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This study examines if, how, and when workplace spirituality promotes employee ethical voice. Specifically, it tests a mediated moderation model with psychological ownership as a mediator of the relationship between workplace spirituality and ethical voice, and moral identity internalization as a moderator of this indirect relationship. The hypothesized model was tested on two different samples from the IT (Study 1) and Hotel industry (Study 2). Study 1 adopted a cross-sectional time-lagged design to test the proposed hypotheses while Study 2 used a more robust longitudinal cross-lagged design to validate the results of Study 1. The conceptual model was tested using structural equation modeling (SEM) and the results established a direct as well as an indirect effect of workplace spirituality on ethical voice via psychological ownership. However, moral identity internalization failed to moderate the effect of workplace spirituality on ethical voice through psychological ownership in both studies. The results established that workplace spirituality stimulates ethical voice through psychological ownership irrespective of the moral identity of employees. The study identifies workplace spirituality as a novel and significant predictor of ethical voice in organizations and advances the understanding of the psychological processes and contingencies of this relationship. Implications for theory and practice are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study takes psychological ownership as a mediating variable and uncivilized behavior control as a regulating variable between psychological ownership and knowledge sharing behaviors in order to explore the relationship between social capital and knowledge sharing among consumers in virtual communities. Questionnaires are used in this paper which show that structural capital, cognitive capital, and relational capital have a positive impact on psychological ownership, that psychological ownership has a positive impact on knowledge sharing among consumers, that psychological ownership plays a partial mediating role in the relationship between social capital and knowledge sharing among consumers, and that uncivilized behavior control plays a regulating role in the quality of psychological ownership and knowledge sharing. The conclusions have important theoretical significance for deepening the theory of knowledge sharing among consumers and psychological ownership. It is suggested that enterprise managers promote consumers' participation in virtual community activities by regulating their psychological ownership and applying appropriate uncivilized behavior control measures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

What impact will leader territorial behavior have on employees? Despite accumulating evidence demonstrating the prevalence of territoriality over nontraditional organizational resources, the key question remains regarding the impact of leader territorial behavior on employee workplace outcomes. To explore this question, we drew on extended self theory to examine the adverse effects of leader territorial behavior on employee workplace outcomes (i.e., employee creativity, organizational citizenship behavior, and career satisfaction) through the mediating role of employee job-based psychological ownership (job-based PO). A time-lagged study of 162 employee-leader pairs from a prominent pharmacy firm in Northern China shows that leader territorial behavior adversely influences employee job-based PO and then damages employee workplace outcomes (i.e., employee creativity, organizational citizenship behavior, and career satisfaction). In addition, employees' perceptions of organizational support for development (OSD) served as a moderator in the negative relationship between leader territorial behavior and employee workplace outcomes. This study fills the research gap on the negative impact of leaders' territorial behaviors by exploring the influence of leaders' territorial behaviors on employees' workplace outcomes, expanded research on antecedents of employee job-based psychological ownership. It also provides practical insights into that organizational support for employee development mitigates this negative effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Underpinned in the displaced aggression theory, the study explores the influence of supervisor expediency (SE) on employee turnover intention (TI), which in turn, fosters interpersonal aggression (IA) in the workplace. Besides, given the significant role of psychological ownership (PO) as a buffering agent, this study relies on the job demands-resources theory to explore PO's moderating effect in dealing with workplace aggression triggered by SE. For this purpose, the authors collected data from lower- and- middle-level managerial workers (N = 429) using a lagged research design spanning multiple waves. Data collected from Chinese service employees in the healthcare industry are processed using the multivariate analytical techniques. Our results confirm SE's significant positive impact on TI. Moreover, IA is also positively influenced by TI, triggered by SE. In addition, the study also finds that employees who draw on their psychological resource, i.e., PO, are more likely to mitigate the adverse effects of SE on IA through TI than those who lack PO. The study is critical because it unveils the hitherto determinantal influence of SE on employee TI and IA and presents PO as a coping mechanism to deal with workplace stressors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose- The presence of employees is indispensable for the sustenance of any company entity. Consequently, firms have made substantial investments in research endeavors over the course of several decades, with the aim of fostering employee engagement and productivity. Fostering a sense of ownership among employees and valuing their input is widely seen as an effective strategy for enhancing employee motivation. Design/methodology/approach- This study examined how goal setting affects employees' task crafting. Psychological ownership mediates goal-setting participation and task crafting behavior and Power distance moderates' goal-setting participation and task crafting behavior through psychological ownership. This study was conducted using a quantitative survey design. The survey was distributed to 372 employees working in small-scale manufacturing companies in China's six major cities. The survey measured goal-setting participation, psychological ownership, task crafting behavior, and power distance. Findings- The study's findings reveal that employee involvement in goal setting contributes to a stronger sense of psychological ownership, subsequently driving them to tailor their job tasks. The relationship is influenced by the organization's power distance, which impacts the level of ownership experienced. Research limitations/implications- This study expands basic theoretical research and sheds light on goal setting participation and task crafting. The study provides theoretical evidence that psychological ownership mediates the goal-setting participation-task crafting behavior relationship. Additionally, it helps explain how power distance moderates this association. Practical implications- In practice, this study suggests that organizations can promote task crafting behavior by supporting goal setting and psychological ownership. Psychological ownership can reduce the detrimental impacts of power distance on goal-setting participation and task crafting behavior in high-power distance cultures. Originality/Value of paper- This research addresses the need to study how goal setting affects employee task crafting. The paper suggests how organizations might encourage task crafting, especially in high-power distant cultures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The use of music in marketing campaigns is ubiquitous. Frequently, brands choose music that they think