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Background: The prevalence of cardiovascular disease (CVD) has been continuously increasing, and this trend is projected to continue. CVD is rapidly becoming a significant public health issue. Every year there is a spike in hospital cases of CVD, a critical health concern in lower- and middle-income countries. Based on identification of novel biomarkers, it would be necessary to study and evaluate the diagnostic requirements or CVD to expedite early detection. Main body: The literature review was written using a wide range of sources, such as well-known medical journals, electronic databases, manuscripts, texts, and other writings from the university library. After that, we analysed the specific markers of CVD and compiled a systematic review. A growing body of clinical research aims to identify people who are at risk for cardiovascular disease by looking for biomolecules. A small number of biomarkers have been shown to be useful and reliable in medicine. Biomarkers can be used for a variety of clinical applications, such as predicting heart disease risk, diagnosing disease, or predicting outcomes. As a result of the ability for a single molecule to act as a biomarker, its usefulness in medicine is expected to increase significantly. Conclusions: Based on assessing the current trends in the application of CVD markers, we discussed and described the requirements for the application of CVD biomarkers in coronary heart disease, cerebrovascular disease, rheumatic heart disease, and other cardiovascular illnesses. Furthermore, the current review focuses on biomarkers for CVD and the procedures that should be considered to establish the comprehensive nature of the expression of biomarkers for cardiovascular illness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A new series of urea and thiourea bearing thiophene-2-carboxalate derivatives has been designed against protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B (PTP1B) active site, synthesized and charecterized by 1H and 13C NMR, and mass spectra. The compounds have been evaluated for in vitro anticancer activity against different cancer cell lines using the MTT colorimetric assay and doxorubicin as a standard drug. Among the tested compounds, methyl 3-methoxy-4-{4-[3-(4-methoxyphenyl)thioureido]phenyl}thiophene-2-carboxylate demonstrates the highest inhibitory activity against MCF-7, K562, HepG2, MDA-MB-231, and HeLa cell lines. The new molecular structures and their interactions with PNP1B have been evaluated by docking studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A series of novel N-{2-fluoro-6-[(4,6-dimethoxy-1,3,5-triazin-2-yl)methyl]phenyl} carboxamide derivatives has been synthesized, and their molecular structures are confirmed by 1H and 13C NMR, and mass spectra. Screening of the products for their antitubercular and antibacterial activities indicates the difluoro-4-chlorophenyl and 6-chloropyridine-3-yl derivatives as more potent agents than the reference drugs Pyrazinamide and Streptomycin. All compounds have been docked into MTB enoyl reductase (PDB code: 4U0J) to explore their binding interactions at the active sites. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A novel series of thiophene-2-carboxamide derivatives are designed and synthesized, and their structures are confirmed by 1H and 13C NMR, and mass spectra. The synthesized compounds are evaluated for their in vitro cytotoxic activity by MTT assay. Among the tested compounds, the derivative with 4-Cl-phenyl ring exhibits potent inhibitory activity against MCF-7, K562, HepG2, and MDA-MB-231. The molecular docking study performed for the synthesized compounds against PTP1B exhibits essential key interactions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]