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This two-part study describes a learning exercise including a video and a worksheet designed to raise students' awareness of the need to evaluate the completeness of references generated by ChatGPT. The first part of the study assesses the completeness and relevance of academic references generated by ChatGPT using four prompts and three versions of ChatGPT. Content analysis using a priori coding revealed that most of the references generated are hallucinations or only partially complete. The results from the first part of the study were utilized in the second part of the study where 66 students evaluated the completeness of a sample of the references that had been generated and evaluated in the first part of the study. Although most students participating in the case study correctly answered questions about the content of the videos, only some students were able to correctly evaluate the completeness of the generated references. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Scientific articles are used to be cited according to various factors, such as their quality, novelty, methodology, etc. There are also other factors which were identified to influence the citation impact of articles, such as the length of the articles, the number of authors, and the number of references etc. The influence of the number of references was analysed in this study. Journals from various research fields, such as Chemical Engineering, Mathematics, Computer Science, Neuroscience, and Psychology, were ranked according to their SCImago Journal Rank (SJR) values into deciles for the years 2000, 2005, 2010, 2015, 2020, and 2023. The number of references related to one article was calculated for each decile and then correlated against the decile ranking (from 1 to 10). Significant correlation coefficients ranging from -0.880 to -0.982 were obtained. This approach is different from the common approach to analyse the citations and references of the individual articles. The negative slopes of such linear plots demonstrate that the numbers of references are related to the citation impact of journals and, in turn, articles published by them. This is in line with the journal-article-level Matthew effect so that the authors prefer to read the higher-ranked journals and then cite their articles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study uncovers the internationalization of Chinese social sciences in knowledge sources through the quantitative analysis of foreign language references cited by China's domestically published social science papers. It's found that in the 20 years from 1998 to 2017, the number and proportion of international knowledge sources utilized in Chinese social sciences increased greatly, and the distribution of languages became more concentrated in English. For journals as major international knowledge sources, Chinese social scientists consistently preferred those indexed by Web of Science, and their citation pattern conforms to Garfield's Law of Concentration. Some of the disciplines continuously focused on international journals in their fields, but others increasingly utilized interdisciplinary knowledge. The strong demand of Chinese social scientists for journals with high impact was basically stable over 20 years, while older articles instead of recent ones were preferred generally and increasingly. On the basis of the above findings, this study further discloses that China's knowledge production in social sciences also experienced rapid internationalization like its knowledge utilization, and the association between international knowledge production and utilization is statistically significant at the discipline level and journal level. Finally, policy-related issues and enlightenments for social sciences in non-English speaking countries are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Childhood obesity is a public health problem globally as well as in Poland. This paper aimed to provide age- and sex-specific waist circumference, hip circumference, waist-to-height ratio and waist-to-hip ratio normative values for Polish children and adolescents aged 3 − 18 years for more precise monitoring of abdominal fat accumulation. The waist circumference, hip circumference, waist-to-height ratio and waist-to-hip ratio references were constructed with the lambda-mu-sigma (LMS) method using data from two nationally representative health surveys: the OLA study and the OLAF study, the largest available paediatric surveys in Poland which provided measured height, weight, waist, hip and blood pressure for 22,370 children and adolescents aged 3 − 18 years. The predictive ability of newly established references for overweight/obesity as defined by the International Obesity Task Force criteria and elevated blood pressure was tested with receiver operating characteristic. Abdominal obesity cut-offs linked to adult cardiometabolic cut-offs were established. Reference values for waist circumference, hip circumference, waist-to-height ratio and waist-to-hip ratio are presented, as well as waist circumference, waist-to-height ratio and waist-to-hip ratio cut-off values linked to adult's cut-offs of cardiometabolic risk. The predictive value for overweight and obesity of population-based waist, hip