will be personally meaningful to consumers so that positive associations about the music may spillover to the brand, itself. Yet some anecdotal evidence suggests that such a strategy can sometimes backfire. The proposed conceptual framework of consumer responses to music explains the process through which consumers interpret and respond to music which is related to their personal autobiographical experiences. We propose that the more music is associated with autobiographical experiences, the more a consumer will develop a sense of ownership of the music, and subsequently, the more likely that they will make a determination about whether they will psychologically "license" the use of the music to the brand. This effect is proposed to be conditional on the appropriateness of the music usage. The framework then traces such licensing to a series of consequences: identity outcomes, music outcomes, and identity-related brand outcomes. We conclude by outlining directions for future research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There is a much lively debate about whether new ventures should adopt employee stock ownership plans (ESOPs). The inconsistent findings may be due to the neglect of employees' life quality. This paper analyzed the relationship between ESOPs and employee workplace-psychology-life well-being and the moderating effect of opportunity-enhancing human resource practices (OHRPs). It adopted a survey that was completed by 262 employees of new ventures in the Greater Bay Area of China. The results show that ESOPs had a positive effect on the workplace and psychological well-being, but a negative effect on life well-being, and that this effect was mediated by psychological ownership. OHRPs moderated the mediating effect of ESOPs on workplace and life well-being via psychological ownership. The results reveal a particular correlation pattern between new venture ESOPs and employee well-being, which helps address the debate about the effects of ESOPs by providing an explanation from the life aspect. These findings highlight the importance of considering employee life well-being in understanding new venture ESOPs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) are important in a nation's economic development and growth. Many SMEs cannot achieve their objectives without instilling a psychological sense of ownership in their team. This study examines the impact of job-based psychological ownership and employee ambidexterity on innovative work behavior and job performance among SME employees. The 279 respondents from Chinese SMEs were sampled using a purposive strategy to obtain data. The proposed research model is evaluated utilizing techniques of structural equation modeling. The study's findings indicate that job-based psychological ownership has significant effects on the job embeddedness of SME employees but no significant predictive influence on job performance. Additionally, employee ambidexterity increases the development of SME employees' job embeddedness but has little effect on job performance. Therefore, it may be inferred that the direct impact of job-based psychological ownership and employee ambidexterity on job performance is negligible; however, there is an indirect impact via job embeddedness. The findings also suggest that managers must develop policies and action plans to teach employees job embeddedness to improve their innovative work behavior and job performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Negative workplace gossip is a kind of cold violence in the workplace which seriously affects employees' work and life. Existing studies have shown that the effect of negative workplace gossip on workplace prosocial behavior lacks theoretical and empirical evidence. The mechanism of negative workplace gossip on workplace prosocial behavior is unclear. Based on the theory of psychological ownership, this study constructed a model of the relationship between negative workplace gossip, perceived collective psychological ownership and workplace prosocial behavior at different levels of social efficacy. We conducted research at several companies in China. At time 1, we measured negative workplace gossip, social efficacy and demographic information; At time 2, a week later, we measured employees' perceived collective psychological ownership. At time 3, another week passed, we measured workplace prosocial behavior. Finally, we collected 363 valid questionnaires. The empirical results show that: (1) Negative workplace gossip has a significant negative impact on workplace prosocial behavior. (2) Perceived collective psychological ownership mediates between negative workplace gossip and workplace prosocial behavior. (3) Social efficacy moderates the negative relationship between negative workplace gossip and perceived collective psychological ownership. The research results of this paper provide a theoretical basis for the impact of negative workplace gossip on workplace prosocial behavior and provide a practical reference for organizations to deal with negative workplace gossip. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The majority of current research has explored the beneficial effects of HR practices on staff members' attitudes and actions, with minimal focus on the potential negative effects. This study fills this gap by examining the effect of high-commitment work systems (HCWS) on unethical pro-organizational behavior (UPB). Through employing a combinatorial perspective of construal level and social exchange theory, our study theorized a curvilinear mediated model that links HCWS to UPB through the mediating effect of organizational psychological ownership. We used three-wave survey data from 253 employees and found an indirect effect through a positive linear relationship between HCWS and organizational psychological ownership, along with an inverted U-shaped correlation between staff members' organizational psychological ownership and UPB. This study extends HCWS research to employees' negative behavior (specifically, UPB) and further investigates this psychological mechanism through organizational psychological ownership. The findings add to the current knowledge regarding the influence of HCWS on the UPB of staff members in an organization and provide implications for management practices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Innovation is an important driver for organizational development. Stimulating innovative behavior among employees becomes an important way to improve the competitive advantage of a company. The main purpose of this study is to explore the mechanisms of influence of superior-subordinate guanxi (SSG) on employees' innovative behavior and to test the mediating role of psychological ownership and the moderating role of emotional uncertainty. We collected data from 88 China Mobile's service centers in Shandong Province. The research participants comprised 88 supervisors and 321 subordinates. The results indicated that SSG enhanced employees' psychological ownership and innovative behavior. Moreover, the mediation effect of psychological ownership on the relationship between SSG and subordinates' innovative behavior was significant only for employees with high emotional uncertainty and not for employees with low emotional uncertainty. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Residents are one of the most significant stakeholder groups in ecologically vulnerable regions, and the local ecological environmental governance efforts require their active cooperation and participation. To this end, this study leverages the sampled survey data from residents across 14 cities in Guangxi, China, and uses a structural equation modeling analysis to explore the impact of environmental education perception on residents' ecological security behavior. The results indicate that psychological ownership of nature plays a positive mediating role between environmental education perception and residents' ecological security behavior, as well as between ecological consciousness and residents' ecological security behavior, thereby supporting the idea that a sense of stewardship in protecting ecological security is a key factor in residents' conversion of their ecological protection cognition into practical actions. Further research finds that visual fluency has a moderating effect on the relationship between environmental education perception and psychological ownership of nature. This study provides new insights into the theoretical understanding of the formation mechanism of residents' ecological security behavior, enriches the theory of psychological ownership, and offers policy recommendations for governments implementing ecological environmental propaganda programs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Organizational citizenship behavior is a highly sought-after outcome. We integrate insight from the psychological ownership perspective and agency theory to examine how the juxtaposition of informal psychological mechanisms (i.e., ownership feelings toward an organization) and formal and informal governance mechanisms (i.e., employee share ownership, agency monitoring, and peer monitoring) influences employees' organizational citizenship behaviors. Our empirical results show that psychological ownership has a positive effect on organizational citizenship behavior. Contrary to the common belief that informal and formal mechanisms complement each other, we find that the positive influence of psychological ownership on organizational citizenship behavior is more pronounced when employee share ownership and agency monitoring is low compared to high. Implications for theory and future research are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Much of the existing literature on customer participation has focused on the performance outcomes from the standpoint of companies, ignoring the benefits of customers as the critical participants. Drawing from work on meaning and self-determination theory, the paper examines the influence of customer participation on two components of customer well-being: affective states and meaning of participation. Two studies show that customer participation significantly improved customers' affective states and meaning of participation, and psychological ownership was one of the underlying mechanisms. Product type further moderated the relationship between customer participation and psychological ownership, and between customer participation and well-being. Specifically, the effect of customer participation on psychological ownership was stronger for participants in physical product condition, while it became attenuated albeit significant for participants in the intangible service condition. The relationship between customer participation and customer well-being also became weaker in intangible service condition. Our findings contribute to theories of customer participation and customer well-being, and also suggest direct implications for marketing strategy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study of bibliometric analysis aims to identify the role of psychological ownership (PO) in knowledge hiding behaviour (KHB) by reviewing 46 publications from Web of Science (Wos) and Scopus. In the initial stage we examined the existing literature on PO and KHB. In the second step, we utilize the PRISMA approach for systematic literature review including identification, screening, and eligibility of relevant literature. In the third step, we utilize the VOS viewer and ARCGIS for further bibliometric analysis. Results show that the most productive country is China, with 17 institutions, the top one of which is Renmin University. The journal with the most articles published is the Journal of Knowledge Management. Important study areas were discovered by a keyword analysis, including knowledge management, psychological ownership, organizational/knowledge-based PO, employee knowledge, and knowledge work. It is observed that organizations will improve more if the PO of the knowledge decreases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although scholars have identified a few antecedents of inaction inertia, scant attention has been given to the sense of power. Therefore, the present study connects consumers' sense of power with inaction inertia, and investigates the mechanism underlying the effects of consumers' sense of power and psychological ownership on inaction inertia from the perspective of endowment effect. Three experiments and one survey were conducted to test our predictions. Studies 1a and 1b found that consumers with low (vs. high) sense of power showed higher inaction inertia, whether state or trait sense of power. Study 2 found that psychological ownership moderated the relationship between sense of power and inaction inertia, and the valuation was an underlying driver of this effect. Furthermore, study 3 revealed the chain mediating role of both valuation and anticipated regret in the impact of sense of power and psychological ownership on inaction inertia. Theoretical and practical implications, and future research directions are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this article is to understand the relationship between psychological ownership, knowledge sharing, knowledge hiding and employee motivation in knowledge intensive organizations. We take employee motivation in terms of approach motivation and avoidance motivation and examine moderating role of the former in case of the psychological ownership – knowledge sharing relationship, and the latter in case of the psychological ownership – knowledge hiding relationship. We examine these relationships on data collected during a pandemic (i.e., COVID-19). Data are collected from 217 individuals working in knowledge intensive high-tech organizations and educational institutes. Hypotheses are tested using structural equation modelling (SEM). Results show that stronger feelings of psychological ownership lead to both positive work behavior (i.e., knowledge sharing) as well as negative work behavior (i.e., knowledge hiding). Furthermore, approach motivation positively moderates the positive relationship between psychological ownership and knowledge sharing. A moderating role of avoidance motivation, however, is not confirmed. Research has ignored the role of different types of employee motivation, particularly approach motivation vis-à-vis knowledge behaviors. Furthermore, by examining these relationships in the context of a Pandemic (i.e., COVID-19), we offer some interesting insights and offer implications for management practice. For example, managers may incorporate reward practices to motivate employees towards knowledge sharing, and nurture an organizational climate, which discourages knowledge hiding. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Passive members are a major part of online political communities, but there is a lack of quantitative research exploring this topic. Furthermore, little is known about how a sense of socialization drives their participation in online political communities. Therefore, this paper tried to depict the drivers of the participation of passive members in online political communities. 591 data were collected through an online survey platform in China and Korea. Then, Mplus8.0 was used to test the related hypotheses, and a multigroup analysis approach has been implemented to quantify the moderating effect of political environment. Results suggest that collective psychological ownership has positively affect sense of community, which then positively affects passive members' sustained participation behavior in the online policy community. By the way, prior behavior observation and perceived political efficacy have a positive effect on socialization. Results also suggest that socialization positively affect sense of community. The findings not only enriched the literature of online political community participation, but also provided important enlightenment for the operation and management of online political community. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Automation is increasingly being introduced into a variety of consumer products, ranging from vacuum cleaners to autonomous vehicles. While automation provides convenience and efficiency benefits consumers value, related evidence suggests it can also undermine post-purchase consumer product responses of importance to managers (e.g., brand loyalty). Using insights derived from Amazon customer reviews, a survey of product owners, a virtual reality lab, and two vignette experiments, we formally explore this possibility and find that automation is indeed a double-edged sword. That is, we uncover that automation has undesirable effects on post-purchase outcomes because it interferes with psychological ownership formation. We also find that, depending on consumer identity motives (e.g., task-related vs. technology-related) and product design affordances (e.g., a remote access feature), this effect can be strengthened, weakened, or even reversed. Our findings offer managers needed guidance on how to counter automation's dark side through identity-based targeting and product design. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study used a nationally representative random sample of social workers (N = 3896) collected from a cross-sectional study of the First Wave of the China Social Work Longitudinal Study in 2019. This study examined the indirect effect of autonomy on job satisfaction through the mechanism of collective psychological ownership (CPO) characterized by sharedness. The results showed that autonomy had a positive association with CPO, and that CPO had a positive association with job satisfaction. The results also revealed that autonomy influenced job satisfaction indirectly through the psychological mechanism of CPO. The discussion of findings provides insights into the research and practice of a less-territorial notion of collective psychological ownership theory. The findings will inspire organizational management in terms of enhancing the job satisfaction of social workers through strengthening their autonomy and CPO. The existing territorial notion of psychological ownership (PO) has shown its negative outcomes such as groupthink and resistance to sharing and changes in organizational contexts. Emphasizing the importance of sharedness, CPO embodying two specific factors, namely, shared decision-making and shared hardship endurance, is an emerging concept in organizational management. This is the first study examining the impact of a less-territorial notion of CPO in organizational contexts with a nationally representative sample. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Physical products (e.g., cars, smartphones) increasingly evolve into dynamic service platforms that allow for customization through fee-based activation of restricted add-on features throughout their lifecycle. The authors refer to this emerging phenomenon as "internal product upgrades". Drawing on normative expectations literature, this research examines pitfalls of internal product upgrades that marketers need to understand. Six experimental studies in two different contexts (consumer-electronics, automotive) reveal that consumers respond less favorably to internal (vs. external) product upgrades. The analyses show that customer-perceived betrayal, which results from increased feature ownership perceptions, drives the effects. Moreover, this research identifies three boundary conditions: it shows that the negative effects are attenuated when (1) the company (vs. consumer) executes the upgrading, and (2) consumers upgrade an intangible (vs. tangible) feature. Finally, consumers react less negatively when (3) the base product is less relevant to their self-identity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research examines how the type of money (cash vs. digital) affects consumers' perceived purchasing power (PPP) of the money and the mediating mechanisms of psychological ownership and psychological distance. Three lab experiments confirm that cash results in higher PPP than does digital money, and that both psychological ownership and psychological distance contribute to the effect of money type on PPP. Our findings provide theoretical implications for the psychological research on the type of money and its influence and practical implications for e-payment and online shopping behaviors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Participatory enterprise modeling is about gathering domain experts and involving them directly in the creation of models, aided by modeling experts. It is meant to increase commitment to and quality of models. This paper presents an exploratory study focusing on the subjective view of the domain experts. We investigated the influence of direct collaboration versus individual modeling, and the influence of model revisions by modeling experts on psychological ownership and perceived model quality. We chose process modeling as a particular form of enterprise modeling. Our results give hint that domain experts working individually with a modeling expert perceive model quality as higher than those working collaboratively whereas psychological ownership did not show any difference. Revisions caused changes in the subjects' assessments only of model quality. Moreover, we will present qualitative results from interviews we led with the participants. They reveal interesting insight on how outcome and perception of the procedure and the method in both settings can be positively influenced. The interviews also emphasize the special role of the method experts who are sometimes even considered as co-owners of the model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Drawing on the theory of planned behavior, this study examines how and when authentic leadership influences employees speaking out (voice toward peers) and speaking up (voice toward the supervisor) by demonstrating psychological safety, psychological ownership, and voice efficacy as key mediating mechanisms, and Chinese traditionality as a crucial boundary condition. A structural equation model analysis of a sample of 316 employee-supervisor dyads from China revealed that voice efficacy uniquely mediated relationships between authentic leadership and speaking up and speaking out, and played the strongest mediating role among the three mediators. A total effect moderation model analysis found that traditionality moderated the direct effects of psychological safety on speaking out, psychological ownership on speaking out, voice efficacy on speaking out, and authentic leadership on voice efficacy. Traditionality moderated the indirect effects of authentic leadership on speaking up and speaking out through voice efficacy and on speaking out through psychological safety and psychological ownership as well, suggesting that these effects were stronger for employees who were high, rather than low, in traditionality. This study contributes to our understanding of how and when authentic leadership influences employee voice and which intermediate mechanism plays the strongest role, and highlights improving voice efficacy and inculcating Chinese traditional values to enhance the effect of authentic leadership and bring about more voice behaviors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The experience of one's body as one's own is normally referred to as one's "bodily sense of ownership" (BSO). Despite its centrality and importance in our lives, BSO is highly elusive and complex. Different psychopathologies demonstrate that a BSO is unnecessary and that it is possible to develop a limited BSO that extends beyond the borders of one's biological body. Therefore, it is worth asking: what grounds one's BSO? The purpose of this paper is to sketch a preliminary answer to the 'grounding question.' Thus, I begin by briefly presenting some contemporary competing hypotheses concerning the 'grounding question' and explain why they seem unsatisfying. Second, I