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Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a debilitating neurodegenerative disorder characterized by brain aggregation of β-amyloid (Aβ) peptides and phosphorylated tau (P-tau) proteins. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) can be isolated and studied for potential roles in disease. While several studies have tested plasma-derived EVs in AD, few have analyzed EVs from cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), which are potentially more closely related to brain changes. This study included 20 AD patients and 20 cognitively unimpaired (CU) participants. Using a novel EV isolation method based on acoustic trapping, we isolated and purified EVs from minimal CSF volumes. EVs were lysed and analyzed by immunoassays for P-tau217 and P-tau181. Isolation was confirmed through transmission electron microscopy and the presence of EV-specific markers (CD9, CD63, CD81, ATP1A3). Nanoparticle tracking analysis revealed a high variance in EV distribution. AD patients exhibited increased P-tau181 and decreased P-tau217 in EVs, leading to a higher EV P-tau181/P-tau217 ratio compared to CU. No significant differences in EV counts or sizes were observed between AD and CU groups. This study is the first to use acoustic trapping to isolate EVs from CSF and demonstrates differential P-tau content in AD-derived EVs, warranting further research to understand the relationship between these EV changes and brain pathology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, the group structure of the -adic ball and sphere are studied. The dynamical system of isometry defined on invariant sphere is investigated. We define the binary operations and on a ball and sphere, respectively, and prove that these sets are compact topological abelian group with respect to the operations. Then we show that any two balls (spheres) with positive radius are isomorphic as groups. We prove that the Haar measure introduced in is also a Haar measure on an arbitrary balls and spheres. We study the dynamical system generated by the isometry defined on a sphere and show that the trajectory of any initial point that is not a fixed point is not convergent. We study ergodicity of this -adic dynamical system with respect to normalized Haar measure reduced on the sphere. For we prove that the dynamical systems are not ergodic. But for under some conditions the dynamical system may be ergodic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Bitcoin market has experienced unprecedented growth, attracting financial traders seeking to capitalize on its potential. As the most widely recognized digital currency, Bitcoin holds a crucial position in the global financial landscape, shaping the overall cryptocurrency ecosystem and driving innovation in financial technology. Despite the use of technical analysis and machine learning, devising successful Bitcoin trading strategies remains a challenge. Recently, deep reinforcement learning algorithms have shown promise in tackling complex problems, including profitable trading strategy development. However, existing studies have not adequately addressed the simultaneous consideration of three critical factors: gaining high profits, lowering the level of risk, and maintaining a high number of active trades. In this study, we propose a multi-level deep Q-network (M-DQN) that leverages historical Bitcoin price data and Twitter sentiment analysis. In addition, an innovative preprocessing pipeline is introduced to extract valuable insights from the data, which are then input into the M-DQN model. A novel reward function is further developed to encourage the M-DQN model to focus on these three factors, thereby filling the gap left by previous studies. By integrating the proposed preprocessing technique with the novel reward function and DQN, we aim to optimize trading decisions in the Bitcoin market. In the experiments, this integration led to a noteworthy 29.93% increase in investment value from the initial amount and a Sharpe Ratio in excess of 2.7 in measuring risk-adjusted return. This performance significantly surpasses that of the state-of-the-art studies aiming to develop an efficient Bitcoin trading strategy. Therefore, the proposed method makes a valuable contribution to the field of Bitcoin trading and financial technology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the modern world, human activity has a significant impact on vegetation and landscapes, which creates problems in preserving the natural functions of ecosystems that provide human living conditions. One of the ways to solve this problem is to study key species that determine the composition and structure of ecosystems, as well as rare species, the diversity of which is important for maintaining biodiversity and ecological balance and ensuring vital conditions for human beings. The results of an assessment of the species composition of the Melittophilic flora of the Toratau Geopark located on the territory of the Ishimbay, Gafuriysky, Meleuzovsky, and Sterlitamak districts of the Republic of Bashkortostan, are presented. During the research, the species composition was determined, including 127 species of nectar-bearing plants from 29 families, of which 23 species from the family Asteracea, 20 species from the family Fabaceae, and 14 species from the family Rosaceae are predominant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It has been shown that the state of manganese atoms in the silicon lattice can be controlled with a view to varying the state and pattern of the magnetoresistance of the material. The laws governing changes in the magnetoresistance of silicon with manganese atoms (single atoms and clusters) as a function of temperature, illumination, and electric field have been determined. