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Injected fuel mass per stroke (IFMPS) was measured by varying the driving current pattern of a solenoid-type diesel common rail injector. Repeated measurements of IFMPS were statistically analyzed to determine deviation from the average. The control of the injector's driving current waveform was achieved through pulse width modulation (PWM) on the microcontroller's CCP (capture compare and PWM) pin. The solenoid injector driving current pattern took the form of a peak & hold shape. A total of 36 types of driving current patterns were generated by manipulating peak and hold conditions in different combinations, and each driving current waveform was applied to drive injector. To evaluate the solenoid's thermal dissipation characteristics, the injector solenoid's driving energy was calculated by integrating the injector's driving current waveform over time. The IFMPS per energy consumed by the solenoid was then calculated based on the injector driving current waveform, defining it as the thermal parameter for injector solenoid (TPIS). The TPIS value can be used as a reference to identify the optimal injector drive current pattern concerning the solenoid's thermal dissipation. The fuel rail pressure was controlled at three levels: 40, 80 and 120 MPa. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The punching machine is a mechanical equipment that is widely used in leather cutting. To facilitate mass production, both the punching table and layout are designed to accommodate long strokes over a large area. This enables one-time automatic continuous punching of large leather sheets. However, as the punching layout increases in size, it becomes more difficult to maintain the equal distance of the die cutter and table plate. Moreover, the table plate is overlaid with a polypropylene (PP) punching pad that is approximately 25 mm thick. Although it acts as a buffer to preserve the sharpness of the die, it causes cumulative deformation and defects in the die after repeated punching. Additionally, there often exists a height deviation of approximately 1–2 mm between the die and the punching pad at different positions. As the thickness of the leather sheet is often between 0.1 and 2 mm, automatic punching has a few drawbacks; although the leather is cut completely according to the set depth in some areas, other areas of the sheet might be over- or under-cut. This results in excessive consumption of the die or punching pad or generates excessive waste at the locations where the cutting is incomplete. To determine the effective punching stroke for a large layout (1.2 m × 2.2 m), this study proposes the innovative method of using the object packing as the reference to obtain the actual depth of the punching point for each die through automatic search before automated mass production. The results are then recorded in the packing system. In addition, the control delay time of the hydraulic solenoid valve is obtained from signal analysis. This approach enables the adjustment of the punching depth, to punch and cut the leather material successfully in a large layout. Moreover, the depth of the die mark left in the punching pad is restricted to a value between 0.1 and 0.2 mm. This effectively increases the life of the die and reduces the consumption of the punching pad, greatly improving the accuracy and stability of the punching system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The climatological characteristics and mechanisms of diurnal variation in summer precipitation over the Tibetan Plateau and its adjacent basins (i.e., the Tarim Basin, Ganges Basin, and Sichuan Basin) are investigated using observational/reanalysis data and a high-resolution dataset from convection-permitting regional climate downscaling. The results indicate that the diurnal variations of precipitation are nearly out of phase between the central Tibetan Plateau and the surrounding basins. Precipitation in the main body of the plateau preferentially occurs in the afternoon-evening hours, primarily attributed to daytime solar heating induced enhancement of local convective instability and large-scale moisture convergence. In contrast, precipitation in the surrounding basins favors the midnight-early-morning period. The diurnal oscillation of the mountain-plain solenoid circulation, which is resultant from the elevated daytime solar heating and nighttime longwave radiative cooling along the topographical slope, is identified as a crucial mechanism governing the diurnal precipitation pattern in all the basins. Additional factors contributing to the midnight-early-morning precipitation include the nocturnal strengthening of the low-level southwest monsoon flow for the Ganges and Sichuan Basins, as well as propagating convection originating from the eastern plateau and leading to a diurnal phase lag in the Sichuan Basin. These results further enhance our knowledge and understanding of the complex diurnal precipitation cycle and associated physical processes over the Tibetan Plateau and nearby regions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Inductively coupled power transfer (ICPT) technology is widely used in wireless charging systems because of its safety, convenience, and reliability. However, the loosely coupled transformer, the most significant part of an ICPT system, has misalignment conditions in practical applications, which have a negative effect on the efficiency of the ICPT system. This paper proposes a new loosely coupled transformer structure, where the primary side is composed of two hybrid winding D coils and a solenoid coil, and the secondary side consists of a D coil and a solenoid coil, which is referred to as a "double-D solenoid coil–D solenoid coil" (DDS–DS). The hybrid winding D coils, which are composed of multiple layers of windings, can construct a uniform magnetic field at the operational air gap. The S coil is added to the primary and secondary sides of the transformer to build a mutually perpendicular energy channel with the D coils, which compensates the coupling valley without introducing cross-coupling. Therefore, the DDS–DS structure can construct a wide uniform magnetic field and effectively improve the anti-offset capability of the system. Finally, an experimental prototype is established, and the effective charging width reaches 78% of the transmitting coil's width with a 50 mm operational air gap, which verifies that the structure has good anti-offset capability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article is about the periodic points characterization of automorphisms of some solenoids, whose duals are subgroups of algebraic number fields. Here, we use the theory of adeles for describing a solenoid and the periodic points of its automorphisms. This is in line with the earlier characterizations which considered other classes of solenoids. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Electromagnetic forming (EMF) has shown considerable promise in lightweight alloy tube manufacturing industry. However, the generated force field falls short of meeting the stringent forming accuracy requirements for variable-diameter tubes. To solve this, this paper proposes an EMF process using a novel coil structure, named as segmented coil, to improve the forming quality of tubes. The design and implementation of coil, as well as the deformation behavior of tubes, are discussed. Results show that a multi-layer solenoid coil can generate excessive force on the upper portion of the tube, thus causing an undesired gap between the coil and tube that is unfavorable for forming performance. In contrast, when employing a segmented coil, the force applied to this section is mitigated, allowing the tube to fit into the die from bottom to top and achieving a maximum die-fitting gap of no more than 0.1 mm. Besides, it is found that the forming accuracy increases with increasing discharge energy, and an optimal coil structure exists when the discharge energy is fixed. This work showcases the considerable flexibility of the segmented coil in controlling the Lorentz force distribution and tube deformation behavior. These findings hold significant implications for expanding the applications of EMF technology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The possibility of using modern energy-intensive storage devices based on supercapacitors in relation to the tasks of powering magnetic systems of high-power microwave generators based on a relativistic backward wave tube (BWT) is described. Magnetic systems of such generators consist of a two-section solenoid. During the operation of the generator, a current of up to 700 A flows through the windings of a solenoid for few seconds. The magnetic system is powered from a capacitive storage device based on supercapacitor modules through step-down current regulators. Current stabilization is carried out by increasing the duration of the open state of the switches as the storage device is discharged. The control system contains a microprocessor that controls the power switches of current regulators as well as the management of the drive charging processes and interaction with peripheral devices. The work presents all the necessary formulas for calculating the parameters of the current regulator and estimating the storage capacity and its energy characteristics. Also, two variations for the implementation of similar power supplies are presented: the maximum output power of the first one is 280 kW with an output current duration of up to 1.5 s, and the maximum output power of the second one is 90 kW with an output current duration of up to 2.5 s. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A model-based study is conducted to optimize the dynamic performance of a solenoid actuator in a compressed natural gas (CNG) injector. A mechanical model, an electromagnetic model, and an optimum model using particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm are built to depict operation and optimize the dynamic response times of the injector solenoid actuator. Effects of the number of coil turns (N), spring stiffness (k), and gap between plunger and cylinder wall (g), on the dynamic characteristics of the injector solenoid actuator are investigated. Simulation results show that, when k increases from 560 to 2560 N/m, and g increases from 0.1 to 0.5 mm, the opening response time increases 35.41% and 48.03%, respectively; however, the closing response time of the injector solenoid actuator reduces 27.27% and 45.25%, respectively. When N is increased from 342 to 552, the opening response time reduces 35.48%; nevertheless, the closing response time increases considerably with a 195.45% increment. Using PSO algorithm, it is found that the optimum version of the injector solenoid actuator has improvements for both opening and closing response times, in which the opening response time reduces 11.41% when compared with the original version. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

High performance of clutch control is essential for dual-clutch transmission (DCT) system to ensure good shifting smoothness of vehicle driving. The control performance of clutch in DCT driven by proportional solenoid valve depends on the output pressure control of the solenoid valve, while the output pressure of the solenoid valve is directly controlled by the energized current. Therefore, the relationship between working current and output pressure of the solenoid valve has significant impact on the clutch control and affects driving performance of the vehicle accordingly. However, the pressure-to-current (P/I) relationship of proportional solenoid valve has nonlinear hysteresis characteristic caused by magnetic materials, oil viscous friction, operation temperature, etc., which has negative effects on the accuracy and stability of solenoid valve pressure control. To cope with this problem, a machine learning model called long short-term memory (LSTM) for P/I of solenoid valve based on data mining is adopted in this paper, which is then used as feedforward compensation for closed-loop control of solenoid valve. The test result demonstrates that the machine learning model can effectively predict the output pressure at rising and falling phase of the same working current. Besides, this smart control method which has better applicability in engineering can effectively improve the control performance of proportional solenoid valve and further improve clutch control and vehicle driving performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

McKibben pneumatic actuators (MPAs) are soft actuators that exert tension by applying compressed air to expand a rubber tube. Although electro-pneumatic regulators can control air pressure, most are large and expensive. This study utilizes a dynamic quantizer to control the MPA with a small solenoid valve that can only open and close the valve instead of an electro-pneumatic regulator. A dynamic quantizer is one of the quantizers that converts continuous signals to discrete signals. Our previous study confirmed that tension control of MPA under isometric conditions could be realized using a dynamic quantizer. However, it is often necessary to control the length of the MPA as well as the tension of the MPA. This study implements a dynamic quantizer to control the length of the MPA with a small solenoid valve. Numerical simulations and experimental tests verify the effectiveness of the proposed method. The results of the numerical simulations and experimental tests confirmed that the length of the MPA can be controlled using the dynamic quantizer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A fundamental understanding of the theory and measurement procedures for characterizing a solenoid is crucial for making a project cost-effective and achieving the desired performance for its use in a LINAC. This paper attempts to comprehend the beam dynamics of charged particles by