discuss the "dual-aspect" of bodily awareness, which is manifest in every normal tactile experience and consists in a subject-object structure of awareness. I then argue that the "dual-aspect" of bodily awareness has the potential of explaining BSO and can, therefore, be considered its grounds. Taking the "dual-aspect" of bodily awareness as the grounds of BSO manages to escape difficulties faced by contemporary hypotheses concerning BSO, fulfills certain necessary demands upon any account of BSO, and explains relevant empirical findings and psychopathologies. Consequently, I argue that it is a hypothesis worth pursuing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The program of this edition included 13 long and 1 short papers, divided into four sessions: enterprise modeling, handling models & modeling methods, threat & evidence modeling, and model-driven engineering & applications. The EMMSAD (Exploring Modeling Methods for Systems Analysis and Development) conference series organized 26 events from 1996 to 2021, associated with CAISE (Conference on Advanced Information Systems Engineering). These are organized into five tracks: (1) Foundations of Modeling & Method Engineering; (2) Enterprise, Business Process & Capability Modeling; (3) Information Systems & Requirements Modeling; (4) Domain-Specific & Ontology Modeling; and (5) Evaluation of Modeling Approaches. [Extracted from the article]

The question of pet ownership contributing to human well-being has received mixed empirical evidence. This contrasts with the lay intuition that pet ownership contributes positively to wellness. In a large representative sample, we investigate the differences that may exist between pet vs. non-pet owners in terms of their well-being during the COVID-19 pandemic, and examine among different sociodemographic strata, for whom pet ownership can be more vs. less beneficial. A cross-sectional questionnaire survey was conducted among Canadian adults (1220 pet owners, 1204 non-pet owners). Pet owners reported lower well-being than non-pet owners on a majority of well-being indicators; this general pet ownership effect held when accounting for pet species (dogs, cats, other species) and number of pets owned. Compared to owners of other pets, dog owners reported higher well-being. When examining the effect of pet ownership within different socioeconomic strata, being a pet owner was associated with lower well-being among: women; people who have 2 + children living at home; people who are unemployed. Our results offer a counterpoint to popular beliefs emphasising the benefits of pets to human wellness during the COVID-19 pandemic and confirm the importance of accounting for sociodemographic factors to further understand the experience of pet ownership. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

From 2016, all Western Australian schools were mandated to implement the National Quality Standard (NQS) in Kindergarten through to Year 2. Over the first year of implementation, this mandate had varying degrees of success in adoption. This study examined four schools which were identified as having implemented the NQS. A qualitative methodology was employed to examine those factors that supported implementation. A key finding was the integral role played by distributed leadership in adopting new initiatives. Using Activity Theory to conceptualise the data, it was found that psychological ownership was a key factor in enabling distributed leadership. Ownership was enabled when community differences were acknowledged, and time was given for the NQS tool to be reassessed and reconfigured as one's own. Once staff had psychological ownership, they were more likely to support implementation of the NQS. This study has implications for leaders and those implementing the NQS or other initiatives in schools. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

What is objectivity? What would it take to have objective representations and do we (humans) have what it takes? This paper aims to contribute to answering these questions. To this end, it isolates one relevant sense of objectivity and proposes a generalization of standard frameworks of representational content in order to engage with the question in a way that is rhetorically fair. Armed with a general conception of perspectival content, taken from the literature on centred or de se content, the paper articulates one necessary condition for objective representation: the possession of objective concepts and therefore objective contents. Two ways of meeting (or approximately meeting) this condition are discussed in an exploratory way. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Learning to assume responsibility or "ownership" for patient care is an important aspect of learning what it means to be a physician. To date, most of the research on patient ownership has focused on residents' understanding of what it means to own patients. This exploratory study explored third- and fourth-year students', residents, and attending physicians' understanding of the phrase "taking ownership of a patient." Data included participant observations and interviews that expanded over a five month period. Interviews were transcribed and analyzed using psychological ownership as an analytical lens and latent content analysis as a method. Third-year students primarily understood the phrase to mean communicating with patients and their immediate team. Fourth-year students indicated it was an expectation to contribute to the management of patient care. Residents and faculty thought patient ownership included an emotional investment in patients. The phrase taking ownership of patients is understood differently depending on where participants are in their development, even though it is assumed there is a shared understanding across team members. Given the variability in understanding, educators should have explicit discussions with learners about commonly used concepts to help them develop sophisticated understandings and monitor their own development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As augmented reality (AR) technology advances, marketers are eager to adopt the technology for communication to persuade consumers to develop favorable attitudes and behaviors toward their products and services. This study aims to investigate the effect of product information (utilitarian vs. hedonic attributes) and presence on consumers' product evaluation in AR. Through a quasi experiment, this study demonstrates how product attribute information and presence in AR affect product evaluation by mediating imagery, information fulfillment, and psychological ownership. At the same time, this study identifies the moderating role of consumers' technological innovativeness in the effect of presence on consumers' imagery. This research offers new insights into the role of product information in AR, which previous studies lack, to explore and highlight the predictors of positive product experiences in AR. Innovative marketers are likely to benefit from this study in developing product presentation tactics with AR technology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Body ownership concerns what it is like to feel a body part or a full body as mine, and has become a prominent area of study. We propose that there is a closely related type of bodily self-consciousness largely neglected by researchers—experiential ownership. It refers to the sense that I am the one who is having a conscious experience. Are body ownership and experiential ownership actually the same phenomenon or are they genuinely different? In our experiments, the participant watched a rubber hand or someone else's body from the first-person perspective and was touched either synchronously or asynchronously. The main findings: (1) The sense of body ownership was hindered in the asynchronous conditions of both the body-part and the full-body experiments. However, a strong sense of experiential ownership was observed in those