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We consider -rational functions given on the field of -adic numbers . In general, such a function has four parameters. We study the case when such a function has two fixed points and show that when there are two fixed points then -rational function is conjugate to a two-parametric -rational function. Depending on these two parameters we determine type of the fixed points, find Siegel disks and the basin of attraction of the fixed points. Moreover, we classify invariant sets and study ergodicity properties of the function on each invariant set. We describe 2- and 3-periodic orbits of the -adic dynamical systems generated by the two-parametric -rational functions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper we investigate generalized Gibbs measure (GGM) for -adic Hard-Core (HC) model with a countable set of spin values on a Cayley tree of order . This model is defined by -adic parameters , . We analyze -adic functional equation which provides the consistency condition for the finite-dimensional generalized Gibbs distributions. Each solutions of the functional equation defines a GGM by -adic version of Kolmogorov's theorem. We define -adic Gibbs distributions as limit of the consistent family of finite-dimensional generalized Gibbs distributions and show that, for our -adic HC model on a Cayley tree, such a Gibbs distribution does not exist. Under some conditions on parameters , and we find the number of translation-invariant and two-periodic GGMs for the -adic HC model on the Cayley tree of order two. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the Russian electric grids, AS-type wires are gradually replaced with wires of new generation (NGW). The wire market has currently offered a wide range of NGWs manufactured in Russia and abroad. Foreign-made wires, as well as wires produced in Russia using western technologies, are of a totally new level, have better performance properties, yet a high cost. The production of NGWs in Russia has been developing, and there are products that are not inferior to the world standards. This article describes aluminum alloys that have undergone severe plastic deformation and annealing, have qualitatively new electrical and mechanical characteristics, and are planned to be used to manufacture NGWs. Issues of design of wires based on such alloys and determination of the current-carrying capacity and other characteristics of designed wires are considered. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper is devoted to the complete algebraic and geometric classification of complex 4-dimensional nilpotent right commutative algebras. The corresponding geometric variety has dimension 15 and decomposes into 5 irreducible components determined by the Zariski closures of four one-parameter families of algebras and a two-parameter family of algebras (see Theorem B). In particular, there are no rigid complex 4-dimensional nilpotent right commutative algebras. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We consider a family of (2, 2)-rational functions given on the set of complex p-adic field C p . Each such function f has two distinct fixed points x 1 = x 1 (f) , x 2 = x 2 (f) . We study p-adic dynamical systems generated by the (2, 2)-rational functions. We prove that x 1 is always an indifferent fixed point for f, i.e., x 1 is a center of some Siegel disk S I (x 1) . Depending on the parameters of the function f, the type of the fixed point x 2 may be any possibility: indifferent, attractive, repelling. We find the Siegel disk or the basin of attraction of the fixed point x 2 , when x 2 is indifferent or attractive, respectively. When x 2 is repelling we find an open ball any point of which is repelled from x 2 . Moreover, we study relations between the sets S I (x 1) and S I (x 2) when x 2 is indifferent. For each (2, 2)-rational function on C p there are two points x ^ 1 = x ^ 1 (f) , x ^ 2 = x ^ 2 (f) ∈ C p which are zeros of its denominator. We give explicit formulas of radii of spheres (with the center at the fixed point x 1 ) containing some points such that the trajectories (under actions of f) of the points after a finite step come to x ^ 1 or x ^ 2 . We study periodic orbits of the dynamical system and find an invariant set, which contains all periodic orbits. Moreover, we study ergodicity properties of the dynamical system on each invariant sphere. Under some conditions we show that the system is ergodic if and only if p = 2 . [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We describe the set of all -rational functions given on the set of complex -adic field and having a unique fixed point. We study -adic dynamical systems generated by such -rational functions and show that the fixed point is indifferent and therefore the convergence of the trajectories is not the typical case for the dynamical systems. We obtain Siegel disks of these dynamical systems. Moreover an upper bound for the set of limit points of each trajectory is given. For each -rational function on there is a point which is zero in its denominator. We give explicit formulas of radii of spheres (with the center at the fixed point) containing some points that the trajectories (under actions of ) of the points after a finite step come to . For a class of -rational functions defined on the set of -adic numbers we study ergodicity properties of the corresponding dynamical systems. We show that if then the -adic dynamical system reduced on each invariant sphere is not ergodic with respect to Haar measure. For , under some conditions we prove non ergodicity and show that there exists a sphere on which the dynamical system is ergodic. Finally, we give a characterization of periodic orbits and some uniformly local properties of the rational functions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We show that any (1, 2)-rational function with a unique fixed point is topologically conjugate to a (2, 2)-rational function or to the function f(x) = ax/x2 + a. The case (2, 2) was studied in our previous paper, here we study the dynamical systems generated by the function f on the set of complex p-adic field ℂp. We show that the unique fixed point is indifferent and therefore the convergence of the trajectories is not the typical case for the dynamical systems. We construct the corresponding Siegel disk of these dynamical systems. We determine a sufficiently small set containing the set of limit points. It is given all possible invariant spheres.We show that the p-adic dynamical system reduced on each invariant sphere is not ergodic with respect to Haar measure on the set of p-adic numbers ℚp.Moreover some periodic orbits of the system are investigated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The location of the center of mass closer to the source of radiation during rectilinear accelerated motion of an aircraft in the absence of gravity and drag forces provides stability of the angular motion. The proposed scheme was analyzed on the basis of the Lagrange-Dirichlet theorem. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The results of theoretical and experimental studies on an electromagnetic field are presented and qualitative and quantitative estimates of the field amplification at the end of a conducting plate due to its interaction with an alternating (traveling) magnetic field are given for the development of the eddy-current testing of conducting thin-wall bodies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A tri-band high-resolution spectrometer, which was designed for performing diagnostics on the ITER facility using the charge-exchange recombination spectroscopy (CXRS), is described. The CXRS allows measurements of such plasma parameters as the ion temperature, the speed of the toroidal and poloidal plasma rotation, and the concentration of light impurities. The spectrometer is based on three transparent holographic diffraction gratings and is designed to operate simultaneously in three spectral bands: 468 ± 6 nm, 529 ± 6 nm, and 656 ± 8 nm. The results of measuring the main performance parameters of the transparent diffraction gratings and the spectrometer as a whole are presented. It was established that the characteristics of the developed spectrometer satisfy the requirements for the spectroscopic equipment for the ITER CXRS diagnostic system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The minimally invasive (MI) lateral lumbar interbody fusion (LLIF) approach has become increasingly popular for the treatment of degenerative lumbar spine disease. The neural anatomy of the lumbar plexus has been studied; however, the pertinent surgical vascular anatomy has not been examined in detail. The goal of this study is to examine the vascular structures that are relevant in relation to the MI-LLIF approach.Methods: Anatomic dissection of the lumbar spines and associated vasculature was performed in three embalmed, adult cadavers. Right and left surgeon perspective views during LLIF were for a total of six approaches. During the dissection, all vascular elements were noted and photographed, and anatomical relationships to the vertebral bodies and disc spaces were analyzed. In addition, several axial and sagittal MRI images of the lumbar spine were analyzed to complement the cadaveric analysis.Results: The aorta descends along the left anterior aspect of lumbar vertebra with an average distance of 2.1 cm (range 1.9-2.3 cm) to the center of each intervertebral disc. The vena cava descends along the right anterior aspect of lumbar vertebrates with average distance of 1.4 cm (range 1.3-1.6 cm) to the center of the intervertebral disc. Each vertebral body has two