm), when compared to PCT 08 (740 ± 1.16 nm). In vitro drug release study revealed that 98.05 ± 0.95 and 93.71 ± 1.05 % of drug was, respectively, released from ACP 19 and PCT 08 formulations at 24 h, whereas only 47.42 ± 0.65 % was released from drug in suspension. ACT 19 and PCT 08, respectively, showed 2.5- and 2.22-folds greater bioavailability than drug in suspension. PK Solver 2.0 was used for analysis of data obtained from in vivo study and the results revealed that both ACP 19 SNEDDS and drug in suspension fit into one-compartment pharmacokinetic model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Biodegradable polymer electrolyte comprising the blend of chitosan (CS) and poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) plasticized with ethylene carbonate and propylene carbonate, as host polymer, and lithium perchlorate (LiClO), as a dopant, was prepared by solution casting technique. The ionic conductivity has been calculated using the bulk impedance obtained through impedance spectroscopy. The variation of conductivity and dielectric properties has been investigated as a function of polymer blend ratio, plasticizer content and LiClO concentration at temperature range of 298-343 K. The DSC thermograms show two broad peaks for CS/PEG blend and increased with increase in the LiClO content. The maximum conductivity has been found to be 1.1 × 10 S cm at room temperature for 70:30 (CS/PEG) concentration. The electric modulus of the electrolyte film exhibits a long tail feature indicative of good capacitance. The activation energy of all samples was calculated using the Arrhenius plot, and it has been found to be 0.12 to 0.38 eV. A carbon-carbon supercapacitor has been fabricated using this electrolyte, and its electrochemical characteristics and performance have been studied. The supercapacitor showed a fairly good specific capacitance of 47 F g. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Proton and lithium-ion conducting biodegradable solid polymer electrolytes were prepared using blends of poly(styrene sulphonic acid) (PSSA) and starch for supercapacitor applications. The ionic conductivities have been calculated using the bulk impedance obtained through impedance spectroscopy with varying blend ratio and plasticizer. Glycerol as plasticizer improved the film formation property, while lithium perchlorate (LiClO) as dopant enhanced the conductivity. The maximum conductivity has been found to be 5.7 × 10 Scm at room temperature for 80/20 (PSSA/starch) blend ratio. The dielectric studies showed relaxation peaks indicating proton and Li conduction in the plasticized polymer blend matrix and dielectric modulus also exhibited a long tail feature indicating good capacitance. Differential scanning calorimetry thermograms showed two peaks and decreased with varying blend ratio and plasticizer. A carbon-carbon supercapacitor was fabricated using suitable electrolyte, and its electrochemical characteristics using cyclic voltammetry, AC impedance and galvanostatic charge-discharge were studied. Supercapacitor showed a fairly good specific capacitance of 115 Fg at 10 mV s. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study aimed at identifying single-nucleotide polymorphic (SNP) sites in different coding and non-coding regions of lactoferrin gene in Indian riverine buffaloes. A total of 102 animals from six different river buffalo breeds were screened at six bubaline lactoferrin gene loci. Single-strand conformation polymorphism (SSCP) analysis revealed monomorphic patterns at three loci LtfE2, LtfE11, and LtfE14 while a total of eight distinct patterns were observed in the other three loci viz. LtfE5, LtfE10, and LtfE16 which correspond to respective exons and their flanking regions. Sequence analysis of different SSCP variants revealed the presence of two SNP sites within the coding (exon 16) region and five SNP sites in flanking non-coding regions (intron 4 and intron 9). Both SNPs within exon 16 were found to be synonymous. The SNPs and haplotypes identified in the present study could serve as potential markers for association with susceptibility/resistance to mastitis in buffaloes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract  The aim of the study is to investigate the biocontrol mechanisms of Trichothecium roseum MML003 against the rice sheath blight (ShB) pathogen, Rhizoctonia solani as the former exhibited strong antagonistic activity against the latter. It has been found that T. roseum MML003 did not show any hyperparasitic interaction against R. solani. Further, it did not produce siderophores and hydrogen cyanide. However, the culture filtrate of T. roseum MML003 strongly inhibited the mycelial growth and sclerotial formation, its germination and viability, which proved that the biocontrol activity is antibiosis-mediated. The extracellular crude antifungal metabolites of T. roseum MML003 were thermo and photo-stable. Potted plant experiment showed that the crude metabolites of T. roseum MML003 effectively reduced the ShB disease in rice up to 47.7%. Thus, this study assumes significance as it provided further scope for the identification of antifungal metabolites from T. roseum MML003 and their possible use against sheath blight disease of rice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]