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Background/Objectives: Accurate assessments of energy intake (EI) are needed in lifestyle interventions to guarantee a negative energy balance (EB), thereby losing weight. This study aimed (1) to compare objectively measured and self-reported EI and (2) to determine the predictors of underreporting divided by sex, adiposity and BMI category. Methods: Seventy-three participants [mean (SD): 43.7 (9.2) years, BMI = 31.5 (4.5) kg/m2, 37% females] of the Champ4Life intervention were included in this study. EI was measured using the "intake-balance method" and self-reported through 3-day food records. Fat mass (FM) and fat-free mass (FFM) were measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. Bland–Altman analysis was performed to compare both EI assessments. Results: Self-reported EI was lower than measured EI during both neutral (–355 kcal/d) and negative EB (–570 kal/day). While no significant trends were observed for EI evaluation in either neutral (p = 0.315) or negative EB (p = 0.611), limits of agreement were wide (–1720 to 1010 and –1920 to 779 kcal/day, respectively). In females, the degree of misreporting (kcal/day and %) was predicted by weight (p = 0.032 and p = 0.039, respectively) and FM (p = 0.029 and p = 0.037, respectively). In males, only BMI (p = 0.036) was a predictor of misreporting (kcal/day). Conclusion: Self-reported EI did not agree with measured EI. Our results show that larger body size was associated with higher levels of underestimation for EI (females only). Nevertheless, misreporting EI is a complex issue involving more associations than merely body composition. A deeper understanding could inform counseling for participants filling out food records in other to reduce misreporting and improve validity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The biophysical response of the human body to electric current is widely appreciated as a barometer of fluid distribution and cell function. From distinct raw bioelectrical impedance (BIA) variables assessed in the field of body composition, phase angle (PhA) has been repeatedly indicated as a functional marker of the cell's health and mass. Although resistance training (RT) programs have demonstrated to be effective to improve PhA, with varying degrees of change depending on other raw BIA variables, there is still limited research explaining the biological mechanisms behind these changes. Here, we aim to provide the rationale for the responsiveness of PhA determinants to RT, as well as to summarize all available evidence addressing the effect of varied RT programs on PhA of different age groups. Available data led us to conclude that RT modulates the cell volume by increasing the levels of intracellular glycogen and water, thus triggering structural and functional changes in different cell organelles. These alterations lead, respectively, to shifts in the resistive path of the electric current (resistance, R) and capacitive properties of the human body (reactance, Xc), which ultimately impact PhA, considering that it is the angular transformation of the ratio between Xc and R. Evidence drawn from experimental research suggests that RT is highly effective for enhancing PhA, especially when adopting high-intensity, volume, and duration RT programs combining other types of exercise. Still, additional research exploring the effects of RT on whole-body and regional BIA variables of alternative population groups is recommended for further knowledge development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims: This investigation aimed to determine the effect of different intensities of training on non-exercise physical activity (NEPA) and estimated thermogenesis (NEAT) from a 1-year exercise randomized controlled trial (RCT) in individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) on non-training days. Additionally, changes in NEPA and estimated NEAT in those who failed (low-responders) or succeeded (high-responders) in attaining exercise-derived clinically meaningful reductions in body weight (BW) and fat mass (FM) (i.e., 6% for FM and 3% for BW) was assessed. Methods: Individuals with T2DM (n = 80) were enrolled in a RCT with three groups: resistance training combined with moderate-intensity continuous training (MICT) or high-intensity interval training (HIIT) and a control group. Of the 80 participants, 56 (completed data) were considered for this secondary analysis. NEPA and estimated NEAT were obtained by accelerometry and body composition through dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. Results: After adjustments, no time*group interactions were found for estimated