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Background Despite its importance in affecting adult pain, and disability, there is a lack of universal criteria for the diagnosis and evaluation of thoraco-lumbar Junctional Kyphosis (JK) and a gold standard measurement and diagnostic system does not exist. This study aims to verify the sensibility and specificity of clinical, and Formetric surface topography (FST) data in identifying Junctional Kyphosis in respect to the radiographical standard references. Methods Design: This is a cross sectional study from a prospective database started in March 2003. Participants: 38 subjects. Inclusion criteria: Patients selected by age according to Risser score 1, at first visit with lateral x-rays and FST. Diagnostic test used to detect JK: FST criteria: level of thoraco-lumbar inflexion point in percentage compared to the total height of the spine. X-ray criteria: lower limit of thoracic kyphosis below T12. Statistics: sensitivity, specificity, positive (PPV) and negative predictive values (NPV), ROC curve. Results FST showed a good reliability in detecting JK: with a threshold of 75 %, PPV was 100 %, NPV was 86 % and the Area Under the Curve was 83 %. Conclusion The need for a useful criteria able to characterize JK to allow diagnosis and monitoring of the deformity is still lacking, and further studies will deepen this issue.

Background A temperature monitor is used to objectively measure brace wear time in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis. The reliability of this device have been demonstrated, and some specialists introduced the use of a compliance monitor as a standard of care in everyday clinical practice, as we did since 2010 with the Thermobrace (TB). The attitude towards these objective monitors has never been investigated. The present study aims to investigate the attitude of parents and patients towards the use of temperature sensors for measuring brace wear compliance. Methods Three hundred one consecutive girls and 63 boys and their parents have been interviewed. The inclusion criteria were as follows: brace wear full-time prescription at first visit and at least one visit with download and discussion of TB data. Usefulness, acceptability, reliability, and feeling related to data download were the investigated domains. Patients were invited by the administrative staff to complete anonymously the questionnaire. The European Commission was informed about the present survey and approved it (ICT-37-2015-1). Descriptive statistic was used to present the results. Results Among the 364 invited patients and parents, 336 adhered by completing it (rate of responders was 93.2%). The mean age was 14.65 (SD 2.36), the mean Cobb angle was 34.18 (SD 13.57), and the average brace wear prescription was 21.76 h per day (SD 2.53). We did not ask parents about their age, profession, nor other personal data. Globally, the interviewed patients and parents showed a very positive attitude towards the TB monitor: the mean rate of parents stating a completely or at least partially positive attitude towards this electronic device was 94.0% while among patients, it was 85.6%. Conclusions This is the first study investigating the attitude of parents and patients towards a brace wear compliance monitor. People who experienced this objective monitoring are aware of the advantages related to it and support its usefulness not only for clinicians but also for patients and parents to respect the hours prescribed without any affection on the children and parents or the patient-physician relationship. The present results should encourage the spread of these tools in daily clinical practice. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13013-017-0119-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Table of contents S1 Criteria for exercises selection in subjects with low back pain Alessandro Aina S2 Recent advances in pathophysiology and treatment of myofascial trigger points Marco Barbero S3 Rehabilitation of scapular dyskinesia Barbara Cagnie S4 Musculoskeletal rehabilitation in subjects affected by neurological disorders Elena Castelli S5 Which examination tests suggest the best candidates for manual therapy Chad Cook S6 Case study: the role of the measurements for the identification of targets and guidance of the treatment Silvano Ferrari S7 Assessment of joint mobility: state of the art Andrea Foglia, Paolo Bizzarri S8 Core stabilization exercises in the treatment of urinary incontinence Donatella Giraudo S9 Preventing surgical subacromial decompression through rotator cuff rehabilitation Chris Littlewood S10 Methodological aspects of Clinical Prediction Rules in the rehabilitation of Low Back Pain Paolo Pillastrini S11 Interpretability