considering the conservation of canonical angular momentum, which can take on positive, negative, and zero values. The analytical expression to generate a parallel beam using a solenoid is derived. The effect of the final beam size on the values of a solenoid's spherical aberration coefficient and the position of the minimum beam size with respect to the focal length is studied using electron trajectories. A practical procedure to tune the above two parameters of a solenoid is demonstrated by simply modifying the demountable disks connected at each end. A mathematical model is proposed to accurately determine the axis of a solenoid and the magnetic centre using the measured magnetic field data, which is validated experimentally. Several solenoids, used in the 9.5 MeV 10 kW electron LINAC suitable for sterilizing medical products and food irradiation, have been characterised using this procedure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Motorcycle experiences different vibrations on different road conditions. In order to improve the problem that the classical control algorithm cannot perfectly balance the driving comfort and road-holding performance when the motorcycle is driving in different road conditions, the hybrid control algorithm based on frequency division (HCFD) is designed. Firstly, the single-axis two-degree-of-freedom suspension model of motorcycle semi-active suspension system (SASS) and the look-up table model of solenoid valve damper are established. After that, the classical SASS control algorithms such as skyhook and groundhook are analyzed. HCFD is designed and verified for its inability to perfectly balance the comfort and road-holding performance of motorcycle. Finally, a real motorcycle experimental platform is built using the rapid control prototype (RCP) based on dSPACE, and the HCFD is tested and verified on washboard roads. The experimental results show that the SASS using the HCFD not only enhances driving comfort but also effectively mitigates concerns related to a decline in road-holding performance. The HCFD has practical significance to improve the comprehensive performance of motorcycle SASS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The solenoid valve for traction control valve (TCV) responsible for the automatic vehicle hold (AVH) function of electric vehicles require a continuous supply of power to the magnetic coil in order to operate. When power is continuously supplied, heat is generated because of the resistance of the magnetic coil, which leads to deterioration of the periphery of the solenoid valve and deteriorates durability. To prevent this, when power is applied to the solenoid valve for TCV for more than a certain period of time, the power supply is automatically turned off and the AVH function is controlled to be performed by the electronic parking brake (EPB). In this study, we designed, manufactured, and verified the permanent magnet solenoid valve of TCV for AVH that can minimize unnecessary power consumption of electric vehicle batteries. For the design of the permanent magnet solenoid valve, the location, polarity direction and specifications of the permanent magnet within the solenoid valve were studied through finite element analysis. In order to check whether the braking function by the permanent magnet is maintained even when the current is cut off at AVH's TCV solenoid valve, electronic control unit (ECU) and electronic stability control (ESC) were manufactured and evaluated for actual vehicle testing. Therefore, it was possible to manufacture a permanent magnet solenoid valve that minimizes unnecessary power consumption of the battery because it does not require power supply even when the car is stopped for a long time in the AVH function of the electric vehicle. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Haloscopes, microwave resonant cavities utilized in detecting dark matter axions within powerful static magnetic fields, are pivotal in modern astrophysical research. This paper delves into the realm of cylindrical geometries, investigating techniques to augment volume and enhance compatibility with dipole or solenoid magnets. The study explores volume constraints in two categories of haloscope designs: those reliant on single cavities and those employing multicavities. In both categories, strategies to increase the expanse of elongated structures are elucidated. For multicavities, the optimization of space within magnets is explored through 1D configurations. Three subcavity stacking approaches are investigated, while the foray into 2D and 3D geometries lays the groundwork for future topological developments. The results underscore the efficacy of these methods, revealing substantial room for progress in cylindrical haloscope design. Notably, an elongated single cavity design attains a three-order magnitude increase in volume compared to a WC-109 standard waveguide-based single cavity. Diverse prototypes featuring single cavities, 1D, 2D, and 3D multicavities highlight the feasibility of leveraging these geometries to magnify the volume of tangible haloscope implementations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A selection of the very recent results by the Compact Muon Solenoid (CMS) Collaboration on heavy-ion physics in ultrarelativistic collisions at the LHC is presented in this paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Solenoids, ubiquitous in electrical engineering applications, are devices formed from a coil of wire that use electric current to produce a magnetic field. In contrast to typical electrical engineering applications that pertain to their magnetic field, of interest here is their use as actuators by studying their mechanical deformation. An analytically tractable model of parallel, coaxial circular rings is used to find the solenoid's axial deformation when subjected to a combined electrical (current) and mechanical (axial force) loading. Both finite and infinite solenoids are considered and their equilibrium configurations as well as their stability are investigated as functions of their geometry and applied current intensity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A new fuel injection system with a solenoid actuator was developed to reduce jet stabilization times and was compared to a conventional fuel injection system using a fast-acting valve. The jet stabilization time was examined from free-jet images obtained using a flow visualization technique. Using a supersonic wind tunnel, the jet establishment image and trajectory for supersonic flows were obtained. The jet stabilization times were obtained at fuel tank pressures of 500, 700, and 900 kPa and injection orifice diameters of 1 and 2 mm. For all cases, the jets were stabilized at 4–12 ms, which was shorter than the stabilization time (approximately 300 ms) of the conventional system. The injection pressure measurements and jet trajectory comparison showed that the new system could inject fuel at the