NEAT in the MICT (β = − 5.33, p = 0.366) and HIIT (β = − 5.70, p = 0.283), as well as for NEPA in the MICT (β = − 452.83, p = 0.833) and HIIT (β = − 2770.76, p = 0.201), when compared to controls. No compensatory changes in NEPA and estimated NEAT were observed when considering both low-responders and high-responders to FM and BW when compared to controls. Conclusions: Both MICT and HIIT did not result in any compensatory changes in estimated NEAT and NEPA with the intervention on non-training days. Moreover, no changes in estimated NEAT and NEPA were found when categorizing our participants as low-responders and high-responders to FM and BW when compared to controls. Trial registration clinicaltrials.gov ID. NCT03144505. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background/objectives: Physical activity (PA) guidelines advocate that children should accumulate at least 60 min of moderate-to-vigorous PA daily. Still, it is not clear how body fat may differ if the same dose of PA is accumulated at different intensities. We aimed to determine the independent associations of energy expenditure (EE) at moderate (MPA) and vigorous (VPA) PA intensity on total and abdominal fat in children and if these associations were moderated by cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF). Subjects/methods: A total of 326 children (girls = 171, boys = 151) aged 10–12 years had PA assessed with accelerometers. Total fat mass index (FMI) and abdominal FMI were assessed with DXA. CRF was assessed by a cycle ergometer test. Linear regression models were used to model the outcomes with the inclusion of an interaction term to test for moderation effects. Results: An inverse association was found between VPA EE and FMI (β = −0.013, p < 0.001) and abdominal FMI (β = −0.0014, p < 0.001) independent of MPA EE. In contrast, MPA EE was not related to adiposity independent of VPA EE (p > 0.05). The relationships between the PA intensities and FMI and abdominal FMI were moderated by CRF. MPA EE was positively associated with adiposity in children with high levels of CRF, whereas VPA EE remained inversely associated with adiposity regardless of CRF level, although the strength of the association was lower in those with higher CRF levels. Conclusion: PA programs should provide opportunities for children to perform VPA in order to achieve healthier body fat profiles and avoid excess adiposity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background/Objectives: Bioelectrical impedance (BIA) whole-body and regional raw parameters have been used to develop prediction models to estimate whole-body lean soft tissue (LSTM), with less attention being given to the development of models for regional LSTM. Therefore, we aimed to develop and validate BIA-derived equations predicting regional LSTM against dual x-ray absorptiometry (DXA) in healthy adults. Subjects/Methods: 149 adults were included in this cross-sectional investigation. Whole-body and regional LSTM were assessed by DXA, and raw bioelectrical parameters of distinct body regions were measured using a 50 kHz phase sensitive BIA analyzer. BIA-derived equations were developed using a stepwise multiple linear regression approach in 2/3 of the sample and cross-validated in the remaining sample. Results: Slopes and intercepts of predicted LSTM and DXA measured LSTM did not differ from 1 and 0, respectively, for each region (p ≥ 0.05), with the exception for the trunk (p < 0.05). The BIA-derived equations exhibited a strong relationship (p < 0.001) between the predicted and measured LSTM for each of the following body regions: right and left arms (R = 0.94; R = 0.96), right and left legs (R = 0.88; R = 0.88), upper body (R = 0.96), lower body (R = 0.89), right and left sides of the body (R = 0.94; R = 0.94), and trunk (R = 0.90). Agreement analyses revealed no associations between the differences and the means of the predicted and DXA-derived LSTM. Conclusion: The developed BIA-derived equations provide a valid estimate of regional LSTM in middle-aged healthy adults, representing a cost-effective and time-efficient alternative to DXA for the assessment and identification of LSTM imbalances in both clinical and sport-specific contexts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Despite adaptive thermogenesis (AT) being studied as a barrier to weight loss (WL), few studies assessed AT in the resting energy expenditure (REE) compartment after WL maintenance. The aim of this study was twofold: (1) to understand if AT occurs after a moderate WL and if AT persists after a period of WL maintenance; and (2) if AT is associated with changes in body composition, hormones and energy intake (EI). Methods: Ninety-four participants [mean (SD); BMI, 31.1(4.3)kg/m2; 43.0(9.4)y; 34% female] were randomized to intervention (IG, n = 49) or control groups (CG, n = 45). Subjects underwent a 1-year lifestyle intervention, divided in 4 months of an active WL followed by 8 months of WL maintenance. Fat mass (FM) and fat-free mass (FFM) were measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry and REE by indirect calorimetry. Predicted REE (pREE) was estimated through a model using FM, FFM. EI was measured by the "intake-balance" method. Results: For the IG, the weight and FM losses were − 4.8 (4.9) and − 11.3 (10.8)%, respectively (p < 0.001). A time–group interaction was found between groups for AT. After WL, the IG showed an AT of -85(29) kcal.d−1 (p < 0.001), and remained significant after 1 year [AT = − 72(31)kcal.d−1, p = 0.031]. Participants with higher degrees of restriction were those with an increased energy conservation (R = − 0.325, p = 0.036 and R = − 0.308, p = 0.047, respectively). No associations were found between diet adherence and AT. Following a sub-analysis in the IG, the group with a higher energy conservation showed a lower WL and fat loss and a higher initial EI. Conclusion: AT in REE occurred after a moderate WL and remained significant after WL maintenance. More studies are needed to better clarify the mechanisms underlying the large variability observed in AT and providing an accurate methodological approach to avoid overstatements. Future studies on AT should consider not only changes in FM and FFM but also the FFM composition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The replacement of traditional classroom desks for active-permissive desks has been tested to reduce sitting time during classes. However, their impact on other domains is still unclear. We aimed to verify the potential effects of a classroom standing desk intervention on cognitive function and academic achievement in 6th-grade students. This was a controlled trial conducted with two classes [intervention (n = 22) and control (n = 27)] from a public school in Lisbon, Portugal. The intervention was carried out for 16 weeks and consisted of multi-level actions (students, parents, and teachers) centered on the implementation of standing desks in the intervention classroom. The control group had traditional classes with no use of standing desks or any other interference/action from the research team. Pre- and post-assessments of executive functions (attention, inhibitory function, memory, and fluid intelligence) and academic achievement were obtained. No differences between groups were found at baseline. Both groups improved (time effect) academic achievement (p < 0.001), memory span (p < 0.001), and inhibitory function (p = 0.008). Group versus time interactions were observed regarding operational memory (intervention: + 18.0% and control: + 41.6%; p = 0.039) and non-verbal fluid intelligence (intervention: − 14.0% and control: + 3.9%; p = 0.017). We concluded that a 16-week classroom standing desk intervention did not improve cognitive performance or academic achievement more than the traditional sitting classes. Trial registration: ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier (NCT03137836) (date of first registration: 03/05/2017). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Many factors may influence the magnitude of individual responses to resistance training (RT). How the manipulation of training volume and frequency affects responsiveness level for muscle mass gain in older women has not been investigated. Aims: This study had the objective of identifying responders (RP) and non-responders (N-RP) older women for skeletal muscle mass (SMM) gain from a 12-week resistance training (RT) program. Additionally, we analyzed whether the N-RP could gain SMM with an increase in weekly training volume over 12 additional weeks of training. Methods: Thirty-nine older women (aged ≥ 60 years) completed 24 weeks of a whole-body RT intervention (eight exercises, 2–3×/week, 1–2 sets of 10–15 repetitions). SMM was estimated by DXA, and the responsive cut-off value was set at two times the standard error of measurement. Participants were considered as RP if they exceeded the cut-off value after a 12-week RT phase, while the N-RP were those who failed to reach the SMM cut-off. Results: Of the 22 participants considered to be N-RP, only 3 accumulated SMM gains (P = 0.250) that exceeded the cut-off point for responsiveness following 12 additional weeks of training, while 19 maintained or presented negative SMM changes. Of the 17 participants considered to be RP, all continued to gain SMM after the second 12-week RT phase. No significant correlation was observed between the changes in SMM and any baseline aspect of the participants. Conclusions: Our results suggest that some older women are RP, while others are N-RP to SMM gains resulting from RT. Furthermore, the non-responsiveness condition was not altered by an increase of training volume and intervention duration while RP participants continue to increase SMM; it appears that RP continue to be RP, and N-RP continue to be N-RP. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Exercise is beneficial to type-2 diabetes-mellitus (T2DM), and there is evidence showing that one of those benefits include a higher expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), which has been implicated in improving fat oxidation and cognitive development. The deleterious effect of prolonged sedentary time (ST) on BDNF levels has never been examined in patients with T2DM. Our goal was to analyse the associations for sedentary patterns [i.e. breaks in ST per sedentary hour (BST-ST) and bouts of sedentary time (BSB) of different length] with BDNF in patients with T2DM, independent of moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) and cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF). Methods: Sample included 80 patients (38 women) with T2DM (58.3 ± 7.8 years). ST and MVPA were assessed by accelerometry (ActiGraph, GT3X + model), BDNF by blood collection and plasma quantification using commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kits, and CRF was determined using a Bruce protocol to exhaustion, on a motorized treadmill. Results: Positive associations for BST-ST (β = 0.155; p = 0.007) with BDNF, and negative associations for BSB longer than 15 min with BDNF were found (β = − 0.118; p = 0.049). Neither MVPA nor cardiorespiratory fitness eliminated the associations for BST-ST with BDNF, but MVPA eradicated the associations between BSB > 15 min and BDNF. Conclusions: Our findings suggest that interrupting ST and especially avoiding longer sedentary periods (> 15 min) may be beneficial for BDNF plasma abundance that may influence metabolic and cognitive functioning of patients with T2DM, especially for the ones presenting lower MVPA levels. Trial registration: May 5, 2017, ClinicalTrials.govID:NCT03144505. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background/objective: Knowing the distribution of lean soft tissue (LST) among the body segments is of relevance for optimizing athletic performance, monitoring response to training, and for evaluating injury risk. Bioelectrical impedance (BIA) is a portable, low cost, and easy technique to assess body composition. However, most equations used by BIA to predict LST are not specific for the athlete population. The aim of this investigation was to develop and validate equations to estimate dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) appendicular LST of the arms and legs based on whole-body BIA in athletes.Methods: Arms and legs LST were assessed by DXA and whole-body reactance (Xc) and resistance (R) were measured by BIA in athletes from various sports. Using measures of height, the resistance index (RI) (RI = height2/R) was calculated. Prediction equations were established using a cross-validation method where 177 athletes (2/3 of sample) were used for equation development and the remaining 88 athletes (1/3 of sample) were used for equation validation.Results: The developed prediction equations were as follows: arm LST = 0.940 × sex (0 = male; 1 = female) + 0.042 × total body weight (kg) + 0.080 × RI + 0.024 × Xc - 3.927; leg LST = 1.983 × sex (0 = male; 1 = female) + 0.154 × total body weight (kg) + 0.127 × RI - 1.147. Both equations validated well for the arms (mean difference = 0.11 kg, R2 = 0.89, pure error (PE) = 0.61) and for the legs (mean difference = 0.05 kg, R2 = 0.81, PE = 1.93 kg). There were no differences (p > 0.05) in the mean observed and predicted LST for the arms and legs.Conclusion: The developed BIA-based prediction equations provide a valid estimation of upper and lower body LST in athletes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Neck circumference (NC) has been proposed as a simple and practical tool, independently associated with cardiometabolic risk factors. However, the association of NC with inter-muscular adipose tissue (IMAT) is still to be determined. We aimed to examine the association of NC with thigh IMAT, and visceral adipose tissue (VAT) measured with computed tomography (CT) in overweight/obese women. 