and waist-to-height ratio references was outstanding–area under the receiver operating characteristic curve > 0.95 in both sexes, whereas with regard to the elevated blood pressure predictive ability was low—area under the receiver operating characteristic curve < 0.65. Conclusion: This paper presents the first waist, hip, waist-to-height ratio and waist-to-hip ratio references for Polish children and adolescents aged 3–18 years. The 90th and 95th percentile and cut-offs linked to adult thresholds for cardiometabolic risk are proposed as cut-offs for abdominal obesity. What is Known: • Waist circumference, waist-to-height ratio and waist-to-hip ratio are used to assess abdominal obesity in children and adults. • In Poland, there is no abdominal obesity and hip circumference references for children and adolescents from 3 to 18 years of age. What is New: • Population-based references of central obesity indices and hip references for children and youth aged 3–18 years and cardiometabolic risk thresholds for children and adolescents linked to adult's cut-offs were established. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Research is becoming increasingly accessible to the public via open access publications, researchers' social media postings, outreach activities, and popular disseminations. A healthy research discourse is typified by debates, disagreements, and diverging views. Consequently, readers may rely on the information available, such as publication reference attributes and bibliometric markers, to resolve conflicts. Yet, critical voices have warned about the uncritical and one-sided use of such information to assess research. In this study we wanted to get insight into how individuals without research training place trust in research based on clues present in publication references. A questionnaire was designed to probe respondents' perceptions of six publication attributes. A total of 148 students responded to the questionnaire of which 118 were undergraduate students (with limited experience and knowledge of research) and 27 were graduate students (with some knowledge and experience of research). The results showed that the respondents were mostly influenced by the number of citations and the recency of publication, while author names, publication type, and publication origin were less influential. There were few differences between undergraduate and graduate students, with the exception that undergraduate students more strongly favoured publications with multiple authors over publications with single authors. We discuss possible implications for teachers that incorporate research articles in their curriculum. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this research letter, we build upon recent studies about the sleeping beauties awakened by the COVID-19 pandemic. We prove that a peak of citations for sleeping beauties is associated with a sharp increase in the number of citations received by their references. This demonstrates the existence of a cascading activation of citation-based sleeping beauties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents the results of the first statistical analysis of an array of references (about 30 million) from Russian research articles, reviews, conference proceedings, and monograph chapters published in 1980–2020. The references are processed (restructured and identified) to make them machine-readable and to match them to cited publications. It is found that the content of the bibliographic description fields is not uniform. Methods for eliminating this ambiguity are proposed. Changes in the length of reference lists over time, the completeness of data in fields containing bibliographic descriptions of references, the dependence of successful identification of references on the database and the time of publication of the citing publication, and cross-identification of source publications and references are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Articular cartilage lesions remain a challenge for orthopedic surgeons. The identification of the most important articles can help identifying the most influential techniques of the past, the current prevalent focus, and emerging strategies. The aim of this study was to identify milestones and trends in cartilage research. Methods: This study is a bibliometric analysis based on published articles. All citation count data included in the "Scopus database" were used to identify eligible studies up to December 2020. The 50 most-cited articles on cartilage surgery were ranked based on the citation count and analyzed regarding citation density and quality (Coleman score and RoB 2.0 tool). A further search was performed to identify the most promising clinical studies among the latest publications on cartilage surgery. Results: Different kinds of cartilage treatments were investigated in the 50 most-cited clinical articles. Regenerative techniques with chondrocytes were the most reported with a total of 23 articles, followed by microfracture technique in 17 articles and mosaicplasty or osteochondral autograft transplantation (OAT) in 11. Forty-five articles focused on the knee. A higher citation density was found in the most recent articles (p = 0.004). The study of the most promising landmarks of the most recent articles showed new cell-free or tissue engineering-based procedures and an overall increasing quality of the published studies. Conclusion: This bibliometric analysis documented an increasing interest in cartilage surgery, with efforts toward high-quality studies. Over the years, the focus switched from reconstructive toward regenerative techniques, with emerging options including cell-free and tissue-engineering strategies to restore the cartilage surface. Level of evidence: IV. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The primary aims of peer review are to detect flaws and deficiencies in the design and interpretation of studies, and ensure the clarity and quality of their presentation. However, it has been questioned whether peer review fulfils this function. Studies have highlighted a stronger focus of reviewers on critiquing methodological aspects of studies and the quality of writing in biomedical sciences, with less focus on theoretical grounding. In contrast, reviewers in the social sciences appear more concerned with theoretical underpinnings. These studies also found the effect of peer review on manuscripts' content to be variable, but generally modest and positive. I qualitatively analysed 1430 peer reviewers' comments for a sample of 40 social science preprint-publication pairs to identify the key foci of reviewers' comments. I then quantified the effect of peer review on manuscripts by examining differences between the preprint and published versions using the normalised Levenshtein distance, cosine similarity, and word count ratios for titles, abstracts, document sections and full-texts. I also examined changes in references used between versions and linked changes to reviewers' comments. Reviewers' comments were nearly equally split between issues of methodology (30.7%), theory (30.0%), and writing quality (29.2%). Titles, abstracts, and the semantic content of documents remained similar, although publications were typically longer than preprints. Two-thirds of citations were unchanged, 20.9% were added during review and 13.1% were removed. These findings indicate reviewers equally attended to the theoretical and methodological details and communication style of manuscripts, although the effect on quantitative measures of the manuscripts was limited. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the development of Internet technology, the phenomenon of information overload is becoming more and more obvious. It takes a lot of time for users to obtain the information they need. However, keyphrases that summarize document information highly are helpful for users to quickly obtain and understand documents. For academic resources, most existing studies extract keyphrases through the title and abstract of papers. We find that title information in references also contains author-assigned keyphrases. Therefore, this article uses reference information and applies two typical methods of unsupervised extraction methods (TF*IDF and TextRank), two representative traditional supervised learning algorithms (Naïve Bayes and Conditional Random Field) and a supervised deep learning model (BiLSTM-CRF), to analyze the specific performance of reference information on keyphrase extraction. It is expected to improve the quality of keyphrase recognition from the perspective of expanding the source text. The experimental results show that reference information can increase precision, recall, and F1 of automatic keyphrase extraction to a certain extent. This indicates the usefulness of reference information on keyphrase extraction of academic papers and provides a new idea for the research on automatic keyphrase extraction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The general list of references to the monograph Aleksandr N. Guz, "Eight Non-classical Problems of Fracture Mechanics" Springer Nature, 2021, 390 pp. is presented. This monograph does not have a general list of references but each chapter has its local list of references. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, two indicators derived from references in papers were proposed to characterize the papers regarding technological relevance: (1) the number of reference papers that obtained citations from patents by the time of observation, i.e., the publication years of papers to be assessed (NR-PCP), and (2) the number of reference papers authored by the firms' researchers (NR-FP). Next, the two indicators were applied to papers published in 2001 to assess their performance. The results obtained by the two indicators were evaluated by citations from patents until 2016 in various conditions: scientific field, institutional sector, and period of measurement. Results showed a robustness of both indicators in many conditions. NR-PCP showed better results in most cases than NR-FP, although its recall was inferior to NR-FP for papers in which all references were newer than 1996. Based on the result that NR-PCP was preferred as an indicator, the rationale of using reference papers cited in the patent by the period of observation (R-PCP) as an indicator was considered based on the papers' potential distances from the border between science and technology, which was obtained from an extended version of the citation network originally proposed by Ahmadpoor and Jones (Science 357:583–587, 2017. 