of outcome measures in musculoskeletal rehabilitation Daniele Piscitelli S12 Conservative treatment of the misalignment of the spine: state of the art and perspectives Michele Romano S13 Balance training in subjects with musculoskeletal disorders Andrea Tettamanti S14 Dosage of manual therapy: principles for clinical practice Carla Vanti S15 Are there speed limits in post-surgery lower limb rehabilitation? Stefano Vercelli S16 Classification of predominant neuropathic, nociceptive or central sensation pain Lennard Voogt P1 A wearable proprioceptive stabilizer (Equistasi®) for rehabilitation of balance disorders in multiple sclerosis patients: preliminary results of a randomized, double-blind, versus placebo controlled study Aceto Maria, Spina Emanuele, Paone Paolo, Silvestre Francesco, Carotenuto Antonio, Cerillo Ilaria, Orefice Giuseppe P2 Effect of repeated neck retraction movements on strength and EMG activity of the upper limbs, range of motion and cervical posture Bassi Raffaele, Fiorito Serena, Aina Alessandro P3 Hamstring injuries: clinical assessment or image evaluation? Bonfanti M., Pasquetti M. P4 Effectiveness of the physical therapy treatment on pelvic floor muscles in pelvic girdle pain. A literature review Bortolami Arianna, Pillastrini Paolo, Vanti Carla P5 Scapulo-humeral muscles electromiographic activity during the elevation movement of the upper limb in subjects with rotator cuff lesion Brioschi D, Vitali M, Pedretti A, Fraschini G, Tettamanti A P6 Mechanical low back pain: secular trend and intervention topics of randomized controlled trials Castellini G, Gianola S, Bonovas S, Banfi G, Moja L P7 Quality of reporting in rehabilitation interventions for low back pain: a review of published randomised controlled trials Greta Castellini, Silvia Gianola, Pamela Frigerio, Michela Agostini, Rosa Bolotta, Davide Corbetta, Monica Gasparini, Paolo Gozzer, Erica Guariento, Linda Li, Valentina Pecoraro, Valeria Sirtori, Andrea Turolla, Andreano A, Lorenzo Moja P8 Power analysis and sample size reporting in rehabilitation of low back pain: review of randomized controlled trials included in Cochrane systematic review Castellini G, Gianola S, Bonovas S, Moja L P9 A core outcome set for clinical trials in non-specific low back pain Alessandro Chiarotto, Caroline B. Terwee, Maarten Boers, Raymond W. Ostelo P10 Roland & Morris Disability Questionnaire and Oswestry Disability Index: which has better measurement properties? A systematic review and meta-analysis Alessandro Chiarotto, Lara J. Maxwell, Caroline B. Terwee, George A. Wells, Peter Tugwell, Raymond W. Ostelo P11 Prevalence of myofascial trigger points in spinal pain disorders: systematic review and meta-analysis Alessandro Chiarotto, Ron Clijsen, Cesar Fernandez-de-las-Penas, Marco Barbero P12 Post-surgical scar rating scales in physiotherapy: a systematic review Ciceri Matteo, Rossetti Sara, Vercelli Stefano P13 Efficacy of action observation pre-operative training in functional recovery after hip and knee prosthesis Cislaghi M, Penone G, Marinelli G, Rezzan G, Melegati G, Gatti R P14 The use of Kinesio Taping in the treatment of hematomas: can we distinguish fancy from the effects? Colombo Claudio, Tolosa Francesca, Andrea Moriondo, Vercelli Stefano P15 Who is able to perform explicit motor imagery after stroke? Stefano Doronzio, Matteo Paci P16 Responsiveness of the Bridge tests in Symptomatic Lumbar Spondylolisthesis Silvano Ferrari, Carla Vanti, Marco Monticone P17 The relationship between number of sessions and clinical results in lumbar symptomatic spondylolisthesis Silvano Ferrari, Carla Vanti, Marco Monticone P18 Conservative treatments for upper extremity tendinopathies in occupational medicine: narrative review Garzonio Fabiola, Zanetta Anna, Bargeri Serena, Cerone Giorgia, Sartorio Francesco P19 The time-related effect of roller-massager on extensibility of the hamstring muscles Filippo Ghirlanda, Alessandro Schneebeli, Corrado Cescon, Marco Barbero P20 Effect of two different exercise programs on pain, disability and quality of life in people with subacute and chronic nonspecific neck pain Gioia G, Faccendini S, Aina A, Tettamanti A P21 A bridge between clinical practice and research: how health professionals can study literature and learn on the job Granzotto G, Coppola L, Gava I, Frassinelli M, Gattinoni F P22 Walking capacity improves after neuromotor physiotherapy in stroke patients Lorenzo Guidotti, Marco Postiglione, Bruna Lombardi, Matteo Paci P23 Intra and inter-session reliability of the angle between pain onset and submaximal pain during upper limb neurodynamics test 1: a study in healty individuals Diego Leoni, Davide Storer, Roberto Gatti, Michele Egloff, Marco Barbero P24 Effects of an AO-MI