142 premenopausal overweight and obese Caucasian women participated in this cross-sectional study. NC was measured with an inextensible metallic tape above the thyroid cartilage according to International Society for Advancement of Kinanthropometry protocol. Thigh IMAT and VAT volumes were measured with a single cross-sectional CT. Regarding the covariates, fat mass (FM) was assessed with dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry and physical activity was objectively measured with accelerometry. NC was positively associated with thigh IMAT and VAT volumes (standardized β coefficient: β = 0.45, P-value = ≤0.001, β = 0.60, P = ≤ 0.001; respectively), which persisted after adjusting for age, height, overall FM or moderate-to-vigorous physical activity. Our findings show that NC is associated with thigh IMAT volume in overweight and obese premenopausal Caucasian women, regardless of the amount of lower-body fatness. These results suggest underscoring the relevance of NC as a marker of adipose tissue content in thigh skeletal muscle. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Neck circumference (NC) has been proposed as a simple and practical tool, independently associated with cardiometabolic risk factors. However, the association of NC with inter-muscular adipose tissue (IMAT) is still to be determined. We aimed to examine the association of NC with thigh IMAT, and visceral adipose tissue (VAT) measured with computed tomography (CT) in overweight/obese women. 142 premenopausal overweight and obese Caucasian women participated in this cross-sectional study. NC was measured with an inextensible metallic tape above the thyroid cartilage according to International Society for Advancement of Kinanthropometry protocol. Thigh IMAT and VAT volumes were measured with a single cross-sectional CT. Regarding the covariates, fat mass (FM) was assessed with dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry and physical activity was objectively measured with accelerometry. NC was positively associated with thigh IMAT and VAT volumes (standardized β coefficient: β = 0.45, P-value = ≤0.001, β = 0.60, P = ≤ 0.001; respectively), which persisted after adjusting for age, height, overall FM or moderate-to-vigorous physical activity. Our findings show that NC is associated with thigh IMAT volume in overweight and obese premenopausal Caucasian women, regardless of the amount of lower-body fatness. These results suggest underscoring the relevance of NC as a marker of adipose tissue content in thigh skeletal muscle. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims/hypothesis: Vascular changes in individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus majorly contribute to the development of cardiovascular disease. Increased cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) has been associated with improvements in vascular health. Although CRF tends to improve with exercise training, there remains a portion of participants with little or no improvement. Given the importance of vascular function in individuals with type 2 diabetes, we assessed whether individuals who failed to improve CRF following a 1 year exercise intervention also failed to improve arterial stiffness and structural indices. Methods: Individuals with type 2 diabetes with no major micro- and macrovascular complications and aged between 30 and 75 years old (n = 63) participated in a three-arm, 1 year, randomised controlled exercise intervention in Lisbon, Portugal. The study involved a non-exercise control group, a moderate continuous training combined with resistance training (RT) group and a high-intensity interval training with RT group. Allocation of participants into the intervention and control groups was done using a computer-generated list of random numbers. An improvement in CRF was defined as a change in V ̇ O 2 peak ≥5%. Vascular stiffness and structural indices were measured using ultrasound imaging and applanation tonometry. Generalised estimating equations were used to compare changes in vascular measures across individuals in the control group (n = 22) and those in the exercise groups who either had improved CRF (CRF responders; n = 14) or whose CRF did not improve (CRF non-responders; n = 27) following 1 year of exercise training. Results: Compared with the control group, exercisers, with and without improvements in CRF, had decreased carotid intima–media thickness (IMT) (CRF responders: β = −2.84 [95% CI −5.63, −0.04]; CRF non-responders: β = −5.89 [95% CI −9.38, −2.40]) and lower-limb pulse wave velocity (PWV) (CRF responders: β = −0.14 [95% CI −0.25, −0.03]; CRF non-responders: β = −0.14 [95% CI −0.25, −0.03]), the latter being an indicator of peripheral arterial stiffness. Only CRF responders had decreased PWV of the upper limb compared with control participants (β = −0.12 [95% CI −0.23, −0.01]). As