10.1126/science.aam9527). Finally, issues to be addressed were discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As the prominence of Chinese scholars increases in biomedical research, with an accompanying rise in volume of the published literature, there is a need to standardize the way in which the names of Chinese scholars are represented, not only for accuracy of reference lists and the published record, but as a sign of cultural understanding and sensitivity. An inaccurately portrayed name not only robs the author of valid and accurate citations to their work, but also renders the published literature as inaccurate. This short discussion offers a few perspectives and examples, and solutions as how to simply, but effectively, in a culturally sensitive manner, represent Chinese academics' names. This will be useful for early career researchers, database managers and policy makers who might not have sufficient experience. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

By analyzing references, one can obtain interesting information about the kind of research that is being performed, what approaches exist, information about scientists working in a field of interest, the institutions where such research is being carried out, and journals that reflect this information. Citation issues are discussed in the Akusticheskii Zhurnal articles. An analysis of the cited literature showed that with the advent of the Internet, the depth of citation increased, as did the reduced half-life of articles. Attention is drawn to references to Akusticheskii Zhurnal (hereafter – Acoustics or AJ) itself. An analogy is drawn with the statement of academician V.L. Ginzburg that our scientists do not receive the Nobel Prize "primarily due to their colleagues: Soviet physicists," who, as it turns out, do not really nominate their compatriots. The same can be attributed to the inadequate impact factor of Acoustics, which is decreased by the authors themselves. The issues of information support in the field of Russian-speaking acoustics are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although there are now several bibliographic databases of research publications, such as Google Scholar, Pubmed, Scopus, and the Web of Science (WoS), and some also include counts of citations, there is at present no similarly comprehensive database of the rapidly growing number of clinical practice guidelines (CPGs), with their references, which sometimes number in the hundreds. CPGs have been shown to be useful for the evaluation of clinical (as opposed to basic) biomedical research, which often suffers from relatively low counts of citations in the serial literature. The objectives were to introduce a new citation database, clinical impact®, and demonstrate how it can be used to evaluate research impact of clinical research publications by exploring the characteristics of CPG citations of two sets of papers, as well as show temporal variation of clinical impact® and the WoS. The paper includes the methodology used to retain the data and also the rationale adopted to achieve data quality. The analysis showed that although CPGs tend preferentially to cite papers from their own country, this is not always the case. It also showed that cited papers tend to have a more clinical research level than uncited papers. An analysis of diachronous citations in both clinical impact® and the WoS showed that although the WoS citations showed a decreasing trend after a peak at 2–3 years after publication, this was less clear for CPG citations and a longer timescale would be needed to evaluate their impact on these documents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Contemporary scientific exchanges are international, yet language continues to be a persistent barrier to scientific communication, particularly for non-native English-speaking scholars. Since the ability to absorb knowledge has a strong impact on how researchers create new scientific knowledge, comprehensive access to and understanding of both domestic and international scientific publications is essential for scientific performance. This study explores the effect of absorbed knowledge on research impact by analyzing the relationship between the language diversity of cited references and the number of citations received by the citing paper. Chinese social sciences are taken as the research object, and the data, 950,302 papers published between 1998 and 2013 with 8,151,327 cited references, were collected from the Chinese Social Sciences Citation Index. Results show that there is a stark increase in the consumption of foreign language material within the Chinese social science community, and English material accounts for the vast majority of this consumption. Papers with foreign language references receive significantly more citations than those without, and the citation advantage of these internationalized work holds when we control for characteristics of the citing papers, such as the discipline, prestige of journal, prestige of institution, and scientific collaboration. However, the citation advantage has decreased from 1998 to 2008, largely as an artifact of the increased number of papers citing foreign language material. After 2008, however, the decline of the citation advantage subsided and became relatively stable, which suggests that incorporating foreign language literature continues to increase scientific impact, even as the scientific community itself becomes increasingly international. However, internationalization is not without concerns: the work closes with a discussion of the potential problems associated with the lack of linguistic diversity in scientific communication. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Reference managers, also known as citation managers, were designed to create bibliographic citations but have evolved into powerful tools for education. In addition to their core competency of easily managing in-text citations and automatically generating a list of works cited, modern reference managers can help researchers manage increasingly large libraries of portable document format (PDF) files, web pages and other documents. Users can annotate, store, organize, tag and search PDFs. These programs fetch useful associated metadata such as publication information, author lists and article abstracts. Additionally, the programs create a searchable index that can include the article abstract and often the complete text of many articles' PDFs. Modern reference managers allow for rapid creation, organization and classification of a curated collection of reference articles that can be made available anywhere, including on mobile devices. In this article the author describes how pediatric radiologists can use reference managers to facilitate learning, teaching and writing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the first part of our study (Zhang and Glänzel in Scientometrics, 2017) we provided a view of the literature ageing based on a synchronous approach. Taking up the ideas by Egghe (Scientometrics 27(2):195-214, 1993) and Glänzel et al. (Scientometrics 109(3):2165-2179, 2016) we extend our study in the second part by applying a diachronous approach on the basis of citing literature. For this purpose we used the Prospective Price Index which was recently introduced by Glänzel et al. (Scientometrics 109(3):2165-2179, 2016). Finally, we compare the two aspects of literature ageing. In particular, we analyze the correlation between the share of recent references and the share of fast response, and found a generally positive correlation between both aspects at different levels of aggregation (subfields, major fields and the individual paper level). However, the consistence varies among different aggregations. For examples, on the level of subject fields, Chemistry, Biology, Neuroscience & Behavior are found with evidently better ranks by Prospective Price Index than Price Index, indicating their faster ageing process in the mirror of citations than references, while Engineering and Social sciences are found with the opposite ageing features. At the journal level, we observed a striking divergence between the reference and citation ageing patterns in some cases. Thus several journals proved 'hard' from the perspective of information sources (cited papers) but, at the same time, rather 'soft' in the light of information targets (citing papers). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We provide a view of the literature aging features in the sciences and social sciences, at different aggregation levels, of major fields, subfields, journals and individual papers and from different perspectives. Against to the wide belief that scientific literature may become more rapidly obsolete, we found that, in general, the share of more recent references were distinctly lower in 2014 than that in 1992, which holds for all aggregation levels. As exceptions, the subfields related to Chemistry and the subfield energy and fuels, have shown a clear trend to cite more recent literature than older articles. Particle and nuclear physics and astronomy and astrophysics, the two subfields which strongly rely on e-print archives, have shown a 'polarization' tendency of reference distribution. Furthermore, we stress that it is very important to measure the Price Index at the paper level to account for differences between the documents published in the same journals and (sub-)fields. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The family of long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) is of increasing scientific interest as there is emerging evidence, that lncRNAs are of essential importance for transcriptional and translational control, genomic imprinting and regulation of normal development as well as neuronal plasticity. As the generation of reliable expression profiles requires adequate normalisers, it is of fundamental importance to determine suitable references for lncRNA studies. However, to date no systematic analysis of potential lncRNA normalisers has been performed on human postmortem brain tissue samples. In this study, we investigated three different brain regions (cortex, white matter, and cerebellum) of human postmortem tissue and analysed the expression stability of 90 lncRNAs. Bioinformatical analysis was performed to identify stably expressed lncRNAs. Subsequently, lncRNAs were classified according to their stability values using the NormFinder algorithm. We identified 30 suitable normalisers in cortex, 22 in white matter, and 41 in cerebellum. In addition, there were 13 suitable normalisers for studies comparing cortex and white matter, 25 for studies comparing cortex and cerebellum and 7 for studies comparing white matter and cerebellum. 