training on balance task in patients affected by multiple sclerosis Magno Tiziano, Tettamanti Andrea P25 Outcomes of treatment with neuromuscular stimulator for chronic anterior knee pain: a clinical case Daniele Maremmani, Sebastiano Cencini, Giuseppe Plebani P26 Consistency in locating pressure stimuli over the lumbar spine on a digital body chart: a comparison between chronic low back pain patients and healthy subjects Federica Moresi, Marco Barbero, Matteo Isnardi, Alberto Gallace, Corrado Cescon, Roberto Gatti P27 Malignant Cord Compression in the thoraco-lumbar spine. Early signs and symptoms in the differential diagnosis of low back pain Moretti N, Maselli, Testa M. P28 End growth results of exercise treatment to avoid bracing in adolescents with idiopathic scoliosis: a prospective cohort controlled study Stefano Negrini, Sabrina Donzelli, Francesco Saveri, Alessandra Negrini, Silvana Parzini, Michele Romano, Fabio Zaina P29 Reliability of the Ashworth scale and its modified versions: systematic review and meta-analysis Leonardo Nesi, Francesco Ferrarello, Valeria Anna Maria Bianchi, Matteo Paci P30 Differences in motor recovery between upper and lower limbs in stroke subtypes Matteo Paci, Luca Nannetti, Bruna Lombardi P31 Influence of clinical experience on the reliability of the Salford Gait Tool Giuditta Mini, Mariangela Marchettini, Francesco Ferrarello, Matteo Paci P32 A somatosensory discrimination training induces brain functional changes in healthy young subjects Fabio Piccolo, Federica Agosta, Elisabetta Sarasso, Paola Adamo, Federico Temporiti, Andrea Falini, Roberto Gatti, Massimo Filippi P33 Effects of dynamic tilt-table with integrated robotic stepping associated with functional electrical stimulation: a cross-over study Daniele Piscitelli, Roberto Meroni, Leonardo Pellicciari, Marco A. Mondelli, Thomas Favaron, Cesare G. Cerri, Enrico A. Tallarita P34 Manual therapy techniques in the treatment of whiplash and its associated disorders: a systematic review Ravizzotti Elisa, Vercelli Stefano P35 The Patient and Observer Scar Assessment Scale (POSAS) as a screening tool for early detection of pathologic post-surgical scars in physiotherapy Rossetti Sara, Ciceri Matteo, Vercelli Stefano P36 The anatomical basis of genetic dystonia: a multimodal MRI study Elisabetta Sarasso, Federica Agosta, Aleksandra Tomić, Silvia Basaia, Nataša Dragašević, Marina Svetel, Massimiliano Copetti, Vladimir S. Kostic, Massimo Filippi P37 The relative inclination of the end vertebrae of a scoliotic single curve can influence the results of the conservative treatment? A pilot study Francesco Saveri, Michele Romano, Matteo Mastrantonio, Alessandra Negrini, Fabio Zaina, Negrini Stefano P38 Physiotherapy for myofascial pain syndromes: reported methodological quality of randomized controlled trials indexed in the PEDro database Alessandro Schneebeli, Greta Castellini, Valentina Redaelli, Emiliano Soldini, Marco Barbero P39 Is the patellar pubic percussion test useful to diagnose only femur fractures or something else? Two case reports Segat M, Casonato O, Margelli M, Pillon S. P40 Effectiveness of new rehab method for MDI Spunton V, Fenini R, Garofalo R, Conti M P41 Toe walking and autism: cross-sectional study on clinical presentation patterns and correlation with language delay Valagussa G, Balatti V, Trentin L, Melli S, Norsi M, and Grossi E P42 Active Kyphosis Value (AKV): a new test for the evaluation of the kyphotisation mobility of the thoracic spine Massimiliano Vanossi, Francesco Saveri, Michele Romano P43 Pain Drawing and psychological distress in low back pain - systematic review and meta-analysis Carla Vanti, Sara Taioli, Ivan Gardenghi, Lucia Bertozzi, Anna Rosso, Antonio Romeo, Paolo Pillastrini P44 Responsiveness of the Oswestry Disability Index in symptomatic lumbar spondylolisthesis Carla Vanti, Silvano Ferrari, Martina Ruggeri, Marco Monticone P45 The relationship between instability tests, pain and disability in non-specific low back pain Carla Vanti, Bellini Filippo, Cristina Conti, Federica Faresin, Martina Ruggeri, Raffaella Piccarreta, Silvano Ferrari P46 Smartphone applications (apps) for physical therapists: a review Villanova Luca, Vercelli Stefano P47 A randomized controlled pilot trial of hand robotic training compared with a sensory-motor training program in post stroke patients Violini Claudia, Cenci Marco Joseph, Delconte Carmen, Pisano Fabrizio P48 Critical Illness PolyNeuroMyopathy (CIPNM): chance for a good prognosis Youssef S, Montesano M, Picardi M, De Giampaulis P, Corbo M, Pisani L. P49 The EdUReP approach plus manual therapy for the management of insertional Achilles tendinopathy: a case study Zanetta Anna, Garzonio Fabiola, Ruella Carolina, Sartorio Francesco