for central stiffness, CRF non-responders had increased aortic PWV compared with CRF responders (β = 0.19 [95% CI 0.07, 0.31]), whereas only the CRF non-responders had altered carotid distensibility coefficient compared with the control group (β = 0.00 [95% CI 3.01 × 10−5, 0.00]). No interaction effects between the CRF responders and non-responders vs control group were found for the remaining stiffness or haemodynamic indices (p>0.05). Conclusions/interpretation: Regardless of improvements in CRF, individuals with type 2 diabetes had significant improvements in carotid IMT and lower-limb arterial stiffness following a 1 year exercise intervention. Thus, a lack of improvement in CRF following exercise in people with type 2 diabetes does not necessarily entail a lack of improvement in vascular health. Trial registration: ClinicalTrials.gov NCT03144505 Funding: This work was supported by fellowships from the Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology. This work is also financed by a national grant through the Fundação para a Ciência e Tecnologia (FCT), within the unit I&D 472. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: It is important for highly active individuals to accurately assess their hydration level. Bioelectrical impedance (BIA) can potentially meet these needs but its validity in active individuals is not well established.Methods: We compared whole-body bioimpedance measurements obtained from multi-frequency bioelectrical impedance spectroscopy (BIS, Xitron 4200) at a 50 kHz frequency with those determined by a phase-sensitive single-frequency device (SF-BIA, BIA-101, RJL/Akern Systems) in two populations: active adults and elite athletes.Results: One hundred twenty-six participants, including active males involved in recreational sports (N = 25, 20-39 yr) and elite athletes (females: N = 26, 18-35 yr; males: N = 75, 18-38 yr) participated in this study. Reactance (Xc), Resistance (R), Impedance (Z), and phase angle (PhA) were obtained by BIS and SF-BIA. Small but significant differences (R: -9.91 ± 15.09 Ω; Xc: -0.97 ± 2.56 Ω; Z: -9.96 ± 15.18 Ω; PhA: 0.12 ± 0.2°) were observed between the bioimpedance equipment in all measured variables (p < 0.05) though differences were within the devices' technical error of measurements. Device-specific values were highly (p < 0.0001) correlated [R2 ranged from 0.881 (Xc) to 0.833 (R)], but slopes and intercepts were different (p < 0.0001) from 1 and 0, respectively. Relatively large limits of agreement were observed for R (-40 to 21 Ω), Xc (-6 to 4 Ω), PhA (-0.4 to 0.5°), and impedance (-40 to 20 Ω).Conclusion: Bioimpedance measurements from the current single- and multi-frequency devices should not be used interchangeably. The of lack of agreement between devices was observed in determining individual values of R, Xc, Z and PhA of highly active populations possibly due to methodological and biological factors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Modern lifestyles require people to spend prolonged periods of sitting, and public health messages recommend replacing sitting with as much standing as is feasible. The metabolic/energy cost (MEC) of sitting and standing is poorly understood, and MEC associated with a transition from sitting to standing has not been reported. Thus, we carefully quantified the MEC for sitting, standing and sit/stand transitions, adjusting for age and fat-free mass (FFM) in a sample of adults with no known disease.Methods: Participants (N = 50; 25 women), 20–64 years, randomly performed three conditions for 10 min each (sitting, standing, 1 sit/stand transition min(−1) and then sitting back down). MEC was measured by indirect calorimetry and FFM by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry.Results: V̇O2 (ml kg(−1) min(−1)) for sitting (2.93 ± 0.61; 2.87 ± 0.37 in men and women respectively), standing (3.16 ± 0.63; 3.03 ± 0.40), and steady-state cost of repeated sit/stand transitions (1 min(−1)) (3.86 ± 0.75; 3.79 ± 0.57) were significantly different regardless of sex and weight (p < 0.001). EE (kcal min(−1)) also differed from sitting (1.14 ± 0.18; 0.88 ± 0.11), to standing (1.23 ± 0.19; 0.92 ± 0.13), and sit/stand transitions (1 min(−1)) (1.49 ± 0.25; 1.16 ± 0.16). Heart-rate increased from sitting to standing (~13 bpm; p < 0.001). Neither sex nor FFM influenced the results (p ≥ 0.05).Conclusions: This study found in a sample of adults with no known disease that continuous standing raised MEC 0.07 kcal min(−1) above normal sitting. The transition from sitting to standing (and return to sitting) had a metabolic cost of 0.32 kcal min(−1) above sitting. Therefore, public health messages recommending