target pressure more effectively than the conventional fuel system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We use molecular dynamics simulation to probe the non-equilibrium physics of two nanochannel-confined semiflexible polymers in a homogeneous flow field. We find that for sufficiently stiff chains the internal organization of the two chains takes the form of interwoven folds and circular coils. This organization can lead to mixing or demixing depending on chain stiffness and flow speed. At low and intermediate flow, the two chains adopt a folded configuration, which favours mixing. At high flow, the two chains adopt a predominantly coiled configuration. The coiled configuration results in demixing when the chains are compressed from an initially demixed condition and mixing when the chains are compressed from an initially mixed condition. We find that the mixing/demixing behaviour is governed by the ratio of the number of folded segments of one chain relative to the other at low flow and by the degree of coiling in both chains at high flow. For decreasing stiffness, the chains start to aggregate locally instead of mixing smoothly at low and intermediate flow. In the limit of completely flexible chains, the two chains either completely segregate at low flow, or adopt a locally demixed configuration consisting of large aggregates of one chain relative to the other that undergo complex stochastic dynamics, diffusing, disintegrating, and reforming at intermediate flow. The transition from complete segregation to the aggregate-dominated configuration occurs when the linear intra-chain ordering breaks down. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A vehicle's solenoid valve-actuated shock (SVSA) absorber is of wide interest because of its adjustable damping characteristics. The proportional solenoid valve is a pivotal component for commanding damping force, but the research on its model principle still needs to be improved. Therefore, this research aimed to establish an accurate model of the proportional solenoid valve composed of the pilot valve and relief valve. In the pilot valve, we proposed a valve spool structure using a two-stage combined throttling groove to control flow accurately. Then, the dynamic equation of the spool was established, and it is also considered that the magnetic saturation of soft magnetic materials impacts electromagnetic force. The flow force in the dynamic equation was numerically solved by the CFD method. The flow rate in the relief valve was analyzed from the deformation of the lamination valves and main valve plate through the small deflections thin plate theory. Then, the SVSA bench test was carried out. The results show good agreement between the test and calculation, and the maximum error is within 9 %. It is indicated that the model of the SVSA equipped with the proportional solenoid valve has high accuracy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Haloscopes are resonant cavities that serve as detectors of dark matter axions when they are immersed in a strong static magnetic field. In order to increase the volume and improve space compatibility with dipole or solenoid magnets for axion searches, various haloscope design techniques for rectangular geometries are discussed in this study. The volume limits of two types of haloscopes are explored: those based on single cavities and those based on multicavities. In both cases, possibilities for increasing the volume of long and/or tall structures are presented. For multicavities, 1D geometries are explored to optimise the space in the magnets. Also, 2D and 3D geometries are introduced as a first step in laying the foundations for the development of these kinds of topologies. The results prove the usefulness of the developed methods, evidencing the ample room for improvement in rectangular haloscope designs nowadays. A factor of three orders of magnitude improvement in volume compared with a single cavity based on the WR-90 standard waveguide is obtained with the design of a long and tall single cavity. Similar procedures have been applied for long and tall multicavities. Experimental measurements are shown for prototypes based on tall multicavities and 2D structures, demonstrating the feasibility of using these types of geometries to increase the volume of real haloscopes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The behavior of a beam with elliptical cross-section and arbitrary partial emittances in a solenoid is studied analytically and numerically. The peculiarities of the coupling of the beam oscillations in longitudinal magnetic field are investigated depending on the input beam parameters and the characteristics of magnetic field, the modified KV-model being used. The calculation results are presented which describe the evolution of the beam parameters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Inductive power transfer (IPT) technology is a promising solution for charging the electric vehicles (EVs) by enabling an EV to charge its energy storage system (battery) without any connecting wires through magnetic coupling. This paper proposes a new receiver design named Hollow Solenoid receiver that is compatible with the standard double-D transmitter defined by the SAE J2954 standard. A deep design analysis for the proposed Hollow Solenoid receiver is presented to define the optimum design parameters for coil (inductances, number of turns, dimensions, wires, etc.) and ferrite core (dimensions, number, arrangement, etc.). Several WPT3 (11.1kVA) solenoid receiver (SR) designs were presented and analyzed based on efficiency, weight, size, volume, and cost. The performance of the proposed SR was compared with the global Double-D receiver (DDR) presented by the SAE J2954 standard under different lateral and rotational alignment and loading conditions considering coupling factor, transmission power and efficiency, and stray electromagnetic fields (EMFs). The entire IPT system including coils, compensation network, power converters, controls, and battery load was modeled and analyzed for both SR and DDR coils. The results reveal that the proposed SR is compatible with the global DD transmitter at different alignment and loading conditions and is able to transmit the desired power (11 kW) at an efficiency > 85%. Hollow SR design shows the highest efficiency and lowest size, weight, and cost compared to DDR and other designs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We consider discrete Schrödinger operators on the half line with potentials generated by the doubling map and continuous sampling functions. We show that the essential spectrum of these operators is always connected. This result is obtained by computing the subgroup of the range of the Schwartzman homomorphism associated with homotopy classes of continuous maps on the suspension of the standard solenoid that factor through the suspension of the doubling map and then showing that this subgroup characterizes the topological structure of the spectrum. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Solenoid is the most preferred geometry for MJ class–based HTS-based SMES; however, current carrying capacity is limited by the radial component of magnetic field. Optimization of dimensions is required for reducing the refrigeration cost, cost of 2 G HTS tape, structural support, and cryostat dimensions. A new optimized shape, which looks like a solenoid from the outside but has a different inner radius for each double pancake (DP) coil, is obtained using teaching learning-based optimization (TLBO) for minimum length and 1 MJ stored energy. The structural integrity and the operating current of SMES coil degrade due to high Lorentz force; therefore, stress is also included in optimization process as a constraint. COMSOL along with MATLAB is used for shape optimization. The operating current is increased by reducing the perpendicular component in these novel shapes thereby, reducing the total HTS tape length. These shapes are compared with the optimized perfect solenoid in terms of HTS tape length, stress, and inductance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The propellant flow control valves, also referred to as latchable series redundant valves (LSRV's) are essentially used in satellite control systems. Main component of these valves are solenoid bobbins, which composed of four parts, three of which are made of AISI 446 ferritic stainless steel and one part is made of AISI 304L austenitic stainless steel. These parts are joined by electron beam (EB) welding after shrink fitting to form an important component for propellant flow control systems. During dye penetrant (DP) testing of these components after annealing heat treatment, discontinuous cracks were noticed in AISI 446 steel at the inner side of the bobbin. Detailed metallographic and fractographic analysis on the failed component showed a discontinuous crack path circumferentially near the HAZ region of AISI 446 steel. The fracture morphology revealed a complete transgranular cleavage fracture which indicated a brittle mode of failure. Further, AISI 446 raw material was also analyzed along with heat treatment cycle followed in the valve component. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A solenoid lens has been developed for ultrafast electron diffraction experiments using electron beams with an energy of several MeV. A method for determining the mismatch between the positions of the geometric and magnetic centers of the lens has been elaborated. This method is based on measuring the radial dependence of the longitudinal magnetic field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The engineering part of the GLOBSYS code is presented, and the parameters of the Globus-3 facility, which is a development of the Globus program, are analyzed. The facility is primarily designed to provide a long pulse, a large toroidal magnetic field and strong heating. The concepts of searching for Globus-3 parameters under physical and engineering limitations are described. Obviously that reliable confinement and a large part of noninductive current are necessary to ensure existence of a plasma for a long time. Engineering constraints are involved in the choice of parameters in a more complex way: in some cases, it is overheating of the coils, in other cases, it is the total power supply, or the limit on the flux provided by the ohmic solenoid, or the strength of the constructions. The parameters of the Globus-3 spherical tokamak were preliminarily selected for the cases of a "warm" copper EMS (Electromagnetic system) and the EMS precooled to liquid nitrogen temperature. The exceeding of the duration of the plasma current plateau Δtplateau over the characteristic settling time of the plasma profiles τL/R was chosen as the key condition. At values of the toroidal magnetic field Bt0 = 3 T, the condition Δtplateau > τL/R cannot be attained even for precooled EMS. At Bt0 = 2 T, only options with precooled EMS can be considered acceptable, but the facility dimensions are fairly large. For the field Bt0 = 1.5 T, the options with "warm" EMS correspond to the duration of the plasma current plateau ~3 s (Δtplateau/τL/R ~ 1–1.5). In the case of precooled EMS, the duration of the plateau can increase to 12–13 s (Δtplateau/τL/R ~ 5). In the latter case, as a basis for further development of the Globus-3 facility, options with the following geometric dimensions are reasonable: R0 ~ 0.6–0.7 m, a ~ 0.35–0.4 m, А ≤ 1.7–1.8, k95 ~ 1.7–1.8. The minimum allowable value of the plasma current under the condition of effective absorption of the input power of neutral injection has been calculated. In the Globus-3 facility, Ip ≈ 0.8 MA was chosen as the base value. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The current distribution of the matrix gradient coil can be optimized via matrix gradient coil modeling to reduce the Lorentz force on individual coil elements. Two different modeling approaches are adopted, and their respective characteristics are summarized. Methods: The magnetic field at each coil element is calculated. Then, the Lorentz force, torque, and deformation of the energized coil element in the magnetic field are derived. Two modeling approaches for matrix gradient coil, namely, optimizing coil element current (OCEC) modeling and optimizing coil element Lorentz force (OCEF) modeling, are proposed to reduce the Lorentz force on individual coil elements. The characteristics of different modeling approaches are compared by analyzing the influence of the weighting factor on the performance of the coil system. The current, Lorentz force, torque, and deformation results calculated via different modeling approaches are also compared. Results: Coil element magnetic fields are much weaker than the main magnetic field, and their effect can be ignored. Matrix gradient coil modeling with different regularization terms can help to decrease the current and Lorentz force of coil elements. The performance of the coil system calculated via different modeling approaches is similar when suitable weighting factors are adopted. The two modeling approaches, OCEC and OCEF, can better reduce the maximum current and Lorentz force on individual coil elements compared with the traditional modeling approach. Conclusions: Different modeling approaches can help to optimize the current distribution of coil elements and satisfy various requirements while maintaining the performance of the coil system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research proposes a novel hydro-pneumatic suspension structure based on high-speed on-off solenoid valves, which can realize two spring force modes and four damping force modes. The basic working principles of the HPS with multiple output force modes are analyzed to establish the damping and stiffness features mathematical models. Based on the parameters taken from a mine dump truck, the stiffness coefficient and damping