5 lncRNAs (LUST, IGF2AS (family), 7SK, HOXA6as, NDM29) showed stable expression in all investigated brain regions. A subsequent analysis of the influence of postmortem intervals (PMI) on expression of lncRNAs revealed that expression levels of the newly identified 5 universal lncRNA normalisers are stable within PMI of up to 27 h. Thus, these 5 lncRNAs may be applicable as references for accurate normalisation of lncRNA profiling in multiple brain regions during long PMI, enabling the generation of highly reproducible datasets in lncRNA studies of the human brain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this case-study, I examine examples which fall within the five categories of the re-use of texts in the Nyāya Sūtra, Nyāya Bhāṣya, and Nyāya Vārttika and note the form of quoting and embedment. It is found that the re-use of texts is prominent and that the category and method of embedding the re-used passages varies from author to author. Gautama embeds the most interlanguage quotations without acknowledging his sources and Uddyotakara re-uses the most quotations and paraphrases while acknowledging his sources. Vātsyāyana re-uses the most direct quotations but only acknowledges his sources about half the time. Each author re-uses textual material for two reasons: (1) to demonstrate his authority in this field; and (2) to support his own arguments and to critique objections and opposing theories. Differences crop up in the methodologies of Gautama, Vātsyāyana, and Uddyotakara as the concept of an authority shifts over time, as the body of literature grows, and as new objections and opponents arise. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study explores interdisciplinarity evolution of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (BMB) over a one-hundred-year period on several fronts, namely: change in interdisciplinarity, identification of core disciplines, disciplinary emergence, and potential discipline detection, in order to assess the evolution of interdisciplinarity over time. Science overlay maps and a StreamGraph were used to visualize interdisciplinary evolution. Our study confirms that interdisciplinarity evolves mainly from neighbouring fields to distant cognitive areas and provides evidence of an increasing tendency of BMB researchers to cite literature from other disciplines. Additionally, from our results, we can see that the top potential interdisciplinary relations belong to distant disciplines of BMB; their share of references is small, but is increasing markedly. On the whole, these results confirm the dynamic nature of interdisciplinary relations, and suggest that current scientific problems are increasingly addressed using knowledge from a wide variety of disciplines. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the compliance with the Physician Payments Sunshine Act with the use of reprints tracking reporter (RTR©). Topics include the use of the web browser to access the application for RTR, the imported data stored by the RTR database from the inquiry management database (IRMS), and the innovative approach represented by RTR in the automation of the distribution process.

The goal of this paper is introducing the citer- success-index ( cs-index), i.e. an indicator that uses the number of different citers as a proxy for the impact of a generic set of papers. For each of the articles of interest, it is defined a comparison term-which represents the number of citers that, on average, an article published in a certain period and scientific field is expected to 'infect'-to be compared with the actual number of citers of the article. Similarly to the recently proposed success-index (Franceschini et al. Scientometrics 92(3):621-6415, ), the cs-index allows to select a subset of 'elite' papers. The cs-index is analyzed from a conceptual and empirical perspective. Special attention is devoted to the study of the link between the number of citers and cited authors relating to articles from different fields, and the possible correlation between the cs- and the success-index. Some advantages of the cs-index are that (i) it can be applied to multidisciplinary groups of papers, thanks to the field-normalization that it achieves at the level of individual paper and (ii) it is not significantly affected by self citers and recurrent citers. The main drawback is its computational complexity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Getting cited is important for scholars and for the institutions in which they work. Whether because of the influence on scientific progress or because of the reputation of scholars and their institutions, understanding why some articles are cited more often than others can help scholars write more highly cited articles. This article builds upon earlier literature which identifies seemingly superficial factors that influence the citation rate of articles. Three Journal Citation Report subject categories are analyzed to identify these effects. From a set of 2,016 articles in Sociology, 6,957 articles in General & Internal Medicine, and 23,676 articles in Applied Physics, metadata from the Web of Knowledge was downloaded