to interrupt sitting frequently should be informed of the modest energetic costs regardless of sex and body composition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Resistance training has been recommended for maintenance or improvement of the functional health of older adults, but its effect on acute cardiovascular responses remains unclear. Thus, the purpose of this study was to analyze the effect of 12 weeks of resistance training on post-exercise blood pressure (BP) in normotensive older women. Twenty-eight normotensive and physically inactive women (≥60 years) were randomly assigned to a training group (TG) or a control group (CG). The TG underwent a resistance training program (12 weeks, 8 exercises, 2 sets, 10–15 repetitions, 3 days/week), while the CG performed stretching exercises (12 weeks, 2 sets, 20 s each, 2 days/week). At baseline and after the intervention, participants were randomly submitted to two experimental sessions: a resistance exercise session (7 exercises, 2 sets, 10–15 repetitions) and a control session. BP was obtained pre- and post-sessions (90 min), through auscultation. Post-exercise hypotension was observed for systolic, diastolic, and mean BP in the TG (−6.1, −3.4, and −4.3 mmHg, respectively; P < 0.05) and in the CG (−4.1, −0.7, and −1.8 mmHg, respectively; P < 0.05). After the intervention period, the magnitude and pattern of this phenomenon for systolic, diastolic, and mean BP were similar between groups (TG −8.8, −4.1, and −5.7 mmHg, respectively; P < 0.05 vs CG −11.1, −5.8, and −7.6 mmHg, respectively; P < 0.05). These results indicate that a single session of resistance exercise promotes reduction in post-exercise BP and 12 weeks of resistance training program do not change the occurrence or magnitude of this hypotension. (ClinicalTrial.gov: NCT02346981) [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In older adults, sedentary time is positively associated with obesity. The manner in which it is accumulated, i.e., the number of breaks in sedentary time, might be also important. We examined the cross-sectional associations of breaks in sedentary time with abdominal obesity in 301 older adults (111 men and 190 women) aged 75.0 ± 6.8 years. Sedentary time (counts min−1 < 100) and physical activity were objectively measured by accelerometry, worn during waking hours for at least three consecutive days. A break was defined as an interruption (≥100 counts min−1 < 2020) in sedentary time while performing light intensity physical activities. Sedentary time was expressed as the number of daily breaks in sedentary time or hourly breaks in sedentary time. Abdominal obesity was defined by waist circumference (men >102 cm; women >88 cm). Using binary logistic regression analyses, the odds for abdominal obesity decreased 7 % for each additional hourly break in sedentary time in women (OR = 0.93, 95 % CI: 0.87–1.00), but not men, independently of total sedentary time and moderate-to-vigorous physical activity. The odds for abdominal obesity were 3.21 times higher (p = 0.039) for women in quartile 1 (<225 breaks day−1) of daily breaks in sedentary time compared to those in quartile 4 (>353 breaks day−1) of daily breaks in sedentary time. These findings indicate that older women who interrupt their sedentary time more frequently are less likely to present abdominal obesity. Public health recommendations regarding breaking-up sedentary time complementary to those for physical activity are likely to be relevant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study was to evaluate health-related quality of life and other psychosocial characteristics, including eating self-regulation and body image, in a group of successful long-term weight loss maintainers. Women enrolled in the Portuguese Weight Control Registry ( n = 107) were matched and compared to women at the end of a behavior weight loss treatment program ( n = 107), and also with women in the community who were not trying to lose weight ( n = 107). Successful maintainers displayed higher quality of life and a more positive profile in selected eating and exercise markers of self-regulation compared to similarly-weighed women not attempting weight loss, but not when compared to the ‘weight loss treatment’ group. However, results also suggest that concerns with body shape and size may persist after weight loss and that some aspects of well-being and eating self-regulation can be more successfully targeted in specific weight loss programs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An amendment to this paper has been published and can be accessed via a link at the top of the paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]