Background Scoliosis is a three dimensional deformity, and brace correction should be 3D too. There is a lack of knowledge of the effect of braces, particularly in the sagittal and transverse plane. The aim of this study is to analyse the Sforzesco Brace correction, through all the parameters provided by Eos 3D imaging system. Method Design: This is a cross sectional study from a prospective database started in March 2003. Participants: 16 AIS girls (mean age 14.01) in Sforzesco brace treatment, with EOS x-rays, at start, in brace after 1 month and out of brace after the first 4 months of treatment. Outcome measures: All the parameters and the Torsio-Index obtained from 3D Eos System, in and out of brace, in the three planes. Statistical analysis: the variability of the parameters and the mean differences were analyzed and compared using paired T test. ANOVA was used for multiple comparisons. Critical P value was set at 0.05. Results In the comparison of in-brace vs start of treatment, the mean Cobb angle changed significantly from 36.44 +/− 4 to 28.99 + −3.9° (p = 0.01). Significant changes in all the sagittal parameters were found (p = 0.02). In the axial plane, the Torsio Index changed significantly in-brace for thoracolumbar and lumbar curves (P

Background Scoliosis fusion surgery is generally considered the only means to stop the progression of adult idiopathic scoliosis (ADIS), but for patients refusing surgery there is lack of evidence in favour of conservative treatment. The aim of the present study was to verify the possible effectiveness of scoliosis-specific exercises when facing ADIS progression. Methods We designed a retrospective cohort study. We included 34 ADIS patients in treatment at our Institute (5 males and 29 females, mean age was 38.0 ± 11.0), exclusively treated with specific Scoliosis Specific SEAS exercises. Instrumentation SEAS exercises are scoliosis-specific exercises. In adult patients they are aimed to recover postural collapse, postural control and vertebral stability through an active self-correction. Postural integration is a key element, including the neuromotor integration of correct postures and an ergonomic education program. Therapy includes at least two weekly exercise sessions each lasting 45 min. Outcome measures Radiographic progression was the main outcome and it was analysed as a continuous variable. Statistics One way ANOVA and paired t-test were applied for continuous data, while chi-square test was applied for categorical data. Alpha was set at 0.05. Results The mean Cobb angle of the patients included into the present study, was 55.8 ± 13.2 °. Fifteen patients had previous x-rays testifying scoliosis progression: the average curve progression (worsening) was 9.8 ± 6.6 ° at a median of 25 (range 17–48) years. The remaining were characterized by more severe curves, exceeding 40 ° Cobb (mean curvature 50.9 ± 13.6) but it was not possible to prove that the curves had progressed in these cases. After an average period of 2 years of treatment (range 1-18y), 68 % of the patients experienced an improvement in their scoliosis. However in one patient (3 %) the scoliosis worsened by 5 ° in 18 years (progression rate reduced from 0.5 ° to 0.27 ° per year). Patients improved 4.6 ± 5.0 ° Cobb (P

Scoliosis is a complex three dimensional (3D) deformity: the current lack of a 3D classification could hide something fundamental for scoliosis prognosis and treatment. A clear picture of the actually existing 3D classifications lacks. The aim of this systematic review was to identify all the 3D classification systems proposed until now in the literature with the aim to identify similarities and differences mainly in a clinical perspective. After a MEDLINE Data Base review, done in November 2013 using the search terms “Scoliosis/classification” [Mesh] and “scoliosis/classification and Imaging, three dimensional” [Mesh], 8 papers were included with a total of 1164 scoliosis patients, 23 hyperkyphosis and 25 controls, aged between 8 and 20 years, with curves from 10° to 81° Cobb, and various curve patterns. Six studies looked at the whole 3D spine and found classificatory parameters according to planes, angles and rotations, including: Plane of Maximal Curvature (PMC), Best Fit Plane, Cobb angles in bodily plane and PMC, Axial rotation of the apical vertebra and of the PMC, and geometric 3D torsion. Two studies used the regional (spinal) Top View of the spine and found classificatory parameters according to its geometrical properties (area, direction and barycenter) including: Ratio of the frontal and the sagittal size, Phase, Directions (total, thoracic and lumbar), and Shift. It was possible to find similarities among 10 out of the 16 the sub-groups identified by different authors with different methods in different populations. In summation, the state of the art of 3D classification systems include 8 studies which showed some comparability, even though of low level. The most useful one in clinical everyday practice, is far from being defined. More than 20 years passed since the definition of the third dimension of the scoliosis deformity, now the time has come for clinicians and bioengineers to start some real clinical application, and develop means to make this approach an everyday tool.