conditions. (2) We found the opposite when the participants' responses were measured after tactile stimulations had ceased for 5 s. In the synchronous conditions of another set of body-part and full-body experiments, only experiential ownership was blocked but not body ownership. These results demonstrate for the first time the double dissociation between body ownership and experiential ownership. Experiential ownership is indeed a distinct type of bodily self-consciousness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Do people feel psychological ownership toward a third place other than homes as the first place and workplaces as the second place? The present study proposes a research model integrating three characteristics of the third place including customer participation, place attachment, and psychological ownership, and tests six hypotheses derived from the research model, which is based on social identity theory and attachment theory. Communication, concentration, and self-expressiveness as characteristics of the third place have a positive influence on customer participation. Customer participation has a direct positive influence on psychological ownership as well as indirectly through place attachment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recent years have witnessed the diffusion of 3D printing technologies that allow consumers to create products with the push of a button. While these technologies may change how value is created in the marketplace, there is little research on 3D printing from a consumer perspective. Against this background, this research conceptualizes 3D printing as a form of co-creation and presents four studies aimed at understanding how consumers respond to products they have printed themselves. Study 1 shows that self-printing a product positively affects product evaluations by increasing perceived ownership. Study 2 finds that this effect occurs even when people are not able to observe the printing process. Study 3 shows that the positive effect of self-printing is moderated by the affective quality of the products being printed. Specifically, while self-printing enhances the evaluations of hedonic products, it has no effect on the evaluations of utilitarian products. Finally, Study 4 identifies a strategy that may offset the disadvantage that utilitarian products face in a 3D printing context, that is, ingredient branding. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Body ownership (the feeling that one's body belongs to oneself) is commonly studied with Rubber hand illusion (RHI) paradigm that allows inducing a temporary illusory feeling of ownership of a life-sized rubber hand. However, it remains unclear whether illusory ownership of the fake hand relies on the same mechanisms as ownership of one's own real hand. Here, we directly compared ownership of the own hand (OH) and fake hand (FH) in the same set of conditions within immersive virtual reality. We obtained behavioral (proprioceptive drift) and subjective (questionnaire) measures of ownership and disownership for virtual OH, FH and object (Obj) that were located congruently or incongruently with the participant's real hand and were stimulated synchronously or asynchronously with the real hand. Both OH and FH (but not Obj) were embodied after synchronous stimulation in both locations. Crucially, subjective ownership of the OH was stronger than of the FH in congruent location after synchronous stimulation. It was also present after asynchronous stimulation, being stronger when the virtual OH was subjectively more similar to the real hand. The results suggest that the detailed appearance of the body might act as an additional component in the construction of body ownership. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Patient care ownership is essential to delivering high-quality medical care but appears to be eroding among trainees. The lack of an objective measure has limited the study of ownership in physicians.Objective: To develop an instrument to measure psychological ownership of patient care.Design: Cross-sectional study.Participants: Internal medicine trainees in a large, academic hospital completing an inpatient rotation.Main Measures: Our scale prototype adapted an existing ownership scale (developed in the non-medical setting) based on themes identified in qualitative studies of patient care ownership. We conducted cognitive interviews to determine face validity of the scale items. Our finalized scale measures ownership's key constructs: advocacy, responsibility, accountability, follow-through, knowledge, communication, initiative, continuity of care, autonomy, and perceived ownership. We distributed an online, anonymous, 46-question survey to 219 residents; 192 residents completed the survey; and 166 responses were included in the analysis. We calculated Cronbach's α to determine the scale's internal consistency. Exploratory factor analysis was used to explore possible subscales. We examined construct validity using bivariate and correlational analysis.Key Results: The 15-item ownership scale demonstrated good internal consistency (Cronbach's α = 0.89). We identified three possible subscales corresponding to assertiveness, being the "go-to" person, and diligence. Training level and prior intensive care unit experience significantly predicted ownership (p < 0.01). There was no significant relationship between ownership and age, gender, inpatient service type, call schedule, patient turnover, or supervisory experience of the attending physician. We found a significant negative correlation between ownership and perceived degree of burnout (r = - 0.33), depression (r = - 0.24), detachment (r = - 0.35), and frustration (r = - 0.31) and a significant positive association between ownership and fulfillment (r = 0.37) and happiness (r = 0.36).Conclusion: We developed an instrument to quantify patient care ownership in residents. Our scale demonstrates good internal consistency and preliminary evidence of validity. With further validation, we expect this to be a valuable tool to evaluate interventions aimed at improving ownership. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study proposes that psychological ownership for the organization and psychological empowerment are important determinants of individual innovative behavior, and serve as moderators of the climate–innovation relationship. In a study of 804 employees from 157 firms in China, we found that both of these two psychological variables had a positive relationship with individual innovative behavior. Additionally, we found psychological empowerment served as a moderator of the climate–innovation relationship, such that the relationship was stronger for individuals high in psychological empowerment. This study contributes to further understanding of the climate–innovation relationship. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Psychological ownership (PO) is a sense of being psychologically tied to an object to the extent that it becomes part of the extended self. As technology becomes ubiquitous in daily lives, research have shown the potential of this concept to influence users' behavior. Hence, this study incorporates PO and its antecedents with the beliefs of perceived ease of use (PEU) and perceived usefulness (PU) to predict teachers' intention to continue using a cloud-based virtual learning environment (cVLE). A hypothesized model with direct and mediated relationships was tested with data obtained from 1068 practicing secondary school teachers using the cVLE. Results from structural equation modeling supported the model, which explained 56.3% of variance in continuance intention with sufficient predictive relevance (Stone–Geisser Q2 = 0.463). Results demonstrated that the tenets of PO hold true in the cVLE context, as a significant influence to PEU and PU, as well as a significant mediator in the hypothesized model. PEU was found to have a stronger effect than PU on continuance intention, implying its importance despite teachers having gained experience in using it and the cVLE considered as user-friendly. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Prior research on object valuation ignores the effect of non-ownership physical possession types such as renting and borrowing. Evidence from four experiments demonstrates that the valuation (i.e., willingness-to-pay) for rented objects is greater than the valuation for non-possessed or borrowed objects. Borrowed objects are not valued any differently than non-possessed objects. Psychological ownership mediates the relationship between valuation and non-ownership physical possession. Additionally, psychological ownership varies for different possession types (ownership, renting, and borrowing) as its contributing routes (control, self-investment, and knowledge) operate differently for each possession type. As further evidence of the psychological ownership based theoretical account, the research shows that rented objects are not valued higher than non-possessed objects if the control or self-investment routes of psychological ownership are suppressed. The moderating influence of product hedonism-utilitarianism and consumers' tightwad-spendthrift tendency on the valuation of rented and borrowed objects is also examined. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Research has shown that certain styles of leadership and the use of work groups are related to higher nursing home quality, but few studies have described how these factors influence quality of care. This study examines how, or through which processes or mechanisms, the: (1) use of work groups, and (2) active leadership are associated with high quality of care in Norwegian nursing home wards. In addition, with our findings, we propose a Model of Leadership and the Organization of Work in Nursing Homes. Qualitative data from field observations and interviews were used to answer the research questions. The analysis was conducted by comparing two groups of nursing home wards. Group 1 consists of the eight (20%) highest quality wards and group 2 of the eight (20%) lowest quality wards out of a sample of 40 wards. In the analysis, we listed similarities within each group and differences between the two groups in order to isolate characteristic, or mediator variables, that distinguish the high from the low quality wards. The analysis suggests that work groups influenced three, and leadership four, mediators, which in turn may influence nursing home quality. These seven mediators could help explain how work groups and leadership effect quality of care. We found that the use of work groups seemed to foster the development of psychological ownership, perceived insider status and shared mental models among care workers, while active leadership seemed to foster the development of a strong work ethic, positive work environment, professionalism, and an organizational vision. A Model of Leadership and the Organization of Work in Nursing Homes may be useful for nursing home owners, administrators, ward leaders, and policy makers interested in improving the quality of care in nursing homes. With knowledge of how the use of work groups and leadership influence quality of care, such processes can be cultivated and facilitated to achieve higher nursing home quality. Our findings imply that policies that encourage smaller work groups, enhance leadership skills of ward leaders, and minimize ward leader’s administrative tasks may lead to higher quality of care in nursing homes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study is an empirical endeavor of exploring the role of promotive and preventative psychological ownership in the relationship of authentic leadership and psychological capital with burnout. A cross-sectional survey study was conducted among 500 faculty members of various public sector universities of Pakistan (209 male and 291 female teachers). PsyCap Questionnaire, Authentic Leadership Questionnaire, Psychological Ownership Questionnaire, and Maslach Burnout Inventory-Educator Survey were used to measure the focal constructs of the present study. Structured equation modeling reveals that promotive psychological ownership had a negative, whereas preventative psychological ownership had a positive relationship with burnout. Psychological capital and perceived authentic leadership had a negative influence on burnout. Promotive psychological ownership mediated the relationship of psychological capital and authentic leadership with burnout, whereas preventative psychological ownership mediated between perceived authentic leadership and burnout. Implications of the research along with its limitation and suggestions for further research were reflected upon. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article provides methodological and empirical insights into the estimation of technical efficiency in the nursing home sector. Focusing on long-stay care and using primary data, we examine technical and scale efficiency in 39 public and 73 private Irish nursing homes by applying an input-oriented data envelopment analysis (DEA). We employ robust bootstrap methods to validate our nonparametric DEA scores and to integrate the effects of potential determinants in estimating the efficiencies. Both the homogenous and two-stage double bootstrap procedures are used to obtain confidence intervals for the bias-corrected DEA scores. Importantly, the application of the double bootstrap approach affords true DEA technical efficiency scores after adjusting for the effects of ownership, size, case-mix, and other determinants such as location, and quality. Based on our DEA results for variable returns to scale technology, the average technical efficiency score is 62 %, and the mean scale efficiency is 88 %, with nearly all units operating on the increasing returns to scale part of the production frontier. Moreover, based on the double bootstrap results, Irish nursing homes are less technically efficient, and more scale efficient than the conventional DEA estimates suggest. Regarding the efficiency determinants, in terms of ownership, we find that private facilities are less efficient than the public units. Furthermore, the size of the nursing home has a positive effect, and this reinforces our finding that Irish homes produce at increasing returns to scale. Also, notably, we find that a tendency towards quality improvements can lead to poorer technical efficiency performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper investigates the context in which firms’ ownership strategies in international ventures may be affected by their international experience, which shapes their dynamic capabilities. Based on a statistical synthesis of empirical insights accumulated in a large body of literature, this paper examines multiple firm-, industry-, and country-specific moderators simultaneously. With models tested drawing on data from 102 samples across 114,118 international entry decisions, this meta-analysis finds empirical evidence largely supporting theoretical predictions of sources of international experience, economic development stages of host countries and firm size that moderate the relationship between international experience and ownership strategy (IE-OS relationship), and this relationship is not contingent upon industries in which a firm resides. In particular, the contingency effect of country-specific experience is more important to the IE-OS relationship than others. This paper demonstrates the contextual nature of the IE-OS relationship and contributes insights into the contingencies that affect the impact of experience-based dynamic capability deployment in an international business setting. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Customers can influence the health of business ecosystem through their participation. What are the determinants of customer participation at the business ecosystem level? This study addresses this question by proposing a research model integrating the organizational socialization of customers, customer participation, and psychological ownership. It proposes customers' psychological ownership as an antecedent of their participation in the business ecosystem. No study to date has empirically examined customer participation in business ecosystems. This study tests the hypotheses based on online survey data from 397 Facebook users. The results show that psychological ownership is a significant determinant of customer participation in the business ecosystem via word-of-mouth (WOM) and boycott intention. The result of our study also indicates that customer socialization significantly affects customer participation in the individual firm, which in turn leads to an increased psychological ownership. This study (a) broadens the concept of customer participation by examining it via the business ecosystem lens and (b) highlights WOM and boycott activities as examples of customer participation at the business ecosystem level. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article examines how salient traces left by previous owners on used goods influence product evaluations. Based on the concept of psychological ownership, we propose the ownership distance effect in the context of buying used goods. We argue that when there are salient traces left by previous owners on a used good, it will widen the ownership distance between the potential buyers and the product. As a consequence, buyers will tend to evaluate the product less positively. Four experimental studies were conducted, and the results support this prediction. Buyers preferred used goods with salient traces left by a previous owner less (studies 1 and 2) due to the ownership distance effect. In addition, perceived psychological ownership mediates the ownership distance effect (studies 2 and 4). However, this negative effect decreased when specific situations (e.g., free housecleaning service) lessened the ownership distance, or when people believed that a previous owner's trace would benefit them in obtaining their consumption goal (studies 3 and 4). The analysis of actual transactions from also confirms this effect (study 5). We conclude with a discussion of the substantive theoretical and managerial implications of this research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We used the virtual hand illusion paradigm to study how sense of agency and sense of (body) ownership can interact with different emotional events on stress feelings. Converging evidence for at least the partial independence of agency and ownership was found. For instance, sense of agency was a better predictor of individual anxiety levels than sense of ownership and males showed stronger effects related to agency-presumably due to gender-specific attribution styles and empathy skills. Moreover, agency and ownership also interacted with emotional events and led to different anxiety levels. Taken together, our findings suggest that the disentangled sense of agency and sense of ownership can interact with different emotional events and influenced stress feelings more in threatening situations than awarding ones. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Technological progress provides us with an increasing variety of devices that now mediate what previously has been achieved by social face-to-face interaction. Here, we investigate whether this leads to the incorporation of such devices into representations of our body. Using explicit (body ownership questionnaire) and implicit (proprioceptive drift rate) measures together with a synchronous/asynchronous stroking technique, we show that people have an increased tendency to integrate non-corporeal objects into their body after synchronous stroking. Explicit measures of body ownership show that people had greater average scores in the synchronous condition as compared to the asynchronous condition for all objects that we tested (computer mouse, rubber hand, smart phone, and a wooden block). However, our implicit measure of body ownership showed a numerically larger proprioceptive drift for a rubber hand than for a computer mouse, numerically comparable ownership measures for a smart phone and a rubber hand, and a significantly stronger proprioceptive drift for a smart phone than for a wooden block. These findings suggest that direct, subjective measures and indirect, objective measures of body ownership are based on different kinds of information; the latter might be more sensitive to objects for which we recall past agency based on our history of personal experiences with these objects. Taken altogether, our observations support the idea that the perceived bodily self is rather flexible and is likely to emerge through multisensory integration and top-down expectations of agency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Studies of small and medium-sized enterprises have provided evidence that CEOs of such firms can have a dominating influence on firm activities. Drawing on upper echelons theory, we analyze the influence of CEO personality (CEO internal locus of control), CEO ownership and CEO education on the evaluation of middle manager performance. In line with our expectations, we find evidence for a direct effect of CEO ownership (negative) and CEO education (positive) on the use of objective performance evaluations and for a direct effect of the CEO's internal locus of control on the use of subjective performance evaluations. Moreover, we provide evidence for a moderating role of both CEO ownership and education with respect to the influence of the CEO's locus of control on the use of subjective evaluations. We use a sample of 247 small and medium-sized manufacturing firms to test our hypotheses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A virtual-reality setup was used to investigate the relationship between perceived body ownership and subjective anxiety, as assessed by an anxiety inventory (SA-I). A pilot study confirmed that synchrony between the participant's real hand movements and the movements of a virtual effector induced perceived ownership illusions. The illusions were comparable for virtual human hands and virtual cat claws, even though the overall acceptance was greater for human hands. In Experiment 1, participants used the virtual effector to collect coins and avoid knives descending on a screen before anxiety was measured. The level of anxiety increased with synchrony and was higher for human hands than for cat claws, but these two effects were independent. Experiment 2 separated effects of coin catching and knife avoiding by means of a between-participant design. The outcome of Experiment 1 was replicated in the knife-avoiding task but not in the coin-catching task, in which anxiety levels were low and not systematically affected by the type of virtual effector. Taken altogether, our findings suggest that subjective anxiety and ownership are strongly related. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research contrasts two approaches to managing multi-brand salesperson efforts: (1) the extrinsic approach via a brand-specific quota emphasis, and (2) the intrinsic approach via salesperson brand identification. Using multi-source data from a large food distributor, we uncover how and when each approach is more effective. First, beyond its direct and indirect positive effects on salesperson brand-specific effort through salesperson brand psychological ownership, a brand-specific quota emphasis is more effective in boosting effort in selling the brand among more experienced salespeople. Second, beyond its indirect positive effect on salesperson effort through salesperson brand psychological ownership, salesperson brand identification is less effective at increasing salesperson effort among more competitive salespeople, suggesting a redundancy effect. These findings provide novel insights into the effectiveness of two distinct approaches to managing multi-brand salesperson effort and performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]