coefficient of the proposed HPS are matched firstly, then the initial charging pressure of accumulators and the diameter of throttle valves are determined. Finally, the validity of the proposed model is demonstrated by comparing the force-displacement and the force-velocity responses of the model with the corresponding measured experimental data under a broad range of excitations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present article is a continuation of our previous works on the anomalies in the decay rates and the capacitance measurements inside a modified Faraday cage. Here we present the anomalous variations in the measurements of inductance when a coil is placed inside an interleaving structure of metal and organic material. The fluctuation in the inductance values was found to be in the range − 0.007 to 0.018 mH. Additionally, it was observed that the temperature coefficient which was 0.0062 mH/°C initially jumped to two distinct levels, 0.0095 mH/°C and 0.0145 mH/°C, respectively. A multiple factor analysis of our results revealed a very strong correlation (R2 = 95.2%) between the inductance and the combination of the temperature and the relative humidity both measured inside the cage, next to the inductor. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The shift quality of an automatic transmission directly affects the human-perceived comfort and the durability of the automatic transmission. In general, the inconsistency caused by manufacturing errors, life-cycle changes, or other changes in hydraulic characteristics are the main reason affecting the shift quality, which should be compensated by adaptive control in the shifting process. In this paper, we first provide an in-depth analysis of the relationship between proportional solenoid current, clutch pressure, speed and torque in the shifting process control. Then we propose two efficient adaptive control strategies for the torque phase and inertia phase, respectively. Both algorithms are tested and verified on a riot utility vehicle. The experimental results indicate that the adaptive control strategies proposed in this paper can effectively compensate the engine flare and the clutch tie-up of the torque phase, and keep the inertia phase within a proper time range. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Energy and temporal radiation characteristics of the pulsed inductive CO2 gas laser with RF excitation as the function of RF pump-pulse duration τ with xenon additions to a gas mixture of the laser have been experimentally investigated. This made it possible to develop an efficient pulsed inductive CO2 laser with an output energy E > 1.2 J (the efficiency η ~ 17%), using a He:N2:CO2:Xe gas mixture [the (Xe) = 4%]. In this case, the lasing pulse duration tpuls (a full width at half-maximum) was 3.5 ms at a τ = 10 ms. For the pulsed inductive CO2 laser with RF excitation, it was shown for the first time a xenon addition to a gas mixture made it possible to achieve an efficiency η ~ 27% at the output energy E more 600 mJ. Pulses of RF current propagated along the solenoid, and the inductive discharge was formed to create population inversion by IR transitions of CO2 molecules. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We propose a system for wireless power transfer to a rotating object using solenoid coils based on parity-time symmetry (PTS). Solenoid coils are ideal for wireless power transfer in confined spaces (e.g., they can be attached to the mechanical joints of robotic arms). Under PTS, the theorical transmission power and efficiency remain constant even when the magnetic coupling coefficient (km) changes. However, to preserve PTS, km values must be above the critical magnetic coupling coefficient (kmc) value. We conducted simulations and experiments to analyze the relationship between the rotation angle and km. Based on the results, we identified a coil arrangement for which km does not fall below kmc at any rotation angle. We maintained a transmission power of 20 W and a transmission efficiency of 80% during fast rotation with an angular velocity of 2.6 rad/s using a pair of small solenoid coils arranged with a gap of 33 mm between them. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This document is a correction notice for an article titled "Development of a fast-stabilized fuel injection system using a solenoid actuator" published in the Journal of Mechanical Science & Technology. The correction addresses an error in the acknowledgment section of the original article, which should have acknowledged support from the Agency for Defense Development by the Korean Government. The correction notice provides the correct acknowledgment and includes contact information for correspondence. [Extracted from the article]

This document is a correction notice for an article titled "Optimization of Dynamic Performance of a Solenoid Actuator in a CNG Injector Based on the Effects of Key Design Parameters" published in the International Journal of Automotive Technology. The correction includes an acknowledgement that the work was supported by the National Research Foundation of Korea and funded by the Korean government. The original article has been corrected, and the publisher remains neutral regarding jurisdictional claims and institutional affiliations. The contact information for one of the authors is provided at the end of the document. [Extracted from the article]

A two-dimensional Wigner cluster (2DWC) with the number of electrons up to 200 in a parabolic potential well has been studied numerically and analytically. It has been shown that the inner part of the 2DWC in the axisymmetric potential well is polycrystalline, whereas electrons in outer layers form pronounced circular shells. The scaling of the cluster under the variation of the stiffness of the potential well has been considered. The threshold of the free rotation of the solid cluster in the axisymmetric potential well has been determined. The action of an alternating magnetic field generated by a coaxial solenoid on the 2DWC has been examined. It has been shown that the initially immobile solid 2DWC subjected to a weak vortex electric field begins to rotate at an angular velocity equal to half the cyclotron frequency. Furthermore, in a stronger vortex field, the cluster not only rotates but also begins to be periodically compressed, holding its structure. A further increase in the vortex field can lead to the total collapse of the cluster accompanied by the destruction of its structure. A sufficiently strong vortex electric field can also result in the differential rotation of the shells of the 2DWC. The rotational friction coefficient caused by ohmic losses in the gate, which can restrict the free rotation of the 2DWC, has been determined. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A model-based study is conducted to develop a high-performance solenoid gas Injector applied for compressed natural gas (CNG) fueled engines. Operation of the solenoid gas Injector is described through mathematical models, Including mechanical and electrical models. The solenoid of the gas injector is modeled in Maxwell software to simulate its electromagnetic force in static mode, which is based on specifications of a real solenoid gas injector. The electromagnetic force along with flux obtained by the solenoid model in Maxwell is then imported into AMESim software to simulate the operating characteristics of the solenoid gas injector in transient mode, such as motion characteristics of the plunger, response time, and injection quantity. The electromagnetic force and operating characteristics of the solenoid gas injector are investigated under the effects of structural parameters, including core and sleeve shapes. The simulation results show that the electromagnetic force and open response time of the solenoid gas injector are significantly improved by changing the core and sleeve shapes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We study leading order singularities of the wave trace of the Aharonov–Bohm Hamiltonian on R 2 with multiple solenoids under a generic assumption that no three solenoids are collinear. Then we apply our formula to get a lower bound of scattering resonances in a logarithmic neighborhood near the real axis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ESC's solenoid valves independently brake each wheel, allowing the vehicle to maintain braking and directional stability. The most important component of the solenoid valve is the armature manufactured by the turning process by a CNC lathe so far. In this study, we propose to use the multi-stage cold forging process as an alternative to reduce manufacturing cost while satisfying dimensional accuracy and performance. To apply the multi-stage cold forging process, the whole forming process is divided into six stages to improve the dimensional accuracy of the outer diameter, full length and slot part of the armature. It is divided into 6 stages, but 6 stages are operated simultaneously in one stroke of forging. Inducing uniform plastic deformation by designing the preform for each stage of the armature slot. Through the proposed process design for the multi-stage cold forging process, the dimensional accuracy of the test product can be improved. The weight of the input material in the turning process can be reduced by 46 % from 3.5 g to 1.9 g by applying the multi-stage cold forging process. In addition, the manufacturing process can be reduced from 2 processes to 1 process, and the production quantity can be increased by 2500 % from 180 ea to 4800 ea per hour. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A system for creating a toroidal magnetic field in the MEPHIST tokamak is described. The system is a single toroidal solenoid consisting of 12 copper loops made from a copper strip of variable width. The shape of the poloidal cross section is selected based on the zero torque condition. The distribution of the angle of inclination of the loops in the toroidal direction along their length was selected empirically by means of numerical modeling designed to minimize the scattered fields. The expected corrugation of the magnetic field at the large radius of the tokamak is ~0.6%. The inductance of the solenoid and the current supply lines is ~ 37 μH, the ohmic resistance is ~12 mΩ. When the toroidal field was raised, the loop voltage of ~ 3 V was observed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The feasibility of manipulating the beam polarization axis in a spin-transparent storage ring by means of spin-navigating solenoids has been investigated. In particular, deuteron beam spin dynamics in the given lattice and the lattice's properties with respect to beam depolarization via spin decoherence have been considered. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We have developed and studied experimentally a two-cavity gyroklystron operating at a frequency of 35 GHz and the cavity mode TE0 2 1 in a cryomagnet. The output radiation power achieved in the pulsed regime is 750 kW with an efficiency of 24%, a gain of 20 dB, and amplified-frequency bandwidth equal to 220 MHz (0.63%) at an accelerating beam voltage of 74 kV, a current of 42.5 A, and a pulse duration of 100 μs. An operating-frequency bandwidth equal to 310 MHz (0.89%) at a power level of 430 kW has been achieved in another variant of the gyroklystron. At fixed current and beam voltage, the limitation of the efficiency and the bandwidth of the operating frequencies is determined by self-excitation of parasitic oscillations in the output cavity at the TE2 2 1 mode. The limitation of the highest power of the output radiation at a level of 750 kW is related to the formation of a high-frequency discharge in the output cavity because of the deterioration of the vacuum in it as a result of heating the internal surface of the cavity due to ohmic losses. Strong influence of the axial distribution of the static magnetic field in the interaction space on the efficiency and the output radiation power is predicted theoretically and demonstrated experimentally. By finding an optimal longitudinal structure of the magnetic field using solenoids and magnetic shields, we have managed to increase the efficiency and the power of the gyroklystron in the experiment by 1.3 times compared to the case of a homogeneous distribution of the magnetic field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Compact Muon Solenoid (CMS) experiment heavily relies on the CMSWEB cluster to host critical services for its operational needs. The cluster is deployed on virtual machines (VMs) from the CERN OpenStack cloud and is manually maintained by operators and developers. The release cycle is composed of several steps, from building RPMs to their deployment, validation, and integration tests. To enhance the sustainability of the CMSWEB cluster, CMS decided to migrate its cluster to a containerized solution based on Docker and orchestrated with Kubernetes (K8s). This allows us to significantly speed up the release upgrade cycle, follow the end-to-end deployment procedure, and reduce operational cost. In this paper, we give an overview of the CMSWEB VM cluster and the issues we discovered during this migration. We discuss the architecture and the implementation strategy in the CMSWEB Kubernetes cluster. Even though Kubernetes provides horizontal pod autoscaling based on CPUs and memory, in this paper, we provide details of horizontal pod autoscaling based on the custom metrics of CMSWEB services. We also discuss automated deployment procedure based on the best practices of continuous integration/continuous deployment (CI/CD) workflows. We present performance analysis between Kubernetes and VM based CMSWEB deployments. Finally, we describe various issues found during the implementation in Kubernetes and report on lessons learned during the migration process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Electrical