lumbar arteries (direct branches from the aorta); one exits to the left and one to the right side of the vertebral body. The lumbar arteries pass underneath the sympathetic trunk, run in the superior margin of the vertebral body and extend all the way across it, with average length of 3.8 cm (range 2.5-5 cm). The mean distance between the arteries and the inferior plate of the superior disc space is 4.2 mm (range 2-5 mm) and mean distance of 3.1 cm (range 2.8-3.8 cm) between two arteries in adjacent vertebrae. One of the cadavers had an expected normal anatomical variation where the left arteries at L3-L4 anastomosed dorsally of the vertebral bodies at the middle of the intervertebral disc.Conclusions: Understanding the vascular anatomy of the lateral and anterior lumbar spine is paramount for successfully and safely executing the LLIF procedure. It is imperative to identify anatomical variations in lumbar arteries and veins with careful assessment of the preoperative imaging. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We investigate behavior of trajectory of a (3, 2)-rational p-adic dynamical system in complex p-adic field $$\mathbb{C}_p$$. The paper studies Siegel disks and attractors of these dynamical systems. The set of fixed points of the (3, 2)-rational function may by empty, or may consist of a single element, or of two elements. We obtained the following results. In the case of existence of two fixed points, the p-adic dynamical system has a very rich behavior: we show that Siegel disks may either coincide or be disjoint for different fixed points of the dynamical system. Besides, we find the basin of the attractor of the system. For some values of the parameters there are trajectories which go arbitrary far from the fixed points. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Our investigation has been carried using the instruments onboard the Solar Dynamics Observatory (SDO) providing a high resolution of images (AIA photographs and HMI magnetograms). We have investigated the structure and magnetic evolution of several coronal bright points and small scale N-S polarity magnetic fluxes closely associated with them. We also compare the evolution of the magnetic polarities of elementary isolated sources of positive and negative fluxes (magnetic bipoles) and coronal bright points. Tiny ('elementary') coronal bright points have been detected. A standard coronal bright point is shown to be a group of 'elementary' coronal bright points that flare up sequentially. Our investigation shows that a change in the magnetic fluxes of opposite polarities is observed before the flare of a coronal bright point. We show that not all cases of the formation of coronal bright points are described by the magnetic reconnection model. This result has not been considered previously and has not been pointed out by other authors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We investigate the behavior of trajectories of a (3, 2)-rational p-adic dynamical system in the complex p-adic field ℂ, when there exists a unique fixed point x. We study this p-adic dynamical system by dynamics of real radiuses of balls (with the center at the fixed point x). We show that there exists a radius r depending on parameters of the rational function such that: when x is an attracting point then the trajectory of an inner point from the ball U( x) goes to x and each sphere with a radius > r (with the center at x) is invariant; When x is a repeller point then the trajectory of an inner point from a ball U( x) goes forward to the sphere S( x). Once the trajectory reaches the sphere, in the next step it either goes back to the interior of U( x) or stays in S( x) for some time and then goes back to the interior of the ball. As soon as the trajectory goes outside of U( x) it will stay (for all the rest of time) in the sphere (outside of U( x)) that it reached first. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We have studied the interaction of manganese nanoclusters with sulfur atoms in silicon. The results indicate that both simultaneous and sequential codoping with manganese and sulfur has little effect on the electrical properties (resistivity, carrier mobility, and conductivity type) of silicon. There is no extrinsic photoconductivity in the IR spectral region, and the material has only a small positive magnetoresistance. According to electron paramagnetic resonance data, the material contains only atomic manganese. Sulfur atoms in the silicon lattice are assumed to facilitate the capture of doubly charged manganese interstitials (Mn) at negatively charged vacancies, resulting in the formation of a multicomponent impurity cluster of composition SiSMn in the silicon lattice throughout the crystal. The optimal thermal annealing conditions for the formation of such clusters are determined. The ability to produce SiSMn clusters with controlled concentration allows one to tailor the main fundamental parameters of silicon and opens up new possibilities for such materials in nano- and microelectronic device development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The results of the experimental and theoretical investigation of basic laser rocket engine (LRE) characteristics are presented; the engine operation is based on a continuous optical discharge being stabilized in the absorption chamber by a swirled counterflow working gas stream. Modeling of the stream pattern in the LRE absorption chamber made it possible to reveal zones of peripheral, intermediate and axial flow taking into account atmospheric air ejection into the near-axial region through the gasodynamic window. It is shown that creation of a laser rocket engine with a high specific impulse is a real problem. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The features of the photoelectric properties of silicon with multicharged nanoclusters of manganese atoms are studied. The patterns of change in the multiplicity of the charge state of the nanoclusters as a function of the Fermi level position are determined. It is shown that the samples with the maximum multiplicity of the charge of the nanoclusters exhibit a number of new physical effects, i.e., anomalously high extrinsic photoconductivity within a range of 3–5 μm, giant residual conductivity, and photoconductivity stimulated by an electrical field. In samples with a minimal charge state of the nanoclusters, the effect of anomalously deep infrared quenching of the photoconductivity is observed, the quenching multiplicities of which achieve 6 or 7 orders. The laws for controlling the photoelectric properties of silicon by changing the charge state of the nanoclusters are determined. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We describe an automatic routine to identify coronal bright points (CBPs) and apply this routine to SOHO/EIT observations taken in the 195 Å spectral range during solar cycle 23. We examine the total number of CBPs and its change in the course of this solar cycle. Unlike some other recent studies, we do find a modest ≈30% decrease in the number of CBPs associated with maximum of sunspot activity. Using the maximum brightness of CBPs as a criterion, we separate them on two categories: dim CBPs, associated with areas of a quiet Sun, and bright CBPs, associated with an active Sun. We find that the number of dim coronal bright points decreases at the maximum of sunspot cycle, while the number of bright CBPs increases. The latitudinal distributions suggest that dim CBPs are distributed uniformly over the solar disk. Active Sun CBPs exhibit a well-defined two-hump latitudinal profile suggestive of enhanced production of this type of CBPs in sunspot activity belts. Finally, we investigate the relative role of two mechanisms in cycle variations of CBP number, and conclude that a change in fraction of solar surface occupied by the quiet Sun’s magnetic field is the primary cause, with the visibility effect playing a secondary role. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A method is presented for calculating the thermal state of the laser rocket engine (LRE) structure with numerous plasma formations in the absorption chamber. The results of evaluating radiant heat fluxes and the temperature of the LRE structure walls with regard for convective and conductive heat exchange are given; the actions of a heat flux with the specified distribution density on the structure surface are considered as functions of time and thermal radiation, that is due to the temperature and optical properties of a radiating body. It is shown that working process organization in the absorption chamber on the basis of numerous plasma formations makes it possible to produce a uniform profile of the heat flux distribution along the absorption chamber axis and thus reduce a possibility of separate structure sections overheating. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A method and the results of calculating the temperature field distribution for a three-focus plasma formation are presented; the calculation is made by the numerical method with the use of the theoretical Glumb and Krier model. It is proposed that multi-phase plasma formations consisting of solid laser sparks should be used in the absorption chamber of a laser rocket engine (LRE). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Problems of working process organization in the absorption chamber of a laser jet propulsion are considered. A method for plasma stabilization in the near-axial region of the absorption chamber is proposed; the method is based on the axisymmetric swirled working gas counterflow around a continuous optical discharge. The conditions ensuring continuous stable plasma “combustion” depending on the geometric chamber sizes, flow temperature, working gas type are determined. Possible deviations of a real working process from the theoretical statements are analyzed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A method and results of calculating the laser radiation power values necessary to place an artificial earth satellite in orbit are presented; the values depend on the initial vehicle mass, velocity of the working fluid efflux from the laser rocket engine nozzle, velocity of vehicle motion, optimal values of thrust-to-weight ratio taking into account irreversible energy losses in the rocket engine jet. The possibility of creating a spacecraft with small initial mass is substantiated. A layout scheme of the propulsive system is proposed that makes it possible to divide total laser radiation power and to use atmospheric air as a working fluid. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Peripheral transfer reactions can be used to determine asymptotic normalization coefficients (ANCs). These coefficients, which specify the normalization of the tail of the nuclear overlap function, determine S-factors for direct capture reactions at astrophysical energies. A variety of proton transfer reactions involving both stable and radioactive beams have been used to measure ANCs. Tests have demonstrated that ANCs determined from proton transfer reactions can be used to calculate astrophysical direct capture rates to within 9%. The 10B(7Be, 8B)9Be and 14N(7Be, 8B)13C reactions have been used to measure the ANC appropriate for determining the 7Be( p,γ)8B rate, and the 14N(11C, 12N)13C reaction has been used to measure the ANC required to calculate the 11C( p,γ)12N rate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The fungicidal activity of some chitosan samples and their nanostructured systems with copper was studied. The samples of Bombyx mori chitosan and its nanostructured systems with copper were found to inhibit growth and development of phytopathogenic fungi Fusarium solani 169 and Verticillium dahlie 57. The growth inhibition zone was of considerable size (22 to 60 mm). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is shown experimentally that a rather high negative magnetoresistance in silicon is observed not only in compensated p-(Si:B):Mn, but also in overcompensated n-(Si:B):Mn with a Fermi level of F = E − 0.35 eV ÷ E − 0.55 eV. The magnitude and the temperature range of the negative magnetoresistance in materials of this kind are determined by the position of the Fermi level. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on infrared microscopic studies, we show that clusters of impurity nickel atoms are uniformly distributed over the entire volume of the silicon crystal; by varying the density of the clusters in silicon exposed to γ-radiation, it is possible to control the concentration of the electroactive atoms and the structure of the nickel clusters. It is shown that the presence of clusters in the lattice significantly increases the radiation resistance of the silicon. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Under conditions of 4 π coverage, the production of cumulative protons in π −C, pC, 4HeC, and CC collisions at high energies is studied on the basis of a large statistical sample. The behavior of inclusive cross sections for cumulative-proton production versus the cumulative number β is found to be universal in the sense that it is independent of the type projectile and primary energy. It is established that the mean number of cumulative protons is also independent of the projectile type and primary energy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is experimentally ascertained that light stimulates the negative magnetoresistance observed in a high electric field in silicon doped with boron and manganese. The optimum conditions (the electric field, temperature, illumination, and resistivity of the material) for observation of the largest magnitude of negative magnetoresistance in (Si:B):Mn are determined. The dependence of the negative magnetoresistance on the concentration of compensating impurity is established. © 2005 Pleiades Publishing, Inc. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lipids of the thermophilic fungus Mucor miehei, strain UzLT-3, cultivated at 26 and 42 C are studied. The lipids of this strain contain isomeric 18:2 (9,12) and (6,9) fatty acids and polyene acids - and -18:3, which are uncharacteristic of thermophilic fungi. Cultivation at 26°C increases the fraction of phospholipids (PL), glycolipids (GL), and isomeric 18:3 fatty acids in the total lipids. It is hypothesized that the liquid-crystalline state of the membranes of this strain at reduced temperature are due to activation of desaturases δ12 and δ15 and possibly δ6 , which are present in the fungus and participate in the biosynthesis of unsaturated acyl lipids. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The composition of phospholipids synthesized by the mycelial fungus Mucor miehei at various cultivation temperatures is studied. It is demonstrated that the content of unsaturated fatty acids in the total increases at low temperatures (26 C). The increased degree of unsaturation is accompanied by a change in the phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine content in the phospholipids. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A laboratory bioreactor was developed for functionalizing immobilized cells of the mycelial fungusMucor miehei. The ability to use the cells to purify wastewaters from the oil-refining industry is demonstrated. With proper operation of the reactor, immobilized cells (1 g) can purify >100 l of wastewater containing 0.10-0.15% of lipid-like substances. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]