Background SEAS is the acronym for “Scientific Exercise Approach to Scoliosis”, a name related to the continuous changes of the approach based on results published in the literature. Rehabilitation program SEAS is an individualized exercise program adapted to all situations of conservative treatment of scoliosis: stand-alone in low-medium degree curves during growth to reduce the risk of bracing; complimentary to bracing in medium-high degree curves during growth, with the aim to increase correction, prepare weaning, and avoid/reduce side-effects; for adults either progressing or fused, to help stabilising the curve and reduce disability. SEAS is based on a specific active self-correction technique performed without external aid, and incorporated in functional exercises. Evaluation tests guide the choice of the exercises most appropriate to the individual patient. Improvement of the stability of the spine in active self-correction is the primary objective of SEAS. SEAS exercises train neuromotor function so to stimulate by reflex a self-corrected posture during the activities of daily life. SEAS can be performed as an outpatient (two/three times a week 45 for minutes) or as a home program to be performed 20 minutes daily. In the last case, expert physiotherapy sessions of 1.5 hours every three months are proposed. Results Different papers, including a randomized controlled trial (2014), published over the past several years, documented the efficacy of the SEAS approach applied in the various phases of scoliosis treatment in reducing Cobb angle progression and the need to wear a brace. Conclusions SEAS is an approach to scoliosis exercise treatment with a strong modern neurophysiological basis, to reduce requirements for patients and possibly the costs for families linked to the frequency and intensity of treatment and evaluations. Therefore, SEAS allows treating a large number of patients coming from far away. Even if SEAS appears simple by requiring less physiotherapist supervision and by using fewer home exercises prescribed at a lower dose than some of the other scoliosis-specific exercise approaches, real expertise in scoliosis, exercises, and patient and family management is required. The program has no copyrights, and teachers are being trained all over the world.

Background The effectiveness of bracing relies on the quality of the brace, compliance of the patient, and some disease factors. Patients and parents tend to overestimate adherence, so an objective assessment of compliance has been developed through the use of heat sensors. In 2010 we started the everyday clinical use of a temperature sensor, and the aim of this study is to present our initial results. Methods Population: A prospective cohort of 68 scoliosis patients that finished at least 4 months of brace treatment on March 31, 2011: 48 at their first evaluation (79% females, age 14.2±2.4) and 20 already in treatment. Treatment: Bracing (SPoRT concept); physiotherapic specific exercises (SEAS School); team approach according to the SOSORT Bracing Management Guidelines. Methods. A heat sensor, “Thermobrace” (TB), has been validated and applied to the brace. The real (measured by TB) and referred (reported by the patient) compliances were calculated. Statistics. The distribution was not normal, hence median and 95% interval confidence (IC95) and non-parametric tests had to be used. Results Average TB use: 5.5±1.5 months. Brace prescription was 23 hours/day (h/d) (IC95 18–23), with a referred compliance of 100% (IC95 70.7-100%) and a real one of 91.7% (IC95 56.6-101.7%), corresponding to 20 h/d (IC95 11–23). The more the brace was prescribed, the more compliant the patient was (94.8% in 23 h/d vs. 73.2% in 18 h/d, P Conclusion This is the first study using a TB in a setting of respect for the SOSORT criteria for bracing, and it states that it is possible to achieve a very good compliance, even with a full time prescription, and better than what was previously reported (80% maximum). We hypothesize that the treating team (SOSORT criteria) plays a major role in our results. This study suggests that compliance is neither due to the type of treatment only nor to the patient alone. According to our experience, TB offers valuable insights and do not undermine the relationship with the patients.

