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This research is the maiden attempt to focus on the linkage between remittance outflow and environmental quality in Saudi Arabia, controlling ICT, environmental innovation, and energy consumption. It employs annual data from 1990 to 2020 and applies asymmetric and symmetric analyses based on "nonlinear autoregressive distributed lag (NARDL)" and "autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL)" approaches. The outcomes of the NARDL approach remain robust and stable. In contrast, the ADRL approach produces unreliable outcomes. The "dynamic ordinary least square (DOLS)" assessment validates the robustness of the NARDL approach. Our analysis reveals a long-run association among variables. Remittance outflow's overall impact on CO2 emissions is negative, with a negative effect of its negative shocks and an insignificant effect of its positive shocks. ICT's positive shocks significantly reduce environmental pollution, while its negative shock is still insignificant. When environmental technology advances, pollution decreases and increases when it declines. Energy use contributes to environmental degradation because most of the Kingdom's energy comes from nonrenewable sources. Our research suggests that policymakers should create policies that minimize remittance outflows, boost the deployment of ICT, increase the proportion of environmental technology in the total technology portfolio, and produce and use more renewable energies to reduce environmental pollution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examines how "information and communication technology (ICT)" affects carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions in Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) nations asymmetrically, controlling energy consumption, its intensity, trade, and financial development following an environmental Kuznets curve (EKC) approach. It employs panel data covering 1995–2019, 2nd generation unit root, Westerlund cointegration tests, nonlinear pooled mean group (PMG) estimate, and Dumitrescu-Hurlin causality check. The Westerlund test validates a long-run association among variables. The study confirms the EKC proposition for the GCC countries. It reveals that a decrease in CO2 emissions is associated with both positive and negative parts of ICT and the expansion of financial development. While per capita GDP increases pollution, squared GDP per capita reduces it; energy consumption, intensity, and trade amplify carbon emissions. D-H causality check yields several bidirectional and one-way causalities and verifies the robustness of PMG outcomes. Our findings suggest that promoting ICT becomes one of the critical techniques to decrease CO2 emissions in GCC nations due to its significant negative influence on CO2 emissions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]