in addition to PDFs of the full articles. In this article number of words in title, number of pages, number of references, sentences in the abstract, sentences in the paper, number of authors and readability were identified as factors for analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study was to investigate radiologist and trainee-preferred sources for solving imaging questions. The institutional review board determined this study to be exempt from informed consent requirements. Web-based surveys were distributed to radiology staff and trainees at 16 academic institutions. Surveys queried ownership and use of tablet computers and habits of utilization of various electronic and hardcopy resources for general reference. For investigating specific cases, respondents identified a single primary resource. Comparisons were performed using Fisher's exact test. For staff, use of Google and online journals was nearly universal for general imaging questions (93 [103/111] and 94 % [104/111], respectively). For trainees, Google and resident-generated study materials were commonly utilized for such questions (82 [111/135] and 74 % [100/135], respectively). For specific imaging questions, online journals and PubMed were rarely chosen as a primary resource; the most common primary resources were STATdx for trainees and Google for staff (44 [55/126] and 52 % [51/99], respectively). Use of hard copy journals was nearly absent among trainees. Sixty percent of trainees (78/130) own a tablet computer versus 41 % of staff (46/111; p = 0.005), and 71 % (55/78) of those trainees reported at least weekly use of radiology-specific tablet applications, compared to 48 % (22/46) of staff ( p < 0.001). Staff radiologists rely heavily on Google for both general and specific imaging queries, while residents utilize customized, radiology-focused products and apps. Interestingly, residents note continued use of hard copy books but have replaced hard copy journals with online resources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: There are a few international and Turkish reports on children's eye projection references. Methods: This is a cross-sectional study. Data were obtained from the second study of the Determination of Anthropometric Measurements of Turkish Children and Adolescents study group (DAMTCA II).The study population was 4,533 primary and secondary school students aged 6 to 18 years (2,512 girls, 2,021 boys). A Hertel exophthalmometer was used; age- and gender-specific means and standard deviations and percentiles were calculated for eye projection. Results: The 3rd, 5th, 10th, 25th, 50th, 75th, 80th, 85th, 90th, 95th, and 97th percentiles of right and left eye projection, and the mean and standard deviation for each age and gender were calculated. In 6-year-old children, the smoothed eye projection of the 3rd-97th percentiles for the right and left eye in boys were detected as 11.2 mm-17.0 mm for right eye and 11.1 mm-17.0 mm for left eye. In 17-year-old male adolescents, the 3rd-97th percentiles were detected as 11.9 mm-19.5 mm for the right eye and 11.8 mm-19.2 mm for the left eye. The 3rd-97th percentiles in 6-year-old girls were detected as 11.1 mm-17.1 mm for the right eye and 10.9 mm-17.1 mm for the left eye. In 17-year-old girls, the 3rd-97th percentiles were detected as 11.7 mm-19.4 mm for the right eye and 11.8-19.2 mm for the left eye. Conclusions: Age- and gender-specific references for exophthalmos provide important information both for the clinical decision-making process, and screening in the diagnosis of abnormal or pathological conditions which result in exophthalmos. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study was done to observe the accuracy of references in articles published in Indian Journal of Otolaryngology and Head & Neck Surgery. There were 63 references randomly selected from different issues of Indian Journal of Otolaryngology and Head & Neck Surgery (IJOHNS). It includes: Volume 61, Number 4, December 2009 and Volume 62, Number 1, January 2010. References were examined in details by dividing them into six elements and they were compared with the original for accuracy. References not cited from indexed journals were excluded. Statistical analysis was done by using frequency and percentage. Results show that 30.1% references in Indian Journal of Otolaryngology and Head & Neck Surgery were incorrect. Most common errors were author's name and journal name. Author's names were found to be incorrect in 11.1% references while journal name were found to be incorrect in 6.3%. Errors in citing the references are also found in the Indian Journal of Otolaryngology and Head & Neck Surgery. The quoted error in this study is comparable to other international literatures. The majority of errors are avoidable. So, the authors, editors and the reviewers have to check for any errors seriously before publication in the journal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Writing a meaningful and valuable letter of reference is not an easy task. Several factors influence the quality of any letter of reference. First, the accuracy and reliability of the writer's impressions and judgment depend on how well he knows the individual being described. Second, the writer's frame of reference, which is determined by the number of persons at the same level that he has worked with, will impact the context and significance of his beliefs and estimations. Third, the letter-writing skills of the person composing the letter will naturally affect the letter. To support the other components of a candidate's application, a letter of reference should provide specific examples of how an individual's behavior or attitude compares to a reference group and should assess "intangibles" that are hard to glean from a curriculum vitae or from test scores. This report offers suggestions that should help physicians write more informative letters of reference. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Articles and related works published in The American Journal of Dance Therapy to date have been compiled with their abstracts, as available. An index follows the listing, containing key words for each entry. The purpose of this work is to provide to theorists, clinicians and researchers, a reference tool for future use. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Amongst the various forms of scientific misconduct, plagiarism has become increasingly prevalent in today's scientific process. Plagiarism is copying another author's ideas or words and portraying them as your own. Inclusion of another source's contents without giving credit to the source results in this unethical practice. Text derived directly from a source must always be put under quotation marks. Decreased awareness about plagiarism and what exactly constitutes it results in unintentional plagiarism. Plagiarism can be that of the ideas in which the author projects others' ideas as his own. It can also be that of the text also known as word to word plagiarism. Mosaic plagiarism is another form. Various guidelines formulated by esteemed scientific bodies such as World Association of Medical Editors, Committee on publication Ethics have provided an insight to authors, editors, publishers and peer reviewers into the practice of ethical writing. By understanding the true essence of plagiarism and following strict guidelines, it is certainly possible to avoid plagiarism. Various softwares are available to detect plagiarism. These softwares have a wide database which is scanned to reveal any kind of malpractice. If detected, it can have grave consequences causing not only retraction of the article but also loss of dignity. Failure to detect plagiarism reflects negatively on a journal. Originality is the true essence of any research or scientific paper. Any violation of this fact is an unforgivable offence. Thus, this review article attempts to cover the meaning, types, risks and ways to avoid plagiarism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Four assays; high pressure liquid chromatography, colorimetric with thiobarbituric acid, affinity columns, and microcolumn cation exchange were compared for (1) ability to discriminate between samples taken from diabetic and normal subjects; (2) correlation with each other; (3) stability over time at different temperatures; and (4) reproducibility between laboratories. The most discriminatory (10 samples from a diabetic and 10 samples from a normal group) was the microcolumn cation exchange method (t=5.25; p<0.001), but all were significantly different at p<0.005. The intra-assay coefficient of variation was 1%-6%, except for the affinity column method which was 13% in normal subjects. High pressure liquid chromatography was used as a reference and the other assays correlated well (r=0.93-0.99). Storage at-80 °C, -20 °C, 4 °C, and 24 °C showed marked differences. The thiobarbituric acid method results were stable except for 24 °C. Microcolumn cation exchange was labile under all conditions. Affinity column was stable for up to 15 days, only if samples were stored as whole blood. High pressure liquid chromatography showed an increase in haemoglobin A and a decrease in the haemoglobin A. Haemoglobin A was reproducible for 4 days when stored at 4 °C and up to 11 days when stored at -80 °C. Samples exchanged between centres at 4 °C and performed within 5 days by high pressure liquid chromatography for haemoglobin A and haemoglobin A correlated well (r=0.98 and 0.99). Samples exchanged between centres after storage (up to 40 days -80°C) correlated ( r=0.99) by the thiobarbituric acid method. Thus, standards can be prepared for the thiobarbituric acid method and this method with high pressure liquid chromatography could be used to establish references for clinical assays. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The literature sources used in 461 consecutive problem-oriented questions submitted during 1993 to a Drug Information Centre were reviewed retrospectively. Journals were the most frequently used literature source (36% of all quotations). Commonly used medical and clinical pharmacology journals, together with standard textbooks, provided the necessary information to solve more than 50% of drug information requests. Most questions could be answered by including the complementary use of the question/answer database Drugline. Drug information access is important for the improvement of rational use of drugs. According to the present study, this activity is possible with a fairly limited number of sources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]