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The objective of this study was to compare the slice image features of cucumbers preserved in different ways and fresh cucumbers. The models for discrimination of spontaneous lacto-fermented, pickled using a vinegar solution and fresh cucumber slices were built based on selected textures extracted from digital images converted to color channels L, a, b, R, G, B, U, V, X, Y, Z. The average accuracies were high of up to 98% for the Random Forest and Logistic classifiers for a model built based on textures selected from a set including textures from all color channels. The discrimination accuracies for individual samples were equal to 100% for fresh cucumber (Bayes Net, Logistic and IBk classifiers), 98% for vinegar-pickled cucumber (Random Forest, Logistic), 97% for lacto-fermented cucumber (Random Forest). The values of TP Rate, Precision, PRC Area, ROC Area and F-Measure were the highest for fresh cucumber and were equal to 1.000. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Molecular dynamics (MD) simulation is used to study the corrosion inhibition mechanism of cysteine (Cys), glutamic (Glu) and glycine (Gly) for copper in hydrochloric acid solution. The adsorption energy and radial distribution function results show that all three amino acids can spontaneously adsorb on Cu (111) surface by chemical adsorption. The absolute value of adsorption energy and intensity is Cys > Glu > Gly. The diffusion coefficient and relative concentration curve show that all the three amino acids can inhibit the diffusion and aggregation ability of corrosion particles, so the three amino acids not only can slow down the aggregation of corrosive particles, but also effectively repel corrosive particles to protect the substrate. The inhibition ability obtained by the MD simulation shows the trend of Cys > Glu > Gly, which is consistent with the experimental results. The inhibition efficiency is determined by both the adsorption strength on the substrate surface and inhibition ability for the diffusion and aggregation ability of corrosion particles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Traditionally, universally used pelt bating technologies rely on the application of trypsin, neutral and alkaline microbial proteases but suffer from complicated operation, limited bating efficiency and unsatisfactory leather performance. Therefore, devising a new pelt bating approach to achieve high bating efficiency and excellent leather performance has always been wished for by the leather industry. To pursue this goal, years of persistent research work enabled us to develop a novel approach for pelt bating by means of acidic proteases in pickling process. Initially, basic enzymatic characteristics and bating effectiveness of several typical acidic proteases in pelt pickling medium were investigated; then, the bating effectiveness through the quantitative characterization of protease activity of the optimal acidic protease was compared with that of the conventional bating enzyme. The results indicated that all of the selected acidic proteases had good salt-tolerance and exhibited optimum activity at pH 3.0–4.0. The novel pickling-bating method based on microbial origin acidic protease L80A led to an outstanding performance on pelt bating at the dosage of 150 U/mL of collagenolytic activity. The bating effectiveness of acidic protease L80A was comparable to and even better than that of trypsin BEM due to its moderate proteolytic ability. Moreover, the deep and even penetration of acidic protease in the pelt permitted it to produce soft, organoleptically stable and overall better quality crust leather than that of the conventional trypsin bating method. Additionally, pelt bating was performed along with the pickling process without extra inactivation and washing operation, making the bating operation more efficient, economical, and environment friendly. Results had made us to conclude that this cutting-edge acidic proteases based pickling-bating method could be the first step/ way forward to replace the decades-old traditional pelt bating technology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present work discusses the morphology and pickling behavior of tertiary oxide scale formed on 4 types of hot-rolled steels (0.008 Si-0.019 Cr, 0.43 Si-0.017 Cr, 0.35 Si-0.525 Cr and 0.034 Si-0.72 Cr (wt.% basis)) in four successive tanks of acid containing 4, 6, 8 and 12% HCl solution, respectively, with the addition of strong oxidizer like FeCl3 and HNO3 along with inhibitor. The presence of fayalite (Fe2SiO4) in oxide scale of 0.43 Si-0.017 Cr and 0.35 Si-0.525 Cr steels was confirmed. This fayalite layer is difficult to be removed by pickling. Therefore, pickling was done at room temperature and at 80 ± 3 °C with different strong oxidants, such as FeCl3 and HNO3 added to the pickling liquor and it was found that even at room temperature, the addition of 0.1N FeCl3 and 0.1N HNO3 could remove the oxide scale completely for the high Si-containing steel too. However, only the addition of 0.1N FeCl3 was sufficient to remove the fayalite layer when pickled at 80 ± 3 °C. Additionally, an inhibitor helped to restrict the over-pickling. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One of the barriers to the recycling of chrome plated acrylonitrile–butadiene–styrene (ABS) is the degradation caused by the solution containing nitric acid used in the pickling of the metal layer. In this study, defective chrome plated ABS parts were pickled in a solution composed of lactic and sulfuric acids and hydrogen peroxide, and recycled by injection molding with different proportions of virgin ABS. The influence of pickled ABS on the chemical composition, thermal and mechanical properties of the samples was evaluated. The samples were chrome plated and characterized by visual inspection and adhesion tests. A slight yellowing of the virgin ABS/pickled ABS samples was observed due to the degradation of butadiene component. The thermal and mechanical properties were similar to those of virgin ABS. After the new chrome plating, all samples were approved in the adhesion tests, demonstrating that pickled ABS can be recycled by injection molding and chrome plating. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The parameters of surface treatment of semifinished products and articles from ferrous metal alloys, including titanium alloys, with low-pressure water-air jets containing refined finely divided particles are studied. The existing techniques are analyzed in terms of economic efficiency and surface quality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A quick, accurate, and reliable method for the evaluation of meat quality during salting stages is essential for quality control and management. This study was carried out to investigate the utility of hyperspectral imaging (HSI) techniques (400-1,000 nm) for predicting the color and pH of salted meat. Specifically, partial least squares regression (PLSR) was applied to the spectral data extracted from the images of the meat to develop statistical models for predicting color and pH. A subset of information-rich wavelengths was identified by principal component analysis (PCA) and used in a regression model. The results from the model with the reduced number of wavelengths generated L*, a*, and pH values with coefficients of determination ( R) of 0.723, 0.726, and 0.86 and root mean square errors estimated by cross-validation (RMSECV) of 2.898, 1.408, and 0.073, respectively. These values compared favorably with values generated by a PLSR model using all of the wavelengths investigated, illustrating the reasonable accuracy and robustness of the method. The overall results of this study demonstrate the potential of HSI to serve as an objective and nondestructive method for rapid determination of color and pH of porcine meat during the salting process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Technology and equipment are presented for surface treatment of semifinished products in the metal finishing stages. The problem is considered of reducing expenditure for environmental protection measures and improving surface quality indices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This investigation is to analyze the surface roughness problem of low carbon pickled steel strips from the view points of prior hot rolling conditions and the hot-rolled scales. The results showed that, compared with other parameters, the most important factor in hot rolling to affect the surface roughness was the rolling temperature. As the temperature was increased, the amount of the outer brittle α-FeO increased, leading to rough scale/substrate interface and rough surface after pickling. However, the effect of coiling temperature was almost negligible because no further rolling existed after that stage. Quantitative estimation showed that decrease in rolling temperature in this investigation reduced the surface roughness, Ra, from 1.06-1.78 μm to 0.88-1.10 μm after pickling in laboratory. Similar degree of improvement in roughness was also observed after pickling in mill. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Physical-chemical characteristics of the band sawing dusts regarding to recovery of pure silicon from them were investigated. The experimental results show 50vol%-60vol% amorphous phases exist in the dusts, which is mostly amorphous silica. The as-received saw dusts are found to form hard agglomerates of larger than 50 microns in diameter. The iron-based inclusions collected by magnets are found to match well with the band saw material in XRD patterns. Weight loss in heating was observed by thermal gravity tests, up to 900 °C, presumably due to reaction of the amorphous silica with carbon contaminant in the dusts. The saw dusts were variously treated to examine their physical-chemical responses, and the results were also presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The selective extraction of Cr(VI) from waste pickling solution of the stainless steel-cold rolled plate process by hydrophobic hollow fiber supported liquid membrane (HFSLM) was investigated. The effects of various parameters— types of organic extractants, i.e., metyl trioctylammonium chloride (Aliquat 336), tri-n-octylamine (TOA), tri-n-butyl phosphate (TBP) and the mixture of Aliquat 336 and TBP, concentration of the selected extractant, types of stripping solutions (NaCl and NaOH), pH and concentration of the selected stripping solution, and the operating temperature—were studied. The feed and stripping solutions flowed countercurrently. The results showed that the coexisting contamination in spent pickling solution of Fe(II) and Ni(II) ions had no significant effect on Cr(VI) extraction. Among the extractants used in this study, Aliquat 336 was a specific carrier to attain the highest percentage of Cr(VI) extraction. About 70% extraction was achieved by using 0.11 M Aliquat 336 and 0.5 M NaCl at pH 7. The percentage of stripping slightly increased when the concentration of NaCl increased. In addition, it was found that the operating temperature of 20, 30, 40, and 50 °C had almost no influence on the percentages of extraction and stripping of Cr(VI). The calculated diffusion energy of Cr(VI) extraction was 15.14 kJ/mol. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The inhibition effects of sodium dodecylbenzenesulphonate (SDBS) and 2-mercaptobenzoimidazole (2-MBI) on the corrosion of copper in sulphuric acid solution have been studied using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and Tafel polarisation measurements. For 2-MBI, a monotonic increase in inhibition efficiency is observed as a function of concentration. Upon mixing 2-MBI and SDBS, concentration regions showing synergistic inhibition behaviour are identified and it is concluded that electrostatic interactions between adsorbate ions are likely responsible for both phenomena. Different adsorption isotherms were tested for relevance in describing the adsorption behaviour of both 2-MBI and SDBS. 2-MBI obeys the Langmuir isotherm and SDBS adsorption is described successfully by the Temkin isotherm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study was to investigate the formation of network defects that appeared on a phosphated low alloy steel rod containing 1.1% Si. Laboratory oxidation, pickling, annealing, and phosphating were performed. A scanning electron microscope (SEM) with energy dispersive spectrometer (EDS) was employed to analyze the surface morphology and the elemental distribution of the specimen from each stage. From the results, a mechanism of formation of network defects has been proposed. Fast finish rolling produced fragments of Si-containing iron oxides, which were not removed completely through primary pickling → annealing → secondary pickling. Then, small pits occurred on the substrate near the interface of the substrate and the residual scale. After phosphating, small pits grew to large pits and propagated along the grain boundaries. Some grains spalled off eventually and looked like a network by human naked eyes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Stress corrosion cracking (SCC) and anticorrosion measures of TU42C weld-joint were studied by constant load experiments and pickling experiments. The results show that in 40% (mass fraction) NaOH solution at 110 °C, caustic SCC occurs in TU42C weld-joints at the applied potential of −1 020 mV(vs SCE) for 3 d while at the potential of −950 mV(vs SCE) for 10 d. All the cracks are intergranular. In the 10% sulfuric acid, the cracks have the most negative self-corrosion potential −432.5 mV(vs SCE) and are active to be further corroded by the acid. Because of the same corrosion behaviour as the lab weldment, preheater’s cracking in alumina factories is attributed to the combining actions of previous caustic SCC in Bayer solutions and continuous acid corrosion by pickling with the addition of RD. The following measures are effective to prevent the corrosion failure of preheater, such as post-weld heat treatment at 620 °C to relax the residual weld stress, addition of CC3 and L826 as the corrosion inhibitors to improve the pickling and cleaning by the high pressure water instead of by pickling. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The inhibiting action of N-arylpyrroles on aluminium in 0.17 mol dm−3 hydrochloric acid solution, in the temperature range 20–60 °C, was studied using potentiodynamic and electrochemical impedence spectroscopy techniques. The inhibiting efficiency of both investigated compounds 1-(2-fluorophenyl)-2,5-dimethylpyrrole (compound A) and 1-(2-fluorophenyl)-2,5-dimethylpyrrole-3-carbaldehyde (compound B) slightly increases with increasing temperature of the corrosive solution. Inhibitor adsorption on the elecrode surface decreases the apparent activation energy of the hydrogen evolution reaction. Compound A follows the Temkin adsorption isotherm, while its carbaldehyde derivative follows the Langmuir isotherm. The results of the apparent energy of activation and the standard free energy of adsorption point to stronger chemisorption of the compound A. However, due to additional condensation of molecules with carbaldehyde groups on the electrode surface, the carbaldehyde derivative exhibits even better inhibiting efficiency than compound A. The kinetic corrosion parameters, analysed in terms of the impedance data, show a satisfactory agreement with those obtained by the potentiodynamic method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite the recent extensive examination of electroless coatings, the effect of the preplating processes on the formation of electroless coatings has remained unresolved. The ability of different preplating processes, degreasing and pickling, to clean the contaminated copper surface before deposition was studied by contact angle determinations, residual oil measurements, and potentiostatic polarization cycles. The influence of preplating processes on the buildup of electroless tin coatings and subsequent deposit structure was studied by scanning electron microscopy. Alkaline degreasers were found to effectively eliminate the organic soil from the surface, thus facilitating uniform coating nucleation and good adhesion properties. Pickling gave rise to a regular coating appearance throughout the structure. In addition, the applicability of contact angle measurements for studying the efficiency of cleaning treatments was demonstrated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]