stimulation via invasive microelectrodes is commonly used to treat a wide range of neurological and psychiatric conditions. Despite its remarkable success, the stimulation performance is not sustainable since the electrodes become encapsulated by gliosis due to foreign body reactions. Magnetic stimulation overcomes these limitations by eliminating the need for a metal-electrode contact. Here, we demonstrate a novel microfabricated solenoid inductor (80 µm × 40 µm) with a magnetic core that can activate neuronal tissue. The characterization and proof-of-concept of the device raise the possibility that micromagnetic stimulation solenoids that are small enough to be implanted within the brain may prove to be an effective alternative to existing electrode-based stimulation devices for chronic neural interfacing applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we compute the diffractive wave propagator of the Aharonov–Bohm effect (Aharonov and Bohm, Phys Rev 115(3):485, 1959) on R 2 with a single solenoid using a technique of moving solenoid location. In addition, we compute the corresponding diffraction coefficient which is the principal symbol of the diffractive propagator. This paper proves the propagation of singularities of the Aharonov–Bohm Hamiltonian. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Design and experimental results of a continuous wave (CW), 94 GHz second harmonic gyrotron with a 1.8 T continuous operation solenoid are presented. In order to reduce power consumption of the solenoid, a carbon steel shell was designed to concentrate the magnetic flux into the gyrotron cavity region. The inner hole is 66 mm in diameter. That is big enough to insert a CW, medium power gyrotron. When driven by a current of 476 A, maximum magnetic field of 1.8 T in the cavity region was detected and the power consumption was 25 kW. The solenoid was cooled effectively with a water flow of 1.5 L/s. Based on the 1.8 T solenoid, a compact triode magnetron injection gun (MIG) was used to generate gyrating electron beam for the second harmonic gyrotron. The gyrotron operated at the TE0,2 mode with a conventional cylindrical cavity. And a high-efficiency quasi-optical mode converter with a dimpled-wall launcher was designed, the mode conversion efficiency was 97%, and the Gaussian content of the output beam was 98%. During the CW test, continuous operation of 5 min was realized. Its operational frequency stabilized at 93.9 GHz. The output power was 12 kW with an electron beam of 45 kV, 1.6 A. The output efficiency was 24% with a single-stage depressed collector. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Bohr–Fourier series development on one-dimensional solenoids is described using invariant functions and extending Bohr's theory through the study of transversal variation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Low-gravity environment can have a profound impact on the behaviors of biological systems, the dynamics of fluids, and the growth of materials. Systematic research on the effects of gravity is crucial for advancing our knowledge and for the success of space missions. Due to the high cost and the limitations in the payload size and mass in typical spaceflight missions, ground-based low-gravity simulators have become indispensable for preparing spaceflight experiments and for serving as stand-alone research platforms. Among various simulator systems, the magnetic levitation-based simulator (MLS) has received long-lasting interest due to its easily adjustable gravity and practically unlimited operation time. However, a recognized issue with MLSs is their highly non-uniform force field. For a solenoid MLS, the functional volume V1%, where the net force results in an acceleration <1% of the Earth's gravity g, is typically a few microliters (μL) or less. In this work, we report an innovative MLS design that integrates a superconducting magnet with a gradient-field Maxwell coil. Through an optimization analysis, we show that an unprecedented V1% of over 4000 μL can be achieved in a compact coil with a diameter of 8 cm. We also discuss how such an MLS can be made using existing high-Tc-superconducting materials. When the current in this MLS is reduced to emulate the gravity on Mars (gM = 0.38g), a functional volume where the gravity varies within a few percent of gM can exceed 20,000 μL. Our design may break new ground for future low-gravity research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents the results of simulation of a collector with a four-stage recovery of the residual beam energy for a prototype gyrotron developed for the DEMO project. For spatial separation of electrons with different energies, an azimuthal magnetic field created by a toroidal solenoid is used. An increase in the recovery efficiency and a decrease in the electron flux reflected from the collector is achieved by reducing the spread of the radial position of the leading centers of electron trajectories at optimal parameters of the toroidal solenoid, as well as by using a sectioned electron beam. Trajectory analysis of the spent beam with electron distributions over the velocity and coordinate components close to those obtained in experiments with high-power gyrotrons showed the possibility of achieving a total efficiency of the gyrotron of more than 80%, which is close to the maximum efficiency with ideal separation of fractions of an electron beam with different energies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Existing paradigms for stroke diagnosis typically involve computed tomography (CT) imaging to classify ischemic versus hemorrhagic stroke variants, as treatment for these subtypes varies widely. Delays in diagnosis and transport of unstable patients may worsen neurological status. To address these issues, we describe the development of a rapid, portable, and accurate eddy current damping (ECD) stroke sensor. Copper wire was wound to create large (11.4 cm), medium (4.5 cm), and small (1.5 cm) solenoid coils with varying diameters, with each connected to an inductance-to-digital converter. Eight human participants were recruited between December 15, 2019 and March 15, 2020, including two hemorrhagic stroke, two ischemic stroke, one subarachnoid hemorrhage, and three control participants. Observers were blinded to lesion type and location. A head cap with 8 horizontal scanning paths was placed on the patient. The sensor was tangentially rotated across each row on the patient's head circumferentially. Consent, positioning, and scanning with the sensor took roughly 15 min from start to end for each participant and all scanning took place at the patient bedside. The ECD sensor accurately classified and imaged each of the varying stroke types in each patient. The sensor additionally detected ischemic and hemorrhagic lesions located deep inside the brain, and its range is selectively tunable during sensor design and fabrication. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]