Methods Through parents and scoliosis experts’ consultation, we developed and validated a questionnaire for parents evaluating 7 UEP. Inclusion criteria were IS and age between 6 and 18 years. We collected 635 questionnaires from all IS patients coming to our Institute between September and November 2011 (n=435, response rate 98.5%) and through specific emails (n=199, response rate 15.7%). Since there were no differences between these two groups in gender, age, scoliosis parameters and answers, we evaluated all questionnaires together. We had IS group (ISG: curves >10°; n=462) and controls (CG: curves

Outcome measure The threshold of 5° Cobb to define worsened, improved and stabilized curves was considered, average Cobb angle, ATR, TRACE (for aesthetic evaluation) Statistical analyses: Mean and SD were used for descriptive statistics of clinical and radiographic changes. Relative Risk of failure (RR), 95% Confidence Interval (CI), Student’s t, Kruskall Wallis, and chi square test were applied. Results 268 patients were included (226 females), age 13.3 (±1). BRACE Group: 108 (96 females), age 13.2 (±1), Cobb Angle 34±12°, ATR 9.6±0.4, TRACE 5.7. UNTREATED Group: 160 (130 females), age 13.2 (±1), Cobb Angle 33±11° ATR 10.3±0.2°, TRACE 5. No differences among groups at first visit but for TRACE (p

Methods Study Design: Retrospective observational study. Population: A total of 23 patients (15 males; 8 females), aged 11 to 17 years were included. Each patient had at least two clinical evaluations and spinal X rays (lateral projection) at the time of therapy start (T0) and stop (T1). Methods: 20 patients presented thoracic hyperkyphosis and three presented thoracolumbar kyphosis. All of the patients were treated conservatively; specifically, 17 were treated with brace plus specific exercises and 6 were treated with only specific exercises. For all of the patients we measured the sagittal parameters of thoracic kyphosis (TK), lumbar lordosis (LL), pelvic incidence (PI), pelvic tilt (PT), sacral slope (SS) and spinosacral angle (SSA). Statistical analysis: paired Wilcoxon test and correlation (Pearson). Results Mean and standard deviation for each parameter were measured in T0: TK, LL, PI 43.83± 7.95, PT 4.83± 6.96, SS 38.91± 7.67, SSA; and in T1: TK, LL, PI 41.87± 9.62, PT 5.48± 7.04, SS 36.39± 7.80, SSA. Highly significant improvements were found for the main spinal parameters from T0 to T1: TK reduced from 54.22± 13.58 to 44.48± 12.80 (p= 0.0006), LL from 57.43± 11.16 to 51.13± 10.28 (p= 0.0077) and SSA from 132.87± 9.80 to 127.09± 9.24 (p= 0.0036); no significant differences were found for the other parameters. Looking at sagittal parameter correlations,very few were found at the start of treatment: SS correlated with LL (R=0.651; p=0,007), SSA (R=0.600; p=0.0025) and PI (R=0.596; p=0.0027) which also correlated with PT (R=0.515; p=0.0119). Contrarily, at the end of treatment, most parameters were correlated: LL with PI ( R=0.514; p=0.0122), SS (R=0.499; p=0.0152), and SSA (R=0.743; p

Material and methods All scoliosis patients with more than 2 visits included in a prospective clinical database started in September 2003 were reviewed on August 31st 2010. A cut-off of 20 degrees (improvement or worsening) from the first observation was used to select patients. Patients were analysed for diagnosis, morphology, Cobb angle at start, curve improved/worsened, treatment, gender, Body Mass Index, clinical parameters.

Material and methods Surface measurements (Formetric) of kyphosis/lordosis were considered the Gold Standard [1]. Correlations between Human PD (HPD), Formetric PD (FPD) and Gold Standard were searched in 129 school screening pupils (age 11.8±0.7): not correlated PD were eliminated. ROC-curve statistical technique was used to determine the best cut-off for remaining PDs. Final FPD were verified in 7257 Formetric evaluations from the Diers database (3 age groups: 6-9y12m, 1017y12m, 18-78). Final HPD were verified in 103 scoliosis/ hyperkyphosis patients aged 14.3±2.2.

Materials and methods Population: 288 consecutive scoliosis patients over 10 years of age, curves range 10-20°, Risser 0-3 (190 Females, Age 12.8±1.5). We had 5 groups: · Brace (BG, 40 patients): bracing 18 hours per day · SEAS (101 patients): specific SEAS exercises (at least 3 controls per year) · Usual Physiotherapy (UP, 70 patients): different type of exercises · Not Compliant (NC, 46 patients): SEAS exercises 2 (or less) controls per year · Controls (CG, 31 patients): no treatment. Main outcome (after 12±4 months): Relative Risk of failure of treatment (worsening of 5°C or brace prescription).